Who is Wei Jiguang?

Qi Jiguang, whose original name was Nan Tang, was later renamed Meng Zhu. On the first day of October in the seventh year of Jiajing (1528), he was born in Luqiao Town, south of Jining County, Shandong Province. His name is Jiguang. It is said that when he was born, it was midnight, the sky was clear and the stars were shining. The next morning, when the sun rose, the morning glow covered Luqiao Bridge, and the red maple and pines in front of the house formed a colorful picture. Qi Jiguang's father, Qi Jingtong, was 56 years old at this time. He was very happy when he was old. He linked the natural scenery with the future of the newborn boy and named it Jiguang, hoping that this son would inherit the achievements of his ancestors when he grew up. Sure enough, Qi Jiguang lived up to his father's expectations. When he grew up, he became a great soldier, fought resolutely to defend the lives and property of the people in the southeast coastal provinces and became an outstanding patriotic general and national hero.

strict family education

Qi Jiguang's ancestors were all generals in the Ming dynasty. Qi Xiang, the sixth ancestor, joined the uprising army led by Guo Zixing. After Zhu Yuanzhang became emperor, he still served in the Ming army and was killed in the attack on Yunnan. In order to remember his previous achievements, the Ming Dynasty awarded his son Qi Bin the title of General Mingwei, and hereditary Dengzhou Wei (now Penglai County) took charge of the affairs. When it reached Qi Jingtong, it was already the sixth generation, and it still attacked the commander of Dengzhou Wei.

Qi Jingtong is strict in military management, proficient in martial arts, familiar with military books and rich in military knowledge. After the attack, he was promoted to the rank of commander-in-chief and commander-in-chief of Daning Prefecture. But his family background is very poor. Jingtong was an honest official, never accepting extra fees, and he did not flatter the powerful. On one occasion, he was promoted to be the general manager of Jiangnan grain transportation, which was a fat job. When he first brought grain into Taicang, according to the old rules, the grain handlers always gave gifts to the warehouse officials first, so as not to be made difficult by them. Qi Jing decided not to do it, preferring to be bullied rather than bribed. As a result, he lost the general manager of grain transportation. He went back to Dengzhou Health Center and lived a poor life. At that time, Qi Xun, the governor of Shandong Province, was the boss of Jingtong. When he heard that Jingtong refused to pay bribes and lost his head office, he respected the behavior of Guan Tong, so he came to recognize his family and wanted to give him a compliment. However, Qi Jingtong said that his ancestor's surname was Ni, not Qi, and declined Qi Xun's kindness.

Of course, there are many examples of Qi Jingtong being an honest official. Simple and filial piety in personal life is also very famous. Qi Jiguang and Qi Jingtong, children who are just sensible, are given strict education. In order to make his son useful, he taught his son to read, read and practice martial arts from an early age, and often taught his son to do his best for the country when he grew up. Life is also very strict with Qi Jiguang. Once a craftsman came to repair the house for the Qi family, Jingtong confessed to install four carved doors between the two trees. But according to the regulations, the door can be equipped with twelve carved doors, and the craftsman told twelve-year-old Qi Jiguang about it. Qi Jiguang went to his father and said that he could install twelve portals. Qi Jingtong severely criticized Qi Jiguang and reprimanded him, asking him not to be vain in the future, not to mention ostentation and extravagance. Once again, Qi Jiguang wore a pair of exquisite silk shoes, which was seen by his father. Naturally, he was reprimanded, saying that he wore such good shoes at an early age, and it would be good in the future. He also said that if he went on like this, he would become an officer in the future and not embezzle the soldier's salary. Later, although it was clear that the shoes were given by my grandfather and told to wear by my mother Wang, Jingtong ordered him to take them off.

Strict family education has enabled Qi Jiguang to develop good habits since childhood. It is said that he likes to play military games since he was a child, with mud and gravel as the base and paper flags as the number. His command is quite organized and he is well advanced and backward. Qi Jiguang likes reading books since he was a child, and he is well versed in history. Once, a friend, seeing the hardships of Qi's family, said to Qi Jingtong, "You are an honest official, which is recognized by everyone, but what do you leave to future generations?" Jingtong called Jiguang to the front and said, "What I left you is the land of the country. You should defend it well!" " Qi Jiguang understood his father's meaning and said, "What adults left behind should be defended to the death."

