The layout and structure of academies in the Song Dynasty
Yuelu Academy
The academy is located at the mouth of Qingfeng Gorge in Yuelu Mountain, a scenic resort. It is surrounded on three sides by mountains and green mountains; in front is the Xiangjiang River with rippling blue waves. Famous mountains and beautiful waters, supporting the front and back, the natural landscape and the cultural landscape are integrated and highly coordinated. From the archway entrance on the west bank of the Xiangjiang River to the top of the mountain, ancient roads have long been connected, forming a central axis of the scenery. Yuelu Academy was built at the midpoint of this central axis. The academy is about 100 meters above sea level and currently covers an area of more than 25,000 square meters, including a construction area of more than 7,000 square meters. In front of the courtyard, there are Tianma and Fenghuang Mountains standing on both sides, just like a natural gateway. In ancient times, there were Zhuzhangdu, Liudi, Meidi, Yonggui Bridge, Cuiwei Pavilion and other scenic spots in front and behind it; behind the courtyard, along the central axis, there is Aiwan Famous scenic spots such as the Pavilion, the Relic Pagoda, the Ancient Lushan Temple, the White Crane Spring, and the modern tombs of Cai E and Huang Xing are set against each other. Other scenic spots are scattered on both sides of the central axis. The academy's front gate, Hexitai, main gate, second gate, lecture hall, and royal library are built on the central axis in sequence. The Confucian Temple, the Special Temple and the Banxue Zhai are built on the north side of the central axis; the Teaching Zhai, Baiquan Pavilion, gardens, stele corridors, etc. are built on the south side of the central axis. Throughout the courtyard, large and small courtyards intersect in an orderly manner; pavilions, pavilions, and pavilions are simple and elegant; beautiful flowers and trees have different postures; and poems and couplets can be found everywhere. This fully reflects the characteristics of ancient academies in studying classics and history, asking questions, composing poems and couplets, and dancing and writing. The existing buildings of Yuelu Academy include Shanzhang's residence, teachers and students' residences, teaching lecture hall, library pavilion, temple, and garden stele gallery. In addition to the two pavilions in front of the courtyard (Fengyu Pavilion and Xiangxiang Pavilion) and the two ponds (Drinking Horse Pond and Hongmen Pond) and the towering ancient trees and lush forests and bamboos behind the courtyard, it can be said to be the best-preserved and largest scale at home and abroad. Academy cultural relics. If we take the eight scenic spots of the academy created by the Qing Dynasty (smoke in the willow pond, glowing clouds in Taowu, evening fragrance of wind lotus, tung shade path, singing spring in Qujian, watching fish in green marsh, sitting on the moon in flower mound, and green bamboo forest in winter). It is even more beautiful if it is well-decorated and reflects its beautiful scenery.
Bailudong Academy
The gate tower of the academy consists of Lingxing Gate, Panchi, Lisheng Gate, Lisheng Temple and other major buildings.
The gate tower is about 6 meters high. Brick and wood structure, sloped two-story building. The top layer has four oblique ridges with raised tips. Under the eaves is a long brick wall decorated with toe-shaped petals and prismatic patterns. The second floor is the same as the upper floor, with square brick columns built under the eaves. Inlaid in the gate tower is a banner with the words "Bailudong Academy" written by Li Mengyang, deputy envoy of Jiangxi Province and writer in the Ming Dynasty.
Lingxing Gate was first built in the third year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty (1466 AD) by the prefect of the Southern Tang Dynasty. It was rebuilt by Su Kui, the prefect of Nankang in the eleventh year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty (1498 AD). It was originally a wooden structure, but later built as a stone archway by Zhou Zuyao, the prefect of the Southern Tang Dynasty. It is one of the oldest existing buildings in Bailudong Academy. According to ancient legend, "Lingxing" is the "Wenxing", and its name means that talents come out in large numbers here to cultivate talents for the country. The door is in the form of an archway, with six columns and five bays, connected by stone beams on the second floor. The middle beam is engraved with entangled peonies, stone drums and pillars, decorated with sea ripples, and the sword technique is rough and concise.
Behind Lingxing Gate is Panchi. Historically, the pool in front of the Academy was called Panchi. "Pan means enlightenment." The pool is rectangular in shape, and there is an arched stone bridge built on it with granite railings and railings on both sides of the bridge. It was originally called Panqiao and is now called Zhuangyuan Bridge.
Lishengmen, the main entrance of the academy, was originally called the Xianshi Temple Gate, or Dacheng Gate. In the ninth year of Chunxi reign of Song Dynasty (AD 1182), Zhu Xi gave 300,000 yuan to Nankang Zhijun to build it after hearing the poem. It has ten doors, wooden porch style, with a hollow geometric pattern, a skirt with flat wooden boards, attic on both sides, a hard top, and pottery dragons on the east and west ends of the ridge. The main entrance has four pillars and five bays. The total length is 22.10 meters and the height is 7.30 meters. On the lintel hangs a plaque "Gate of Zhengxue".
