What is Chuanxiong?
Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong. ) alias bear? . It is a perennial herb of Umbelliferae. It is a famous authentic medicinal material in Sichuan Province, mainly produced in guanxian and Chongqing counties, with a cultivation history of over 400 years. The rest of Sichuan Province and many provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China are also cultivated. Use rhizome as medicine. It contains ferulic acid, Ligusticum chuanxiong, 4- hydroxy -3- butylcamphene, chrysophanol, Danshensu, Ligusticum chuanxiong and so on. Pharmacological experiments have the effects of inhibiting central nervous system, lowering blood pressure and resisting smooth muscle spasm. Pungent in taste and warm in nature. Has the effects of promoting blood circulation, promoting qi circulation, expelling wind and relieving pain. Treat menoxenia, amenorrhea, abdominal pain, chest pain, common cold, dizziness, headache, rheumatism, angina pectoris and coronary heart disease.
I. Morphological characteristics
30-70cm high. The rhizome is an irregular fist-shaped lump with obvious wheel-shaped nodules, yellow-brown epidermis, yellow-white section and dense fibrous roots on the surface. Stems erect and cylindrical; Hollow, with longitudinal grooves on the surface; The upper branches, middle and basal nodes spread out in a disk shape, and the basal nodes often have air roots. Leaves alternate, petiole base expands into sheath-like stalk; 2-3 odd pinnate compound leaves, 3-5 pairs of leaflets, irregularly pinnately divided or deeply divided, lobules, glabrous on both sides, only pubescent on veins. Compound umbels are terminal, pedicels and bracts are pubescent; Flowers small, white, calyx teeth 5; Petals 5, elliptic, with short ends protruding inward; Stamens 5; Ovary inferior, style 2, stigma capitate. Vaccinium is oval with narrow wings (fig. 14-22).
Fig. 14-22 morphological diagram of Ligusticum chuanxiong hort.
1 .flowers 2. Root 3. Flowers 4. fruit
Second, biological characteristics.
(1) growth characteristics
In guanxian, Sichuan, the growing period of Ligusticum chuanxiong is 280-290 days. In June of 5438+0, the aerial parts should be torn off during the mid-season cultivation, which is called "winter medicine". Based on this, the growth period can be divided into prophase and anaphase. Sichuan Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine has taken samples in stages to observe the growth characteristics of Ligusticum chuanxiong in the early and late stages (Figure 14-23, 24).
Fig. 14—23 Changes of shoot growth of Ligusticum chuanxiong.
Fig. 14—24 changes of dry matter accumulation and rhizome volume expansion of Ligusticum chuanxiong hort.
1. Early
After planting in August, axillary buds on stem nodes germinate immediately and tender leaves are extracted. Growth is slow one month after planting. From mid-September to165438+1mid-October, the aboveground parts grew vigorously, and the dry matter of leaves gradually increased, with the fastest increase in early October. 165438+1In the middle of October, the plant height, plant width and number of leaves were basically fixed, and the dry matter accumulation rate of leaves gradually slowed down; After mid-February, the dry matter decreased slightly because some leaves withered and fell off. Most of the early plants were basal leaves, and only some plants had 1-2 short young stems.
The formation of new rhizomes can be seen about one month after planting. 165438+1During the vigorous growth period of aerial parts before mid-October, the dry matter accumulation of rhizomes was not much, and the volume expansion was faster than the material accumulation; After the growth of aboveground parts slowed down, the rhizome grew rapidly and enriched, and the material accumulation rate gradually exceeded the volume expansion rate, with the fastest accumulation in early June (5438+February). About two months before the "winter medicine", the substances accumulated in the roots accounted for more than 80% of the previous period or more than 40% of the whole growth period.
2. Late stage
Some leaves were still green when they were used as winter medicine, and they were unearthed one after another after tearing off the above-ground parts for a week. After mid-February, the stems are generally drawn, and then with the increase of temperature, the growth of stems and leaves increases rapidly. The number of stems and leaves was basically stable in late March, and the growth gradually slowed down after late April. In the later period, the dry matter above ground was increasing, and the accumulation rate was faster and faster, and it was the fastest from the end of April to the beginning of May, and it slowed down when it was close to harvest.
The dry weight of rhizome increased slightly one month after "Xie Dongyao". Then about a month and a half later, because the stored nutrients were consumed by the growing stems and leaves, although the volume was still growing, the dry matter was decreasing and the dry matter rate decreased obviously. At the end of March, the dry weight of rhizome dropped to the lowest point in the later period. Since then, the rhizome has grown rapidly and enriched, and the material accumulation has accelerated day by day, and the accumulation speed has gradually caught up with and exceeded the volume expansion speed. About one and a half months before harvest, the dry matter accumulation of rhizome is almost half of the whole or nearly the whole growth period in the later period.
