Confucius information

Chinese name: Confucius

Foreign name: Confucius

Alias: Confucius, Zhongni

Nationality: Chinese

Nationality: Han

Birthplace: Zouyi, Lu State (now Nanxin Town, Qufu City)

Date of Birth: September 28, 551 BC

Date of death: April 11, 479 BC

Occupation: Teacher

Belief: Confucianism

Main achievements: Founding the Confucian school

Compile the "Spring and Autumn" and revise the "Five Classics"

Establish a private school and break the traditional aristocratic education

Representative works: "Spring and Autumn" and "Ten Wings"

Father: Shu Lianghe: Mother: Yan Zhengzai

Main fields: Ethics, social philosophy

Personal life

Confucius (9 BC 551 August 28 ~ April 11, 479 BC), with the surname Zi

Portraits of Confucius (39 photos), with Kong as his surname, his first name Qiu, and his courtesy name Zhongni. During the Spring and Autumn Period, he was born in Changping Township, Zouyi, Lu State (now Nanxin Town, Qufu City, Shandong Province). He is a great thinker and educator in ancient my country, a theoretical politician, the founder of Confucianism, and one of the most famous cultural celebrities in the world. Ranked second in the family. An ancient Chinese writer, thinker, theoretical politician, educator, social activist, organizer of ancient documents, and compiler of the Confucian school. He was praised by later generations as the founder of the Confucian school. It is said that he once revised "Poems" and "Books", edited "Li" and "Music", prefaced "Book of Changes" and wrote "Spring and Autumn". He has been engaged in preaching, teaching, and solving doubts all his life. He is honored by the Chinese as "the most holy teacher and a model for all generations." Confucius's disciples and his subsequent disciples recorded the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples and compiled the Analects of Confucius. Regarding the view of heaven, Confucius did not deny the existence of destiny ghosts and gods, but he was skeptical about them and advocated "respecting ghosts and gods and staying away from them." Confucius and Mencius are both called "Confucius and Mencius", and their thoughts are also called the Tao of Confucius and Mencius. Confucius was revered as the "Sage" and "King Su", Zengzi was the Zongsheng, and Mencius was the "Lesser Sage". His words and deeds were written by his students into the creation masterpiece "The Analects of Confucius". He is also the world's most famous cultural figure. He is the founder of Confucianism. However, there is another Jun-style theory, the "anti-Confucius elite" Mr. Yang Chengjun, who believes that Confucius is useless. However, there is another theory, the "anti-sheep elite" Mr. Yang Zhengzong, who believes that Yang Chengjun is useless and his behavior is purely sensational. Confucius was proficient in "The Book of Changes" and is said to be the author of "Ten Wings". Confucius was the first person in ancient China to break through the religious attitude towards natural landscapes. I love nature even more than natural landscapes. Nature includes disasters, earthquakes, tornadoes, and dinosaurs. The extinction of nature, etc., and the natural landscape is the eternal good Feng Shui, which puts forward the famous aesthetic proposition that "the wise enjoy the water, the benevolent enjoy the mountains" ("The Analects of Confucius·Yongye").

Confucius’s ancestors were originally descendants of the Yin Shang (Chinese tribe), so they were given the surname Kong. After the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty granted him the title of concubine brother of King Zhou of the Shang Dynasty. Weizi Qi, a loyal and famous minister of the Shang Dynasty, was born in the Song Dynasty (Xiayi). He is now buried by Weishan Lake in Weishan County, Shandong Province. After the death of Wei Ziqi, his younger brother Wei Zhong came to the throne, and Wei Zhong was the ancestor of Confucius.

After Confucius's sixth ancestor Kong Fujia, descendants began to take Kong as their surname. His great-grandfather Kong Fangshu fled from Song to Lu in order to escape the civil strife in Song. Confucius's father, Shu Liang He (the courtesy name is Shu Liang and He is his given name), was a famous warrior in the state of Lu. Uncle Liang He first married Shi Yaoying and gave birth to nine daughters but no son. His concubine gave birth to a son Meng Pi (ranked as the eldest son). He was called Bo, and the eldest son of a concubine was called Meng), but he had a serious illness. Under the circumstances at that time, neither women nor disabled sons were suitable heirs. Later, Shu Lianghe married Zheng Zai, the third daughter of the Yan family in Waina, and gave birth to Confucius. Because he had prayed in Niqiu before he was born, he was named Qiu, ranking second, so he was named Zhongni (according to the above "Confucius Family"). "Yu. Explanation of Original Surname" records: Although Shu Liang He has nine daughters, his concubine has Meng Pi, whose name is Bernie, so he proposes to Yan's three daughters. It is said that Zheng is here...Praying privately to the mountain of Niqiu to pray for the birth of Confucius, hence the name Qiu (named Zhongni).

