Tunpu dwellings in Anshun Tunpu culture
In the Ming Dynasty, in order to stop the invasion, consolidate the deep sleep and reduce the burden of garrison troops, officers and men and people ran around, gathered in camps, lived in groups, erected fences and built villages, and the villages in the camps appeared one after another in the forest of Shan Ye, Anshun. In this way, hundreds of thousands of people's military camps, private businesses and businesses have settled in one after another, becoming today's tunpu buildings. Tunpu people used the rich calcium carbonate rock resources in Anshun area to evolve from a simple fence-style building to a closed building structure. Connected by stone walls or villagers' houses, plus towers and bunkers, a building complex is formed that is easy to defend but difficult to attack.
The site selection of Tunpu building pays attention to geomantic omen and integrity. The mountain is not close to the mountain, the water is not close to the water, the terrain is dry, the vision is wide, and the water source is convenient. There are mountains on the left and right, so it is advisable to sit in the north and south, which should meet the requirements of the five-element theory of "before Suzaku, after Xuanwu, left Qinglong and right White Tiger" and "after the mountain is harvested, people can manage water and wealth". For Tunpu people, the influence of traditional astronomy and geography on the fate of life is very important. If we don't pay attention to Feng Shui and Long Mai, it will not only affect our own financial fate, but also affect the prosperity of the whole village. This custom psychology undoubtedly played an invisible role in promoting the cohesion of Tunpu people.
There are many mountains and trees in Anshun area, and the rocks are mainly sedimentary rocks. Its stone materials vary in thickness and have moderate hardness. Tunpu people choose stone and wood as the main building materials, which is a wise decision to survive. They are well aware that military repression has not brought permanent peace. Looking around, it is endless resistance. From the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty alone, there were dozens of incidents of burning bunkers, large and small. In such a dangerous environment, it is a choice for Tunpu people to choose solid and flame-retardant stones to build houses.
In the plane layout of Tun Bu Village, one main roadway and several sub-roadways are used to connect each household into a castle-like structure. There is only one entrance to the main roadway in each sub-roadway, which constitutes the trend of "closing the door and beating the dog". The residential houses follow the characteristics of Sanhe Courtyard and Siheyuan in the south of the Yangtze River and form a courtyard with a main room, a wing and a wall. Combined with the needs of the specific environment, it is improved into a fully enclosed pattern, connecting from the bird's nest to the castle and then to the castle bunker. In various independent courtyards, the patio is not only a place for family activities, but also a measure to prevent the enemy from setting fire. The architectural concept of Tunpu people puts defense first.
In the plane layout of houses, Tunpu folk houses emphasize the symmetry of the central axis and the clear distinction between primary and secondary, and the slate paved on the roof pays attention to the beautiful geometric structure, which embodies the Confucian aesthetic concept of stability, harmony and tolerance. Its housing allocation not only pays attention to practicality, but also fully embodies the ethics of Confucianism inside and outside, young and old, subject and object, thus restricting and maintaining the interpersonal relationship between family and society.
The biggest feature of Tunpu dwellings is that stones are widely used. Residential buildings are stone castles and villages are pure stone towns. Tunpu is a whole to resist the enemy, and the residents of Tunpu are every cell that constitutes this whole. They can not only form their own array, but also support each other's neighbors, which not only ensures the privacy and safety of one house and one household, but also maintains the necessary connection between families.
Tunpu architecture takes the stone technology to the extreme. From high to low, it is all white and patchwork. When you walk into Tun Bu Village, you will see stone tiles, stone houses, stone streets, stone walls, stone mills, stone mills, stone nests and stone jars. Tunpu residents are a stone world.
Residential buildings are quadrangles, which have the characteristics of quadrangles in the south of the Yangtze River and the layout of quadrangles in the east of China, but the most prominent feature is the fully enclosed pattern. Residential buildings are divided into opposite rooms, main rooms and wing rooms. Opposite the door is a majestic figure of eight, with huge stones hooked on both sides to support the carved door head, which is carved with ornaments such as pendants or masks. The main room is tall and majestic, and many patterns symbolizing good luck are carved on the wooden doors and windows. The wing is built close to both sides of the main building, with inverted seats in front and a courtyard in the middle. The courtyard is made of a foot-thick stone, surrounded by leaking holes carved with ancient coins.
Tunpu residents with stone buildings have a strong military color. The alleys in the village are interconnected and criss-crossed, and the alleys are directly connected with the streets in the village, forming a joint defense system of "point, line and surface". On the wall near the alley, there are small windows, which can not only light up, but also form deep gun holes all over the alley. The low stone gate has the military function of "one guard, ten thousand people are not allowed" All this shows the architectural composition and armed thought at that time. In Tun Bu Village, there are still many battlements and fortresses.