(2) Environmental requirements
Chuanxiong has a mild climate and is mainly planted in Pingba area of Sichuan or hilly area with an altitude of 500- 1000 meters. Pingba, where Chuanxiong is planted in guanxian, is about 700 meters above sea level. According to meteorological records from 1954 to 1980, the annual average temperature is 15.2℃, the extreme maximum temperature is 34℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is -5℃. The planting period is early August, with an average temperature of 25.0℃, and the harvesting period is late May, with an average temperature of 20.9℃. The number of days with annual average daily temperature ≥5℃ is 3 10. 1 day, and the accumulated temperature is 5315.7℃. It snowed for 5.5 days, frosted for 26.0 days and frosted for 96.6 days. There should be sufficient sunshine in the cultivation area; However, in the emergence stage, it is necessary to avoid the sun exposure and cover the grass for shade, otherwise the seedlings will die easily. Autumn and spring, sunny days, dew in the morning, and large temperature difference between day and night are most conducive to the growth of Ligusticum chuanxiong. The propagation materials of Ligusticum chuanxiong are often cultivated in mountainous areas with an altitude of 900- 1500m. The climate in mountainous areas with higher altitude is colder, so you can choose sunny places; The low mountain should be chosen in a place where it is half cloudy and half sunny. If the sun is too strong and the temperature is too high, pests are often prone to occur.
Chuanxiong should grow in a humid and abundant rainfall environment. The annual precipitation in guanxian is 1243.7mm, and the average relative humidity is 8 1%. Seedlings need enough water when they are unearthed. If the topsoil is too dry, it is easy to lack seedlings. If there is too much rain in the hot season, water will accumulate in the ground and tubers will easily get sick and rot.
Chuanxiong can't be cultivated continuously, otherwise the diseases and pests will be serious. Sandy loam with deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil, good drainage, rich organic matter content and neutral or slightly acidic soil should be selected in Pingba area. Cold sandy soil containing sand is not easy to retain water and fertilizer, and yellow mud, white eel mud and wet fields with too heavy viscosity have poor permeability and poor drainage, which are not suitable for planting. It is best to choose wasteland as the breeding material in mountainous areas, or you can use mature soil that has been fallow for 2-3 years, and the soil quality can be slightly sticky.
The roots of Ligusticum chuanxiong are mostly distributed in topsoil, which requires that topsoil can supply sufficient nutrients. Therefore, topdressing should be timely and frequently in the early stage of growth, so that plants can grow into healthy green parts earlier, so that roots can accumulate more assimilates in the same year and lay a material foundation for good growth in the next year. Chuanxiong likes organic fertilizer and is very sensitive to nitrogen fertilizer. On the basis of applying common farmyard manure, increasing nitrogen fertilizer can significantly increase yield. Combined application of phosphorus and potassium can improve fertilizer efficiency and yield (table 14-39).
Table 14—39 Effect of NPK fertilizer on yield of Ligusticum chuanxiong hort.
Note: Fertilizer dosage per mu: farm manure-pig manure 3750kg, plant ash 100kg, soil manure1000kg; 25 kg of ammonium sulfate, 40 kg of calcium superphosphate and 0/0 kg of potassium sulfate/kloc.
Third, cultivation techniques.
(1) soil preparation
Breeding materials are cultivated in mountainous areas, weeds are removed after land selection, and the ground is burned with ash as base fertilizer. The cultivated land is about 25cm deep, thin and flat, and a wide boundary of 1.7- 1.8 m is made according to the topography and drainage conditions. Most of the crops before cultivation in Pingba area are early rice, and it is best to use green manure such as vetch and Chinese milk vetch for the previous crops. After the early rice is grouted, drain the field water, shovel the rice pile after harvesting, and make a furrow. The width of the furrow is about 1.6m, the width of the furrow is about 33cm, and the depth is about 25cm. Then loosen the soil and dig it carefully to form a fish back. It is best to spread compost or manure on the border first, and mix it with the topsoil when digging.
(2) Breeding methods
Chuanxiong is propagated asexually, and the propagation material is aboveground stem nodes with internodes, commonly known as "Zi Ling". The main producing areas have always been planted in mountainous areas.
1. Cultivate "Zi Ling"
From the end of February to the middle of 10 in 65438 AD, part of the rhizome of Chuanxiong (called "Fuxiong") was excavated in Pingba area, and the fibrous root soil was removed and transported to the mountainous area. The planting period should not be later than early February. When planting, open holes in the border with a row spacing of 24-27 cm square and a hole depth of 6-7 cm. One Fuxiong can be planted in each hole, and two Fuxiong can be planted in the small hole. Buds should be planted steadily upward, compost or animal manure should be applied in the hole, and the soil should be covered and filled.