Confucius’ lecture pictures (8 pictures) When Confucius was three years old, his uncle Liang He died of illness. After that, Confucius’ family was quite poor. Because we were in troubled times, there was no room for the benevolent government advocated by Confucius to be implemented. However, during the three months of governing the state of Lu, the powerful state of Qi also feared Confucius' talents, which shows that Confucius is worthy of the title of an outstanding statesman. Political dissatisfaction caused Confucius to devote a large part of his energy to education. Confucius once served as a military commander in the State of Lu, and later traveled around the country with his disciples. Finally, he returned to the State of Lu and concentrated on teaching. Confucius broke the educational monopoly and pioneered private education. He had as many as 3,000 disciples, including 72 sages, known as the famous Seventy-two Sages. Many of the seventy-two people are high-ranking officials from various countries. It also continued the glory of Confucianism. "Zi" in Confucius, like "Zi" in Mencius, Zhuangzi and Laozi, is a title and honorific. According to the titles assigned to Dukes, Marquises, Bos, Sons and Men of the Zhou Dynasty, although they were not princes, they enjoyed the title of the fourth-middle title among the princes.

Personal Achievements

Confucius’ film and television images (8 photos) have far-reaching influence on later generations. Although he “narrates without writing”, he was already praised during his lifetime. He was known as the "Sage of Heaven", "Muduo of Heaven" and "Eternal Saint". He was one of the most erudite scholars in society at that time. Later generations also respected him as the "Holy Saint" (the saint among saints) and "the teacher of all generations". They believed that he had edited "Poems", "Books", "Li" and "Music", and prefaced "The Book of Changes" (called the "Book of Changes"). Shiyi, also known as Yi Zhuan), author of "Spring and Autumn". The Analects of Confucius is one of the classic works of the Confucian school, compiled by Confucius's disciples and his disciples. It is mainly in the style of quotations and dialogues, recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and embodies Confucius' political opinions, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles. "The Analects", "The Great Learning", "The Doctrine of the Mean" and "Mencius" are collectively known as the "Four Books". The current edition of "The Analects" contains twenty chapters. The language of "The Analects" is concise and concise, and its meaning is profound. Many of its remarks are still regarded as the truth by the world today. Moreover, in ancient times, the first person whom children worshiped when entering school was Confucius. American poet and philosopher Emerson believed that "Confucius is the glory of all nations in the world." In 1988, 75 Nobel Prize winners gathered in Paris. After the meeting, they issued a joint declaration, calling on the world that "if humans want to survive in the 21st century, they must look back 2,500 years ago and learn wisdom from Confucius." He He had many disciples, such as Zigong, Zilu, Yan Yuan, etc. Mencius, who was revered as the "Senior Sage" by later generations, was a disciple of his grandson Kong Ji (zisi).

Political Career

Sculptures of Confucius (6 photos) Confucius was extremely smart and studious when he was young. ". At the same time, what is little known is that Confucius inherited the bravery of his father, uncle Liang He, and was nine feet six inches tall, more than 1.9 meters today, specifically 196.8cm. With extraordinary arm strength, he was far from the image of a frail scholar as some people in later generations thought. Moreover, Confucius had an extraordinary capacity for drinking and was said to have never been drunk. But Confucius never took pride in his martial prowess or his ability to drink. Confucius in film and television works