Qi Jiguang didn't spend his youth in ease. At the age of ten, my mother Wang died, and family life became even more difficult. In the summer of seventeen, his father, who was over 7 years old, was seriously ill. Knowing that his time would not be long, Qi Jingtong sent his son to Beijing to handle the assault. When he left, he earnestly warned his son to be loyal to his country and defend his country. In autumn, when Qi Jingtong passed away, the burden of life fell on Qi Jiguang, and the elderly first mother and underage siblings depended on him to support them. In order to have someone to take care of the family, Qi Jiguang got married the following winter.

Qi Jiguang started his military career after he attacked the commander in Dengzhou. However, at that time, Shandong was relatively calm, and the position of directing affairs was not too busy. Besides official duties, Qi Jiguang is training and studying. He hopes to make a career while he is young and full of blood. He once wrote in a manuscript: "Consciously, at the age of twenty, you must be a good official and be aggressive, and he is too tired to care." In the blank space of a war book, he wrote a poem "Deep in the Towering Pottery":

Small buildings are ashamed of their lofty feelings, and old alliances are made when they are worried;

call for guests and discuss with soldiers.

The cloud guard toothpick is full, and the star contains a sword.

I don't want to be named Hou. I hope Hai Boping.

This poem expresses Qi Jiguang's ambition and shows his concern about the invasion by the Japanese. Since he prayed for "Hai Boping", he was determined to make his own contribution in defending the coastal areas.

in the twenty-seventh year of Jiajing (1548), in order to resist the attack of Mongolian Tartars on the capital from the south, the Ming Dynasty listed Jizhou as a border town, and Shandong and Henan dispatched officers and men to defend it. At that time, Jizhou refers to the line from Shanhaiguan to Juyongguan. Every spring, Qi Jiguang leads his troops to garrison here. For five consecutive years, Qi Jiguang traveled between Dengzhou and Jizhou every year. During this period, Qi Jiguang went to Beijing to take part in the examination. At that time, Tartars and Ansan Khan led troops to attack Miyun, Shunyi and Tongzhou, and the capital city was shocked. The Ming government dispatched troops to defend Beijing. Qi Jiguang, who took the martial arts exam, took an active part in the security work of the capital, and wrote twice to prepare the enemy's brief. Some officials who presided over military affairs in the Ming court were very appreciative of Qi Jiguang's courage. The head of the Ministry of War, Ji Shiyuan, said in a recommendation that Qi Jiguang "should pay attention to military strategy and strive for success. Manage the shackles and get rid of the disadvantages, and serve the post and be meticulous. " He thinks that Qi Jiguang "is expected to be sent to Gancheng" in the future.

Five years of garrison at Jimen made Qi Jiguang familiar with the situation in the frontier and honed his sense of responsibility in defending the frontier. This point can be illustrated by his poem "Work at once". The poem is written like this:

The north and the south drive to report the main feelings, and the river lace smiles all my life;

36 days a year, mostly across Goma.

First set foot on the anti-Japanese invasion

The Japanese invasion began in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, and it was the most rampant in Jiajing period. At the end of the 14th century, the Zuli family of Japan's Northern Dynasty conquered the Southern Dynasty, ending the long-term division. After the failure of the Southern Dynasties, a group of samurai went into exile on the island. They colluded with a group of sea people and bankrupt farmers and came to the coast of China. In name, they were doing business, but in fact they smuggled, plundered and did everything. By the middle of the sixteenth century, the enemy's harm was very serious. In the second year of Jiajing (1523), Hosokawa, the leader of Japanese Ashikawa, and Dane, the vassal of Xihai Road, sent their tribute envoys Rizo, Song Suqing and Zongshe to Ningbo separately, with Otani ship arriving first and Hosokawa ship arriving later. According to the regulations of Ningbo Shipping Company, the goods should be shipped to the port in order of people. However, Song Suqing of Hosokawa, who arrived later, bribed the eunuch of the Municipal Shipping Department and went through the formalities first. At the banquet, Rizzo of Hosokawa was the top seat, while Zongzuo of Ouchi was the second seat. Zongzuo was furious and fought with Rizzo, chasing Rizzo to Shaoxing, burning and looting along the way. This was the so-called "battle for tribute" that shook central Zhejiang at that time. The Ming government also handled the aftermath improperly, just shutting down the company and cutting off trade with Japan. It should have been my wife who took bribes, not our company. The prohibition of trade has led to a large number of smuggling by Japanese businessmen, and profiteers, hooligans, pirates and Japanese pirates in the mainland collude with each other to provide them with various conveniences. So the enemy can land at will, rob, plunder and kill China residents indiscriminately.

