Can yam seeds be used as seeds?
Chinese yam
Species) Also known as Dioscorea, Dioscorea tuber, Dioscoreaceae, annual or perennial twining lianas. Underground tubers are rich in carbohydrates such as starch and protein. With high yield and rich nutrition, it can not only replace grain, but also be used as a dish, which can be fried, boiled and distilled with sugar. Tubers are resistant to storage, which can prolong the supply period and block the shortage. Tubers contain paraepinephrine, which is used as a tonic after drying, and has auxiliary effects on physical weakness, chronic enteritis, diabetes, enuresis, nocturnal emission, night sweats and expectoration.
Biological characteristics of (1)
Yam is asexual and has fibrous roots. The germinated roots are attached to the stem base and extend horizontally, reaching 1 m, mainly distributed in the soil layer of 20 cm ~ 30 cm. Cross-section is round or polygonal, right-handed. Underground tubers are long cylindrical, cylindrical, spindle-shaped, palm-shaped or massive. The skin is reddish brown, dark brown, purple and other colors, and the meat is white and lavender, with dense hair on the surface. The top of the leaf is pointed, the base is halberd-shaped, the petiole is long, the axillary branch of the leaf or the above-ground tuber is called Lai Ji. Flowers monoecious, with spikes and small white or yellow flowers. Capsule has 3 wings, oblate and oval, and rarely bears fruit in cultivation.
Yam likes high temperature drying and tuber.
10℃ began to germinate, the suitable temperature for stem and leaf growth was 25℃~ 28℃, the suitable ground temperature for tuber growth was 20℃~ 24℃, leaves and vines died of freezing, and the tuber capacity was-15.
C. short-day ground temperature can promote the formation of tubers and laiji. The requirements for soil are not strict, and sandy loam with rich and loose soil, strong water retention and deep soil layer is the best.
(2) Variety selection
The yam cultivated in China belongs to Dioscorea opposita, which can form underground fleshy tuber.
1. Common yam (D.batata) is also a famous yam. The leaves are opposite, the stems are round and wingless, and the veins are 7 ~ 9 protruding. This species can be divided into three types according to the shape of tuber. Flat planting, flat tubers, like soles of feet, such as Jiaoban potato in Jiangxi, Hunan, Sichuan and Guizhou, and sweet potato in Rui 'an, Zhejiang. Cylindrical species with short round or irregular tubers, such as Huangyan Potato Medicine and Taiwan Province Round Potato. Long-column species, the tubers are 30 cm ~ 100 cm long and 3 cm ~ 10 cm in diameter, such as yam in Cheng Nan, Jiangxi, yam in Suqian, Suburb and Peixian, Jiangsu, etc.
2.D. alata, also known as sweet potato, has ribbed stems, short petioles, seven veins and large tubers, some of which weigh more than 40 kilograms. According to the shape of tuber, it can be divided into three categories. Flat species, such as Guangdong sunflower potato and Fujian ginkgo potato. Cylindrical varieties, such as Taiwan Province sweet potato and Guangzhou early sweet potato. Long column species, such as Taiwan Province Dragon Sweet Potato, Jiangxi Guangfeng Qianjin Sweet Potato and Niutui Sweet Potato.
(3) sowing
1. Soil preparation, ditching or digging are suitable for planting yam in sandy loam with loose fertility and deep soil layer, and fully decomposed flour fertilizer is evenly spread before ploughing. The cultivation of yam generally needs deep ploughing, while the cultivation of flat seeds and cylindrical seeds is shallow. After ploughing for 30 cm, cultivate in the flat border or high border according to the width of 60 cm ~ 100 cm. Dig a deep ditch with the same depth as the organ length of yam products, generally 60 cm ~ 100 cm deep and 33 cm wide, and sow in long columns at a distance of 2 m ~ 3 m When digging, pile the topsoil and subsoil on both sides, and fill it in sunny days after the sun weathered. When filling soil, the core soil shall be filled first, and then the surface soil shall be filled, and compacted by layers. Its stepping method is to step on the ditch wall with two feet, leaving a piece of loose soil in the middle, and the filling amount should not exceed 10 cm ~ 12 cm at a time. So step on it layer by layer until the ditch becomes a ridge, and insert reeds as markers in a loose soil line in the middle of the ridge, waiting for sowing. This traditional cultivation method of digging yam ditch is labor-intensive In recent years, long yam in Pei County, Jiangsu Province has changed from digging yam ditches to digging pits for cultivation. Digging cultivation is carried out in late autumn and early winter. After the fertilization is leveled, the row spacing is 70cm in winter leisure, and a shallow ditch of 5cm-8cm is dug on the line with a shovel. Then dig holes on the line with a hole-digging tool with a spacing of 25cm-30cm. The hole wall should be flat and firm, with an aperture of about 8cm and a depth of 150cm for standby.
2. Planting in the Jianghuai Valley should be carried out from mid-March to early April. The traditional cultivation method of digging yam ditch should be to dig the prepared yam ridge, the bottom of the ditch is flush with the ground, and water is poured into the ditch. If the yam tail is planted, it should be inserted horizontally or obliquely in the same direction along the ditch, and the old reed stalk should be inserted near each bud head as a marker to avoid damaging the bud during intertillage and guide the new yam to extend downward along the stalk. When planting, the fertilization of yam should be separated from potato pieces to avoid rotten potatoes.