Confucius wanted to pursue an official career since he was in his 20s, so he paid great attention to world affairs. He often thought about many issues in governing the country and often expressed some opinions. By the age of 30, Already somewhat famous. In the 20th year of Duke Zhao of Lu, Duke Jin of Qi summoned Confucius when he visited Lu and discussed with him the issue of Duke Mu of Qin's dominance. Confucius got to know Duke Jin of Qi. In the 25th year of Duke Zhao of Lu, civil strife broke out in the State of Lu. Duke Zhao of Lu was forced to flee to the State of Qi. Confucius also left the State of Lu. When he arrived in the State of Qi, he was appreciated and treated favorably by Duke Jin of Qi. He even prepared to grant Confucius the fields in the Nixi area, but He was stopped by doctor Yan Ying. In the 27th year of Lu Zhaogong's reign, the officials of Qi wanted to harm Confucius. Confucius heard about it and asked Qi Jinggong for help. Qi Jinggong said, "I am old and can't be used." Confucius had to flee back to Lu in panic. In the State of Lu at that time, the political power was actually in the hands of the officials' retainers, who were called "accompanying ministers in charge of state affairs." Therefore, although Confucius had two opportunities to enter politics, he gave up until the 9th year of Lu Dinggong was appointed as the Prime Minister of the Central Capital. , Confucius was 51 years old at this time. Confucius governed Zhongdu (today's Wenshang County) for one year. He made outstanding achievements and was promoted to Xiao Sikong. Soon he was promoted to Great Sikou, taking charge of the affairs of the Prime Minister, and the great rule of Lu State was achieved.

In the 12th year of Duke Dinggong of Lu, Confucius in order to weaken the Three Huan (the Jisun family, the Shusun family, and the Mengsun family) were called Sanhuan because they were descendants of the three sons of Duke Huan of Lu. At that time, the political power of the Lu state was actually controlled. In their hands, and some of Sanhuan's retainers controlled Sanhuan to varying degrees), measures were taken to destroy the three capitals (i.e., demolish the castles built by Sanhuan). Later, Quan Sandu's action was abandoned halfway, and the conflict between Confucius and Sanhuan was also exposed. In the 13th year of Duke Dinggong of Lu, the State of Qi sent 80 beauties to the State of Lu. The Ji Sun family accepted the female musicians. The monarchs and ministers were obsessed with singing and dancing and ignored government affairs for many days. Confucius was very disappointed. Soon, the State of Lu held a suburban sacrifice. After the sacrifice, they were sent as usual. The meat sacrifices were not given to Confucius when they were given to the officials, which showed that the Ji family did not want to use him anymore. Confucius left the state of Lu as a last resort, went to foreign countries to find a way out, and began a journey around the countries. In this year, Confucius 55 years old. Confucius took his disciples to Wei State first. Wei Linggong began to respect Confucius very much. He gave Confucius a salary of 60,000 yuan according to the salary standard of Lu State, but did not give him any official position or let him participate in political affairs. Confucius lived in Weiguo for about 10 months. Because someone slandered him in front of Wei Linggong, Weilinggong became suspicious of Confucius and sent people to openly monitor Confucius' actions. So Confucius took his disciples to leave Weiguo and planned to go to Chenguo. . When passing through Kuangcheng, he was besieged for 5 days due to a misunderstanding. He fled Kuangcheng and arrived at Pudi, where he encountered a rebellion by the aristocrat Gongshu of the Wei Kingdom and was besieged again. After escaping, Confucius returned to Wei State. Wei Linggong was very happy to hear that Confucius' master and apprentice had returned from Pudi, and went out of the city to greet him personally. After that, Confucius left Weiguo several times and returned to Weiguo several times. On the one hand, this was because Wei Linggong was good and bad to Confucius. On the other hand, Confucius had no place to go after leaving Weiguo, so he had to return. In the 2nd year of Duke Ai of Lu (Confucius was 59 years old), Confucius left the state of Wei and went to the state of Chen via Cao, Song, and Zheng. So he sent laborers to besiege Confucius' master and disciples halfway, with no villages in front and no shops in the back. After bringing the food and eating it, he was without food for 7 days. Finally, Zigong found the people of Chu. Chu sent troops to meet Confucius, and Confucius' master and disciples were saved from death. When Confucius was 64 years old, he returned to the Kingdom of Wei. When he was 68 years old, with the efforts of his disciple Ran Qiu, he was welcomed back to the Kingdom of Lu, but he was still respected and not used. In the 16th year of Duke Ai of Lu, Confucius was 73 years old. He fell ill and died without recovery.