Appeared in early March. From the end of March to the beginning of April, when the seedling height is 10- 13 cm, thinning seedlings, leveling hole soil, exposing the top of rhizome, selecting 8- 12 overground stems with uniform thickness and good growth, and cutting the rest from the base. After weeding every intertillage seedling in late April, topdressing was performed at the same time, and the holes were watered with the mixture of livestock manure and decomposed cake fertilizer.
In the middle and late July, when the stem nodes are obviously enlarged and slightly purple-brown, they are suitable for harvesting. It should be done on cloudy or sunny days after dew drying. When harvesting, dig out the whole plant, remove pests and rotten roots, leave healthy plants, remove leaves and cut roots (dry in the sun for medicinal purposes). Bundle the stalks into small bundles, transport them to a cool cave or room, spread a layer of thatch on the ground, put the stalks away layer by layer, and cover them with thatch or brown mats. Turn up and down once a week; If the temperature in the pile or storage place rises above 30℃, it should be turned over immediately to prevent rot.
In early August, the stem was taken out and cut into short sections with a disc in the middle, with a length of 3-4 cm, which became a breeding Zi Ling. According to the thickness of the culm and the planting location, Polyporus umbellatus is usually divided into four types: Dadangdang, Dashan, Zhengshan, Xianshan, Fibrous, Soft-topped and Tulingzi (Figure 14-25). Among them, the Zhengshan system and Dashan system are better, and the seedlings are neat and grow well after planting; Soft tips and fibers are the nodes on the upper part of the culm, which are slender and not prominent, and store less nutrients, so it is best not to use them.
Figure14-25 Chuanxiong and Zi Ling
1. Dangdang 2. Dashan system 3. Zheng Zheng system 4. Jingshan system 5. Fiber 6. Soft top 7. Tulingzi is cultivated at an altitude of 1000 meters or in a new production area without mountains nearby, and propagated by Honda Zi Ling. Breeding with Honda Zi Ling, bright and rare seedlings in early spring; The harvest period is extended to the end of June or the middle of July; The stalks need to be stored for 1-2 months. If stored properly, good Zi Ling can be obtained. The aboveground and underground growth of Ligusticum chuanxiong are closely related. According to the measurement at harvest time, the dry weight of stem and leaf is positively correlated with the dry weight of rhizome, and the correlation coefficient is r = r = 0.916 0.076. Honda planting Zi Ling will inevitably affect the growth of rhizomes; Stalks have long storage period, high nutrient consumption and are vulnerable to insect pests. Honda Zi Ling is also prone to degeneration such as rhizome deformation after being used as a seed for many years. Therefore, as long as conditions permit, Chuanxiong Zi Ling should still be planted in mountainous areas.
plant
It is suitable for planting in early and middle August, not later than the end of August. If the planting is too late, the growth period of the year will be short, and the material accumulation of rhizomes will be reduced before winter. Before planting, carefully select Zi Ling, and eliminate those that are infected, have no buds or have sprouted. When planting, shallow ditches should be opened along the border with a row spacing of about 33 cm and a depth of 2-3 cm. Plant 8 polyporus umbellatus in each row, with a spacing of about 20 cm; Two kinds of Zi Ling were planted at both ends of the row, and a row of Zi Ling was densely planted every 6- 10 row for replanting. Zi Ling should be planted shallowly, placed flat in the ditch, and the buds should be pressed upward into the soil to make it closely contact with the soil, with some nodes exposed from the soil surface. After planting, cover Zi Ling with screened compost or soil fertilizer, and cover the slicing board. Spread a layer of rice or straw on the border to reduce the influence of strong sunlight or heavy rain.
In recent years, some drug farmers regard mid-season rice as the previous crop of Ligusticum chuanxiong, and adopt the method of seedling raising and transplanting; At the beginning of August, Zi Ling was densely planted in a seedbed prepared in advance, allowing it to take root and sprout, and transplanted to the field with soil in Honda after the mid-season rice harvest, and the effect was also good.
(3) Site management
If it doesn't rain after planting, water can be led into the furrow for irrigation to keep the surface soil moist. About half a month, the seedlings are all out, the grass is uncovered, and then the intertillage weeding is done once, and then the intertillage weeding is done once every 20 days. Only the shallow topsoil can be loosened during intertillage to avoid damaging the root system. In the first two intertillages, the missing seedlings should be supplemented at the same time, and the seedlings densely planted between rows should be dug and transplanted with soil. In early and middle June of 5438+0, winter medicine should be applied when some leaves turn yellow. First, the above-ground parts are stripped off, then weeds are cultivated, and the soil between rows is ploughed between rows.