The Zhuzi Temple was built in the third year of Zhengtong in the Ming Dynasty (after 1438 AD). It is a temple dedicated to Zhu Xi. The temple is a brick and wood structure with hard On the top of the mountain, there is a white temple with gray tiles, a rectangular plane, four pillars and five bays. In the temple, there is a stone carving of Zhu Zi's self-portrait in the middle. On the left side of the statue is Zhang Xiangwen's "Inscription of the Temple of Wen Gong Zhu Zi", and on the right side is the "Academic Regulations of Bailudong Academy", with Tang Xi's handwriting hanging on it. The golden plaque with the words "Xue Da Xing Tian" can be seen as "the first person in the biography of Confucian scholars in the South".
The Bao Gong Temple is located in the west of the Zhuzi Temple. Li Bo and other "scholars who contributed to the cave" in the past dynasties were originally called the Panthian Temple and the Sanxian Temple.
In the third year of Zhengtong in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1438), Zhai Pu, the prefect of the Southern Tang Dynasty, visited Fujian. Temple of Li Bo, Zhou Dunyi and Zhu Xi. Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao, Zhang Hengqu, Chen Liaoweng, Tao Yuanming and Liu Xijian's father and son were also enshrined. The temple is a brick and wood structure with the same architectural style and scale as Zhuzi Temple.
Dangui Pavilion is located in the middle of the courtyard. It is built on a rectangular platform. It has a wooden structure, a hilltop, four slopes, four slopes, bricks on the main ridge, four overhangs, and four wooden columns. Brace, bracket support, granite drum-type column foundation, plain surface. The neutral stele "Zi Yang holds Dangui" was written by Cao Bingjun of Lingnan in September of the fourth year of Guangxu (AD 1878).
On the east side of the academy gatehouse is Bailu Academy. This group of buildings is the main body of the academy, and each building reflects its practicality from different angles. Its main buildings include Yushu Pavilion, Minglun Hall, Bailu Cave, Sixian Terrace, etc.
The Yushu Pavilion was first built in the eighth year of Chunxi (1181 AD). It was originally called the Imperial Palace. The current pavilion houses the collection of "Commentaries on the Thirteen Classics", "Twenty-one Histories", It was built based on "Gu Wen Yuan Jian" and "Zhu Zi Quanshu". The pavilion is a wooden building with two floors, square in plan and surrounded by corridors. In the middle of the second floor is the "Yu Shu Pavilion" vertical forehead. The pavilion on the top of the veranda is a wooden building with two floors, square in plan and surrounded by corridors. In the middle of the second floor is the "Yu Shu Pavilion" vertical forehead. The top of the verandah has a majestic angle. There is a couplet on the outer pillar of the pavilion: "The spring is clear enough to wash inkstones, and the mountains are beautiful enough to store books."
Minglun Hall, also known as Yilun Hall. In the third year of Zhengtong in the Ming Dynasty (1438 AD), Zhai Pu, the prefect of the Southern Tang Dynasty, visited Fujian. It has a brick and wood structure, white temple gray tiles, a herringbone hard top, four bays, and a corridor in front. Minglun Hall is the place where the academy teaches, so there is a couplet hanging outside, "Deer and wandering, a place where things and I forget each other; springs and peaks meet each other, a place where benevolence and wisdom are unique" to encourage students to study hard and gain "benevolence and wisdom". Wisdom is the only way to get it."
Bailu Cave was originally known as "No Cave". In the 9th year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1530 AD), Wang Qin, the prefect of the Southern Tang Dynasty, opened a cave as a sacrifice to the mountain and wrote "New Stone Cave to Later Scholars". In the 14th year of Jiajing (AD 1535), He Yan, the magistrate of the Southern Tang Dynasty, carved a stone deer and placed it in the cave, and wrote "The Story of the Stone Deer": "Since the Tang Dynasty, the White Deer Cave has been famous all over the world! However, as the past generations are far away, the deer cannot be seen. It exists, but the hole is also destroyed." "It is true in name but not in reality."
The stone deer has its ears erect and its head raised, staring ahead, and its sword skills are concise. After Shilu, there is a record written by Xiong Weidian, the head of Bailudong Mountain in the 14th year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1657 AD), "The Records of Shaosima Dazhongcheng Cai Gong's Revitalization of Bailu Academy". The cave is made of granite and is in the shape of an arch, 4 meters high, 4.15 meters wide and 6.35 meters deep. There are stone steps on the right side of the cave. Climb up the steps to reach the Sixian Terrace.
The Si Xian Pavilion was built in the ninth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1530). In the thirtieth year of Jiajing (AD 1551), Cao Bian, the governor of Jiangxi, built a pavilion on the platform to embody the meaning of "seeing the platform and thinking of the virtuous". Meaning, hence the name Si Xian Terrace. The platform is square in plane, the pavilion is a wooden structure, the plane is square, the top is resting on the top, the double-layered bucket arch supports the eaves, a door opens in the middle, there are wooden flower windows on the four sides, and the front is protected by a granite fence. There is a stone fence around the platform, and there are stone carvings inlaid in the fence. There are Hengya's calligraphy "Origin of Neo-Confucianism"; Liu Shiyang's calligraphy "Sixian Terrace"; Qin Dakui's calligraphy "The Place to Stop"; Li Ziyuan's calligraphy "Castles in the Sky, Quiet Universe". /p>
To the east of Bailu Academy is the Yan Hotel. Its main building is called Chunfeng Tower. It has a wooden structure, with a hilltop, tilted corners, fragrant eaves, and extended downstairs. It is supported by four round columns to form an exterior. gallery. It is 15 meters wide and 8 meters deep, with two floors. It looks solemn and peaceful. It means entertaining guests at a banquet. There are two rows of wing rooms built on both sides of the building.