He who works so hard that he forgets to eat, and he who enjoys it forgets his worries

When he was 62 years old, Confucius once described himself this way: "He is a man who forgets to eat when he is so angry and forgets his worries because he is happy. He does not know how old he is. At that time, Confucius had led his disciples to travel around the world for 9 years. After going through many hardships, he not only failed to be appointed by the princes, but also almost died. However, Confucius did not retreat despite the difficulties. He remained optimistic and persisted in his ideals, even knowing that It cannot be done but it is done.

Be poor and happy

Confucius said: "Being rich and noble without justice is like a floating cloud to me." In Confucius's mind, doing justice is the highest value of life. When conflicts arise, he would rather suffer poverty than give up morality. However, his belief in living in poverty and enjoying the Tao cannot be seen as not seeking wealth, but only seeking to maintain the Tao. This is not in line with historical facts. Confucius once said: "Wealth and honor are what people want; if they don't follow the right way, they won't get it. Poverty and lowliness are what people hate; if they don't follow the right way, they won't get it." " Being rich is something you can ask for, even if you are a man with a whip, I will do it. If you can't ask for it, I will follow what I like."

Be tireless in learning and tireless in teaching

Confucius is famous for his love of learning. , showed a strong interest in all kinds of knowledge, so he was versatile and knowledgeable. He was famous at that time and was almost regarded as an omniscient sage. However, Confucius himself did not think so. Confucius said: "If the sage and How can I dare to be benevolent? I am never tired of teaching people." Confucius studied impermanence. He worshiped anyone who had knowledge and knew something he didn't know. Therefore, he said, "If there are three people walking together, there must be one who is my teacher." , choose the good ones and follow them, and change the bad ones."

Practice in a straight way

Confucius was upright by nature, and he advocated walking in a straight way. He once said: "I As for people, who is praised and who is praised? It is because of the people that the three generations have followed the straight path. ""Historical Records" records that Confucius asked Laozi when he was in his thirties. , before leaving, Lao Tzu said: "Those who are wise and thoughtful and close to the deceased are good at discussing others. Those who are eloquent and knowledgeable endanger their lives and bring evil to others. Those who are sons of others should not think of themselves, and those who are ministers of others should not think of themselves. .

"This is Laozi's kind reminder to Confucius, and also pointed out some of Confucius' shortcomings, that is, he looks at problems too deeply, speaks too sharply, and hurts some people with status, which will bring great danger to himself. With the spirit of being kind to others, Concept Confucius founded a moral theory centered on benevolence. He himself was a very kind person, compassionate, helpful, sincere and generous to others. "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you." The villain is evil. "Be kind to yourself and be kind to others" and so on, these are his principles of life.

Edit this paragraph's ideological system

Political thought

The core is "propriety" and "benevolence". In terms of the strategy of governing the country, he advocated "governing for the country". "Governing a country with morality and etiquette is the noblest way to govern a country." Full body portrait of Confucius

This kind of governance strategy is also called "Government by virtue" or "Government by etiquette". This strategy of extending virtues and etiquette to the people has actually broken the traditional belief that etiquette should not be extended to the common people, and has broken an important original boundary between the nobility and the common people. Confucius’ theory of benevolence embodies the spirit of humanity, while Confucius’ theory of etiquette embodies the spirit of etiquette, that is, order and system in the modern sense. Humanism is an eternal theme of mankind and is applicable to any society, any era, and any government. An orderly and institutional society is the basic requirement for the establishment of a human civilized society. Confucius’s spirit of humanism and order is the essence of ancient Chinese social and political thought.