In the thirty-second year of Jiajing (1553), Qi Jiguang was promoted to be the commander in charge of the military affairs against Japanese pirates in Shandong, and was in charge of the twenty-four guards' offices of the 3rd Battalion. His defense line includes from the junction of Jiangsu and Shandong to the northern end of Shandong Peninsula. How to defend such a vast sea route? Qi Jiguang, after all, was behind the door, and he had experience in defending Jizhou and Dengzhou. After he arrived, he first found out the activities of the enemy. At that time, ships were driven by the wind, and where the ships docked had a lot to do with the wind direction. Generally speaking, the most rampant time for Japanese pirates is in March, April, May or September and October. Find out these laws, Qi Jiguang will be fortified by lots on time. However, at that time, Shandong's defense was empty, the number of soldiers was insufficient, the discipline was slack, and the campaign was ineffective. Qi Jiguang reorganized, and serious discipline, to camp wu, who seriously purge. Some senior officers somewhat looked down upon this young general, especially an officer in the army, who was Qi Jiguang's uncle. He relied on his elder status and refused to listen to Qi Jiguang's orders. Qi Jiguang had a headache at first, and was embarrassed to punish his uncle. But if this disobedient uncle can't handle it properly, he can't establish his prestige in the army himself. After much consideration, he severely punished the uncle in public as a superior officer. Afterwards, as a nephew, he called his uncle to apologize to him. The senior elder was moved by Qi Jiguang's aboveboard behavior, and immediately knelt down as an officer at the lower level, promising not to disobey orders in the future. Punishing my uncle will alert the whole army, and some officers who rely on the old and sell the old will be more disciplined. As a result, military discipline was quickly purged, and Shandong's coastal defense was consolidated compared with the past.

at that time, Jiangsu and Zhejiang were the worst victims. The Ming Dynasty was politically corrupt, and Zhu Hou * was absent from the DPRK for more than ten years, and the power fell into the hands of Yan Song, the cabinet record. Yan Song is corrupt and accepts bribes, and six-tenths of the annual border salary is given to Yan Song, so the border defense is abandoned. When the Japanese invasion in Zhejiang was serious, the Ming government had to draw troops from various provinces to help, but because the foreign soldiers were not familiar with the local terrain and the activities of the Japanese pirates, it was difficult to get results. The Governor Wang * and Governor Zhang Jing, who actively fought against Japan, were pushed out by Yan Song and his best friend Zhao Wenhua. As a result, the Japanese disaster is getting worse and worse, and the disasters suffered by the people are getting worse and worse. In this case, in the autumn of the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing (1555), Qi Jiguang was promoted by the Ming court and transferred from Shandong to Zhejiang, guarding Ningbo, Shaoxing and Taizhou, which was the center of Japanese activities.

In the thirty-sixth year of Jiajing (1557), Hu Zongxian, the governor of Zhejiang Province, ordered Qi Jiguang to attack cengang (now northwest of Dinghai) where the Japanese were holed up with Yu Dayou, a famous anti-Japanese soldier. Because the siege lasted for a long time, Qi Jiguang was appointed as a general, "guilty as a thief". In the second year, cengang was conquered, and then he was reinstated. This is a big battle he took part in after he arrived in Zhejiang. The reason why the first battle was unfavorable was that Qi Jiguang thought it was: "The sailors of Fuguang were driven to land on the sea, and they were blamed for their resignation with the miscellaneous soldiers sent by the flow, and the order was unclear and the scholar's heart was not attached." Through this campaign, Qi Jiguang thought that the fighting capacity of the original troops was not strong, and advocated training new recruits. Originally, he wrote to Hu Zongxian twice that he advocated training Zhejiang soldiers. Hu Zongxian sent 3, soldiers to Qi Jiguang for training under the command of Cao Tian. However, this unit was born in the street, and although it was neat and tidy, it was very timid in combat and could not fight hard. He is determined to train a powerful anti-Japanese army with farmers as the main body, and believes that only by building a brave and good-fighting army can the Japanese be completely defeated.