In the ancient building complex of Feige Liudan, hundreds of steles with inscriptions from past dynasties are placed in the east and west stele corridors, adding a simple atmosphere to the academy.
The main buildings of the academy's building complex are all symmetrically arranged on the central axis. If this building is compared to a "solidified movement", then the platforms, halls, pavilions and halls are this part of the building complex. The cadenza in the movement fully expresses a theme that has lasted for hundreds of years. Gaze at the colorful plaques and couplets in the academy, the hundreds of ideal ancient steles, and the well-proportioned trees and flowers in the academy, all of which reveal a rich cultural atmosphere.
There is a crystal clear stream in front of the hospital, Shiguandao Creek. There is an ancient bridge over the stream, called Zhenliu Bridge.
The bridge is a stone structure with guardrails on both sides. It spans the Guandao River. The stream rushes under the bridge and is supported by a large stone. There is a stone inscription "Pillow Current" in Zhu Xi's calligraphy, hence its name. The bridge is 12.5 meters long, 3.2 meters wide and about 10 meters high. It was first built by Zhu Xi in the eighth year of Chunxi reign of Song Dynasty (AD 1181), and it was originally a wooden bridge. In the 11th year of Daoguang reign of the Qing Dynasty (AD 1831), the poplar base of Nanliang Prefecture was rebuilt into a stone bridge. Li Mengyang's poem "Pillow Bridge" describes the danger of this bridge: "If the gorge is in a hurry, the rocks on the bridge are touching each other; when you listen to the sudden surprise on the bridge, the sunset makes people independent." It describes the danger of this bridge.
On the cliffs in Guandao River, there are inscriptions such as "White Deer Cave", "Hidden Place", "Diaotai", "Rose Stone" and "Liu Beipike". The stone carvings have created a profound culture. The atmosphere makes this place truly reflect the charm of "the sound of springs, the rhyme of pine trees, the sound of springs, the rhyme of pine trees, the sound of springs, and the clear and clear sense of white rocks and cold clouds."
"Don't ask about the external affairs of Wukong Temple, this is the same thing as this mountain." It is precisely with this independent spirit and transcendent feelings that Bailudong Academy has shaped its immortality.
3. Songyang Academy
Songyang Academy has a simple and elegant structure. The main building on the central axis has 5 entrances and complete corridors and verandas. There are three rolling shed gates at the front, followed by the Ancestor Temple, Lecture Hall, Daotong Temple, and Sutra Collection Building. The supporting rooms on both sides of the central axis include "Cheng Zhu Temple", "Lize Hall", study room, study room, etc. The architecture of Songyang Academy is different from that of temples. Most of them are hard-mounted houses with rolling ridges and covered with gray tube tiles. There are more than 100 buildings with an area of more than 10,000 square meters.
There were originally 3 ancient cypresses in the academy, one of which has been destroyed, leaving only two known as "Dajiang Cypress" and "Second General Cypress", which are more than 2,000 years old. Dozens of steles such as "Picture Stele of Dengfeng County in the Ming Dynasty" are also preserved in the courtyard. Outside the courtyard is the famous "Stele in Ode to the Holy Virtues of Songyang in the Tang Dynasty".
On June 20, 1963, the former Henan Provincial People's Committee announced it as a cultural relic protection unit in Henan Province.
4. Yingtian Academy
In the Northern Song Dynasty, Yingtian Academy, Bailudong Academy in Lushan, Jiangxi, Yuelu Academy in Changsha, Hunan, and Songshan Academy in Songshan, Henan were known as the four major Academy. During the reign of Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, he proclaimed himself emperor in memory of Taizu Taizu, and in response to Tianshun's rule, Songzhou (today's Shangqiu), where Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin flourished, was changed to Yingtianfu in 1006, and in 1014 it was promoted to Nanjing, with the status of accompanying capital. In 1009, Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty officially awarded the academy the title of "Yingtianfu Academy". During the reign of Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty, in 1043, the Yingtian Academy was renamed the Nanjing Imperial College, making it one of the highest academic institutions in the Northern Song Dynasty. The predecessor of Yingtian Academy was a private school run by Yang Ji in the Later Jin Dynasty. Later, through the efforts of his student Qi Tongwen, it developed and produced many talents. The famous politician and writer Fan Zhong'an is one of them. Later, with the support of Cao Cheng and others, especially Yan Shu, the prefect of Yingtian and the famous writer, the academy expanded greatly. Fan Zhongyan and a number of famous teachers taught here, and there were many talents, which made it prosperous. The college no longer exists and the government is planning to rebuild it.