Economic Thoughts

The most important economic thoughts of Confucius are the concept of righteousness and benefit, which emphasizes justice over profit, and the idea of ​​"enriching the people". This is also the main content of Confucian economic thought. It will have a greater impact on future generations. Confucius' so-called "righteousness" is a social moral norm, and "profit" refers to people's pursuit of material benefits. Regarding the relationship between "righteousness" and "benefit", Confucius placed "righteousness" in the first place. He said: "Seeing benefit means thinking about righteousness." ① It requires people to first consider how to comply with "righteousness" in the face of material interests. He believes that "righteousness can then be obtained", that is, only if it meets "righteousness" can it be obtained. Confucius even advocated "rare words about profit" in "The Analects of Confucius Zihan", that is, saying less about "profit", but it does not mean that there is no need for "profit". "Zuo Zhuan: The Second Year of Chenggong" records that gaining wealth by doing unjust things is like floating clouds, ② disdain to use unjust means to gain wealth. Confucius also believed that the attitude towards "righteousness" and "benefit" can distinguish between "gentlemen" and "villains". A moral "gentleman" can easily understand the importance of "righteousness", while a "villain" who lacks moral cultivation only knows "profit" but not "righteousness". This is what Confucius said in "The Analects of Confucius: Li Ren": "A gentleman is likened to righteousness, and a villain is likened to benefit." Confucius in film and television works

Some people think that since Confucius valued "righteousness", he must despise physical labor. This view is wrong. "The Analects" records that he was very dissatisfied with his disciple Fan Chi who wanted to learn agriculture and called him a "little man". This is because Confucius believed that people should have greater ideals and pursuits, and should bear greater responsibilities. He wants his students to become value bearers rather than farmers. Due to Confucius' conservative political attitude, the reform of the economic system also reflects conservative thinking. For example, in the fifteenth year of Lu Xuangong (594 BC), the "initial taxation of acres" was implemented, which legally recognized the legal status of private land, which was a major economic reform in the Spring and Autumn Period; however, according to "Zuo Zhuan", Confucius revised "Spring and Autumn Period" "" recorded "the first tax mu", the purpose was to criticize it as "indecent". But if the people are not rich, no king will be rich. It is also recorded in "The Analects of Confucius·Yao" that Confucius advocated "benefiting the people for their benefit", that is, only doing things that are beneficial to the people. On the other hand, he also advocated that taxes should be lighter and the allocation of corvees should not delay the farming season. "The Analects of Confucius Shuer" records that Confucius also preached to the politicians at that time, asking them not to be too extravagant and to pay attention to frugality. He said: "Luxury is not inferior, frugality is solid. Rather than being inferior, it is better to be solid." At the same time, he also advocated "being frugal and loving others." This includes applying Confucius' thought of "benevolence" to the economic field.

Educational Thoughts

Confucius was the first in Chinese history to propose that people have similar talents and qualities, and that personality differences are mainly due to the influence of acquired education and social environment ("Sex is similar, but habits are far apart") .

Therefore, everyone can be educated and everyone should be educated. He advocated "education without distinction", founded private schools, and recruited students widely, breaking the slave-owning aristocracy's monopoly on school education, expanding the scope of education to common people, and conforming to the trend of social development at that time. He advocated "If you are good at learning, you will become an official." If you have enough energy after studying, you can become an official. The purpose of his education was to cultivate gentlemen who would serve in politics, and gentlemen must have high moral qualities. Therefore, Confucius emphasized that school education must give top priority to moral education ("Disciples will be filial when they enter, be cowardly when they leave, be cautious and trustworthy, Love everyone broadly and stay close to others. If you have enough energy to practice, study literature.") The main contents of Confucius' moral education are "propriety" and "benevolence". Among them, "propriety" is the moral norm, and "benevolence" is the highest moral principle. "Ritual" is the form of "benevolence", and "benevolence" is the content of "ritual". With the spirit of "benevolence", "ritual" can be truly enriched. In terms of moral cultivation, he proposed methods such as establishing ambition, self-denial, practice, introspection, and the courage to make corrections. "Learn to know" is the dominant idea of ​​Confucius' teaching thought. While advocating not being ashamed to ask questions and being open-minded and eager to learn, he emphasized the combination of learning and thinking ("Learning without thinking is a waste, thinking without learning is peril"). At the same time, he must also "apply what he has learned" and apply the learned knowledge to social practice. He was the first to propose heuristic teaching. He said: "If you are not angry, you are not enlightened; if you are not angry, you are not angry." This means that teachers should inspire and enlighten students appropriately when they think seriously and have reached a certain level. He was also the first educator to adopt the method of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude in teaching practice. Home. Through conversations and individual observations, he understands and is familiar with the students' personality characteristics. On this basis, he adopts different educational methods according to the specific conditions of each student to cultivate talents in morality, language, politics, literature and other aspects. . Confucius loved education and was engaged in educational activities throughout his life. He is tireless in learning and teaching. He not only teaches by words, but also teaches by example, influencing students with his exemplary behavior. He loves his students and they respect him very much. The relationship between teachers and students is very harmonious. He is a shining example of ancient Chinese teachers. Confucius' educational activities not only cultivated many students, but also the educational theories he proposed based on practice laid the theoretical foundation for ancient Chinese education.