When digging a hole, cover the hole with a plastic film with a width of 20 cm, and then aim the buds on the yam seed potato at the hole, so that the new yam tuber can enter the hole smoothly. Finally, it is cultivated into ridges with a width of 40 cm and a height of 20 cm, and combined with ridge farming, fertilization is applied between ridges for leveling.
(4) Site management
The field management of yam includes watering, fertilizing, weeding, fertilizing, covering grass, supporting, pruning and controlling yield.
1. Water and fertilizer management Yam leaves have thick cuticles on both sides and are very drought-resistant. Cover with ditch water when planting, and do not need watering before emergence. The absorption root system of Dioscorea opposita is shallow, occurs early and extends horizontally. Mowing is easy to damage the root system, and the management methods of pulling grass, covering soil and covering grass are often used. Topdressing the yam in stages, applying decomposed manure or cake fertilizer on both sides of the yam ditch, topdressing once in June when the stems and leaves are growing vigorously, and topdressing once when the roots accumulate a lot of nutrients in July. At the same time of applying nitrogen fertilizer, the effect of applying phosphorus and potassium fertilizer such as peat is very good. If yellow fertilizer is used as topdressing, it should be kept away from tubers to avoid burning potato pieces. Yam has a large row spacing and is generally interplanted with fast-growing vegetables. Fertilizer and water management of fast-growing vegetables is often beneficial to yam, which can save fertilizer and water management of yam.
2. Scaffolds, bases and pruned yam stems are long, thin and brittle, which are easily broken by the wind. Generally, scaffolding should be erected. The shelf height of yam is high, and the yield is also high, generally about 3 meters. Most yam is not pruned, but removing 2 ~ 3 lateral branches at the base can concentrate nutrition and improve tuber yield. Similarly, too high yield of yam will also affect the yield of underground tubers, so too much yield should be erased as soon as possible.
3. Pests and Diseases Control The diseases of yam include anthracnose, nematodiasis, Fusarium wilt, white astringent disease, root rot and so on. Pests include grubs, Spodoptera litura, Chinese yam sawfly, etc. Anthracnose and nematodiasis are common in the Jianghuai basin.
Agricultural control measures of anthracnose are weeding and loosening soil, and timely drainage in rainy and waterlogged weather to prevent cave collapse. Once the disease is found, it can be sprayed with 500 times solution of 65% zineb wettable powder or 800 times solution of 50% carbendazim gum suspension every 7 ~ 1 day1time, 2 ~ 3 times in total.
Nematode disease is the main disease of yam tuber discovered in recent years. In addition to the promotion of hole sowing cultivation, the prevention and control methods should advocate rotation for more than 3 years. Before sowing, the chemicals should be evenly spread in the planting ditch with a depth of 10 cm, and generally used once per mu.
6,000g of 5% mirex granules or 8% dixianling EC.
000 grams.
(5) collecting and preserving seeds.
Generally, yam should be harvested when the stems and leaves are all withered, and the yield is low and the water content is easy to break if it is harvested too early. If you are not in a hurry to go public, you can stay in the ground for the winter, or you can postpone it until the middle and late March of the following year at the latest, and harvest it before germination. Average mu (1 mu = 667m2)
1500 kg ~ 3000 kg. A small area of high-yield land can reach 7
000 kilograms.
Yam in Jianghuai Valley generally blooms but does not bear fruit. There are three ways to sow with asexual propagation materials in production.
1. terminal bud propagation method There is a thick, hard and inedible part at the stem end of long-column yam, commonly known as yam tail, which can be used for propagation. Generally, each slice is cut into 60-80g, which is bred with the yam tail. After planting, it has the advantage of top length and high yield, but the reproductive coefficient can not be improved, that is, the planting area this year can only be the same as last year.
2. Cutting propagation In order to improve the propagation coefficient, the edible part of the tail of yam is cut into pieces to accelerate germination, and planted after the adventitious buds grow.
3.Reiyoshi propagation method The aboveground tubers growing in the axils of yam leaves are called Reiyoshi, which can be used for expanding propagation. Liangyou is an indispensable breeding method because of its less labor, less land occupation, large propagation coefficient and difficult degradation of yam. However, the breeding method of Reiyoshi is to use the Reiyoshi harvested last year and sow it until this spring. Only 13cm ~ 16cm long, 200 g ~ 250 g small yam can be received in autumn, and it will take three years to receive the product.
(6) storage and processing
Yam and potato pieces are cold-resistant, and can be stored locally if necessary, and the harvest can be postponed until the first half of March of the following year. It can also be stored in an earthen kiln. In the cellar, Chinese herbal medicines and sand are alternately stored in layers. Finally, cover the soil into a ridge shape and cover it with straw to prevent rainwater from invading. Pit maintenance
10c ~ 15c, which can be stored until next year.
April to May.
In addition to fresh yam, fresh yam has been processed into tops or smooth strips for export in recent years. Gyroscope is made by soaking yam in water, scraping off the skin, fumigating with sulfur and drying in the sun. Soak the gyro in water until soft, sprinkle with starch, rub it, cut it into 16 cm ~ 18 cm yam strips, sprinkle with starch, rub it, and dry it in the sun to get the polished product.