After the first three times of intertillage weeding, topdressing is applied once each, and mixed with livestock manure and decomposed cake fertilizer or nitrogen fertilizer; After the third application of water and fertilizer, the soil fertilizer, plant ash and decomposed cake fertilizer are evenly mixed and applied to the plant base. The third topdressing should be carried out within two months after planting in order to meet the needs of aboveground growth in time. In the first ten days of March of the following year, spring fertilizer can be applied once, and a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer can be added with the moisture of livestock manure. Sichuan Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine once conducted a spring fertilizer experiment, in which 750kg of pig manure, 7.5kg of ammonium sulfate and 2.5kg of potassium sulfate were applied per mu, and the dry rhizome yield increased by 17.4%.
Chemical fertilizer is applied to Chuanxiong in the main producing areas, with special emphasis on cake fertilizer, and there is even a saying that "one catty of cake fertilizer can increase the yield of Chuanxiong". The experiment of Sichuan Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine shows that when cake fertilizer is scarce, similar or even higher yield can be obtained by replacing cake fertilizer with chemical fertilizer in whole or in part (table 14-40).
Table 14—40 Experiment on Yield and Fertilizer Efficiency of Chuanxiong Cake Fertilizer
Note: The farm manure is the same as the table 14-39, the cake fertilizer is rapeseed cake 100kg per mu, and the chemical fertilizer is the same as the table 14-39 NPK.
(4) Pests and diseases and their control
1. Root rot
(Fusarium. )
Commonly known as "watermelon". Using rotten roots as seeds, or too much rain, poor drainage and too wet soil are all easy to happen; It usually occurs near the harvest period, which has a great impact on yield. The infected tuber is rotten inside, yellow-brown and pasty, with a special smell, and the aboveground part is yellow and withered. Prevention and treatment methods: strictly select when digging Fuxiong and collecting Linggan, and eliminate the infected people; Immediately remove the diseased plants found in the field and burn them centrally; Rotation with Gramineae crops.
2. Powdery mildew
(Polygonum erysipelas DC. )
Most of them occur in summer and autumn. The leaf back and petiole are covered with white powder, and the leaves gradually turn yellow and die. It can be controlled by sulfur mixture or thiophanate methyl or triamcinolone acetonide.
3. Leaf blight
(Septoria sp .)
It often happens in May-July. Irregular brown spots appear on the leaves, and the leaves are burnt in severe cases. Spraying 25% triadimefon 1000 times solution can prevent and control it.
4. Ligusticum wallichii stem moth
(Epinotia leucantha Meyrick。 )
The native name is "smelly drum worm", which is the main pest in the main producing areas. There are four generations a year in guanxian, Sichuan, and the fourth generation overwinters among the remnant plants of Ligusticum chuanxiong or fallen leaves on the ground in pupa state. Planting Zi Ling in mountainous areas is the most harmful. Larvae gnawed at stems and nodes from heart leaves or leaf sheaths, making it impossible to plant in Zi Ling. It caused harm and lack of seedlings in Pingba area. Control method: 80% trichlorfon 100- 150 times water solution can be sprayed at the stage of raising rhombus, and attention should be paid to the control of the first generation of second instar larvae; Before planting in Pingba area, strictly select Zi Ling, and soak it in 5∶5∶ 100 tobacco stems, Pterocarya stenoptera leaves (willow leaves) and water for several days before soaking it in 12-24 hours.
5. food
September -65438+ 10 month. Bite the base of the seedling. Paddy field planting is not common, and dry land planting is sometimes more.
Others include leaf rust fungus in Miyake.
Fourth, harvesting and processing.
(1) Harvest
Harvest from late May to early June of the second year after planting. Harvesting is too early, the roots are not full enough, and the yield is low; If it is too late, the temperature will rise, and if it rains for a long time, diseases will often spread. When harvesting, pick the whole plant on a sunny day, shake off the soil, remove the stems and leaves, dry in the ground and transport the roots back.
(2) Processing
The roots should be dried in time after being shipped back, and the kang is usually baked with firewood. When kang, the firepower should not be too large, so as not to scorch the kang surface; Turn the kang once a day to make it evenly heated. After 2-3 days, the rhizome gradually dries and hardens, giving off a strong fragrance, that is, it is taken out and put into bamboo, shaken back and forth, and the soil and fibrous roots are removed to select the finished product. When continuing the kang, put fresh roots in the lower layer and semi-dry roots in the upper layer, and turn over the kang day by day until all the kang is dry. The drying rate of kang is 30-35%. The yield of dry rhizome per mu is100-150kg, and the high yield can reach 250kg.