Modern Development

The new development of Confucianism in modern times refers to the New Confucianism that emerged under the conditions of the collision and blending of Chinese and Western civilizations after the introduction of modern Western civilization into China. The emerging "popular Confucianism" is the highest achievement of the development of contemporary New Confucianism.

Confucianism Conference: How wonderful it is to have friends from far away

Confucius, a cultural sage who "has virtues in heaven and earth, and has a Tao that connects the past and present. He abridged the Six Classics and established the constitution for eternity"; Confucianism is a value concept and ideological system based on the teachings of Confucius and based on the theories of Confucian masters of the past dynasties. Recently, the first World Confucian Congress, co-sponsored by the Ministry of Culture and the Shandong Provincial People's Government, was held in Qufu, Shandong, the hometown of Confucius. It is an international cultural forum and a high-level academic event. Its convening is a major event in the world of Confucianism. Xu Jialu, former Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, Zhou Heping, Vice Minister of Culture, Masayoshi Takemura, former Chief Cabinet Secretary of Japan, and representatives from Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Belgium, and Denmark 172 experts, scholars, and people from all walks of life from 86 Confucian research institutions in 22 countries and regions, including China and Australia, participated in the grand event. These experts, scholars, and people from all walks of life from different countries, different ethnic groups, and different cultures conducted in-depth discussions and discussions on topics such as the historical research of Confucianism, the contemporary value of Confucianism, the modern interpretation of Confucianism, the global spread of Confucianism, and Confucianism and harmonious culture. Broad dialogue. Once upon a time, the opening ceremony of the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing vividly displayed the splendid five thousand years of Chinese civilization in front of the world. Insightful people pointed out that its main line is the essence of Confucianism of "loving etiquette and learning well, advocating peace and harmony". The 887 movable type printing plates transform into the word "harmony" in 3 different fonts, expressing the Chinese humanistic concepts of "harmony without uniformity" and "harmony is precious". The excellent traditional Chinese culture represented by Confucianism has further spread across the five continents, and the "Confucius craze" and "Confucian craze" have spread even further.