the establishment of qi jiajun

as mentioned above, after Qi Jiguang arrived in Zhejiang, he proposed training to Hu Zongxian. The reason he stated is to the point. He said, "Don't forget the war, let it go;" Training is well prepared, and the matter of soldiers is also. " Only in this way can we overcome the weakness of the current soldiers, that is, "the military book warns that soldiers are worried." I will send mixed soldiers (guest soldiers) to meet the enemy, and even take Fuguang boat division to drive and go to sea. The soldiers are unrestrained, the soldiers are rarely trained, the scholars are not attached, and the military orders are unknown. " He advocated self-recruitment, thinking that "a city with ten rooms must have loyalty; It's impossible to be brave in Zhejiang. You have won 3, Zhejiang men. Compared with three years, you are worthy of defending the enemy. " Hu Zongxian paid little attention to his training suggestions. But Qi Jiguang is determined to train an army that can command freely and fight.

in the thirty-sixth year of Jiajing (1558), a large-scale fighting between miners and township groups took place in Yiwu. Chuzhou, Zhejiang Province, is a place rich in silver mines in the Ming Dynasty, where a large number of miners from farmers live. Baoshan, south of Yiwu County, is rich in silver mines. In this year, the miners from Chuzhou migrated to Baoshan to mine, and there was an armed conflict with the township group headed by Chen Dacheng, a powerful family in Yiwu. Fighting was carried out three times, and the scale became larger and larger, with thousands of people gathered each. There are countless casualties on both sides. Qi Jiguang saw from the fighting that even the township regiment was braver than the loyalist. He proposed to recruit farmers and miners in Yiwu for training, so that they could use the power of self-conflagration in the struggle to destroy the enemy. At this moment, Zhao Dahe, the county magistrate of Yiwu, also wrote to Qi Jiguang to personally go to Yiwu to recruit farmers and miners on both sides of the struggle to join the army to fight against the enemy. This proposal is exactly the same as Qi Jiguang's idea. So, Qi Jiguang decided to go to Yiwu to recruit new soldiers himself. As soon as the news spread, there was a lot of discussion. Many people thought that both the township group and the miners were "sinners", and recruiting "sinners" to join the army was tantamount to "being sick and losing their hearts". However, at that time, Tan Lun, the famous anti-Japanese star Taizhou magistrate, supported Qi Jiguang's idea. Later, Qi Jiguang revealed this in a poem called "The Story of Jimen": "When recruiting scholars from Wuyue, we know each other and stay together. On that day, the Lord of this alliance, only Tan Jun Hou. "

in the following year, in the thirty-eighth year of Jiajing (1559), Qi Jiguang came to Yiwu to recruit soldiers. However, the recruitment didn't go well either. He posted a distribution notice entitled "The Grace of Your Father's Water and Soil", calling on farmers and miners to throw away their former gaps and * * * together to defend their hometown and resist the enemy. After the notice was posted, no one came to subscribe. Later, I learned that the leaders of both sides, farmers and miners were watching. On the one hand, Qi Jiguang explained to them why he was recruiting soldiers here, and on the other hand, he realized his patriotic national sense of honor. In fact, neither Chen Dacheng, the leader of the township group, nor Wang Rulong, the leader of the miner, intentionally embarrassed Qi Jiguang. They have always admired this anti-Japanese general. So, after listening to Qi Jiguang Chen Ming's story about recruiting soldiers, Chen Dacheng and Wang Rulong both led villagers and miners to enlist, and the two enemy teams became the backbone of the Qigujun, making outstanding contributions to the cause of resisting Japan.

Qi Jiguang selected more than 4, recruits and brought them back to Shaoxing. After two months of strict training, he established an army with relatively skilled military discipline and laws. For the purpose of defending the people, Qi Jiguang first educated new soldiers, and established this team to protect the safety of his hometown. He said to the new soldiers: "The coastal health center was first built to protect people's livelihood and defend the place. Therefore, the people gave cream to pay for it. In the past 2 years, once there was a Japanese disaster, its people's society paid for it as old as before, but the army was not only unable to protect the people, but also useless to the mainland, and everything was urgent. I also asked the militia to think that the city was guarded by the army, which was also for the people, the thief was killed by the people, the people were protected by the people, and the people were protected by the army. The army cannot protect the people, but wants the people to protect the army. This kind of thing is upside down, which shows the corruption of the army. Therefore, the newly established Qigujun must be an army that can kill thieves and protect the people. He pointed out: "Soldiers are used to kill thieves, and thieves want to kill ordinary people. Of course, ordinary people want you to kill thieves bravely. If you can kill thieves and keep the law and leave the people alone, how can the people not flatter you? "

Qi Jiguang's thought of training troops is to pay equal attention to discipline and martial arts education. The purpose of discipline training is to overcome farmers,