Since then, rulers of all dynasties have continued to add posthumous titles: Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty honored him as the "Xianshi", Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty honored him as "Gong Yan", Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty added the title of "Gong Yanguo", and Wenzong of the Yuan Dynasty honored him as "Fushenggong Yanguo". In the ninth year of Jiajing reign of the Ming Dynasty, it was renamed "Fusheng". There is also the "Fusheng Temple" in Qufu, Shandong. Zhong Yuan, 542 BC - 480 BC, courtesy name Zilu, was born in Bian, Lu State (now Bianqiao Village, Quanlin Town, Sishui County, Shandong Province). He served as the Prime Minister of the Jisun family and later the Prime Minister Kong Li. In the first year of Wei Zhuang (480 BC), Kong Li's mother Bo Ji and others conspired to make Kuai Chi (Bo Ji's younger brother) king, and forced Kong Li to kill the guards and go to public service. He fled after hearing the news. After Zilu heard the news outside, he went into the city to see Kuai Chi. Kuai Chi ordered Shi Qi to shoot down Zilu's crown tassel with a sword. Zilu's eyes were split open, and he sternly shouted: "When a gentleman dies, his crown is inevitable." He resolutely tied up his hat tassel and died calmly. Duanmu Ci, 520 BC - 456 BC, named Zigong, surnamed Duanmu, given name Ci, was a native of Wei (now Junxian County, Henan Province). He served as the prime minister of Lu and Wei, and was the most accomplished among the seventy-two sages of Confucius. , and list those who are outstanding in linguistics. Zigong was a great diplomat and businessman in the Spring and Autumn Period, and was regarded as the "originator of Confucian businessmen" by later generations. Confucius once called it "the weapon of Hulian". He is eloquent, good at eloquence, capable, and knowledgeable in everything he does. He was also good at doing business. He once did business between Cao and Lu and became rich. He is the richest among Confucius' disciples. Sima Qian's "Historical Records: Biographies of Zhongni's Disciples" devoted the most ink to the character Zigong, and his biography was the longest among the disciples of Confucius in terms of length. This phenomenon shows that in Sima Qian's eyes, Zigong is a very unusual figure. If we follow Sima Qian's idea and read the Analects of Confucius and other books carefully, we can see that Zigong is an extraordinary character. His influence and role are unparalleled among Confucius disciples: he has excellent academic performance, rich cultural accomplishments, outstanding political and diplomatic abilities, and superb financial management and business abilities. Yan Yan, 506 BC - 443 BC, also known as Ziyou, also known as Shu, was a native of Changshu. He was the only southern disciple of Confucius during the Spring and Autumn Period. When he was 22 years old, he left his hometown and went north to worship Confucius as his teacher. Modesty and studious, he was good at literature. He once served as the governor of Wucheng in the state of Lu. He educated the people with rituals and music. The sound of string singing could be heard everywhere in the territory, which was highly praised by Confucius. After completing his studies, he returned to the South and had countless disciples from his travels. He was known as the first person to spread Southeastern culture. From the Tang Dynasty, he was successively named Wu Hou, Wu Gong, Wu Guogong and the sage Yanzi. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, a member of the Five Classics Doctors was specially appointed and was hereditary by his descendants. Yan Yan made great contributions to the prosperity of Wudi culture. Zeng Dian, courtesy name Zixi, also known as Zeng Xi, was a native of Wucheng, Lu State (now Nanwucheng, Weizhuang Township, Pingyi County, or Nanwu Village, Mandong Township, Jiaxiang County) during the Spring and Autumn Period. The date of birth and death is unknown. The father of Zeng Shen, one of the seventy-two sages of Confucius. Together with Yan Lu, the father of Yan Hui, and Meng Sunji, the father of Mencius, they are enshrined in the Chongsheng Temple at the back of the Confucius Temple in Qufu. "The Analects" records that he, Zilu, Ran You, and Gong Xihua were sitting with Confucius, and when they were talking about their personal interests, he stopped playing the harp with a clang, and said that it was late spring, so he put on his spring clothes and met five or six like-minded adults. , in 1009 (the second year of Xiangfu, Dazhong of the Song Dynasty), he was granted the title "Marquis of Laiwu". In 1530 (the ninth year of Jiajing reign in the Ming Dynasty), it was renamed "Xianxian Zeng". Zeng ordered his tomb in his hometown of Nanwucheng. Zeng Shen, about 505 BC to 436 BC, named Ziyu, was a native of Nanwucheng (now Pingyi) in the state of Lu in the late Spring and Autumn Period. People respected him as Zengzi. Disciple of Confucius. The son of Zeng Dian, he was fond of teaching and raising his relatives. He once served as a minor official and was known for his filial piety. He believes that "wisdom, loyalty and forbearance" are Confucius' "consistent" thoughts, and puts forward the self-cultivation method of "I should examine myself three times in a day", advocating "Be cautious about death (carefully handle the funeral of parents), Zhuiyuan (reverently remember ancestors), the people "Virtue will return to you", "make mistakes without correcting (care)", and are determined to practice Confucius's teachings unremittingly. According to legend, there are "The Classic of Filial Piety" and "The Great Learning". Among Confucius, he was regarded as the successor of Taoism and was respected as "Zongsheng" by future rulers. "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" records 18 chapters of "Zeng Zi", which are incomplete. Now there are 10 chapters in "Dadailiji" from "Li Shi" to "Tian Yuan". Ruan Yuan of the Qing Dynasty published Commentary on Zengzi. There is Zeng Temple, also known as Zongsheng Temple, at the southern foot of Nanwu Mountain, 20 kilometers south of today's Jiaxiang City. Four subjects and ten philosophical virtues: Yan Yuan, Min Ziqian, Ran Boniu, Zhong Gong, Zeng Shen; Language: Zaiwo, Zigong; Political affairs: Ran You, Ji Lu; Literature: Ziyou, Zixia