Drinking tea in the cold season
Spring Festival is the first day of the first lunar month, also known as lunar calendar (Lunar New Year), commonly known as "Chinese New Year", and it is the most grand and lively ancient traditional festival of the Chinese nation.
According to historical records, the Spring Festival originated from the activities of offering sacrifices to gods and ancestors in the late Yin and Shang Dynasties. In the Western Han Dynasty, the annual New Year was set in the first month of late spring, but it was not the first day of the first month, but the twelfth day, which was later Laba. After the Northern and Southern Dynasties, La Worship was moved to the end of the year. In ancient times, the Lunar New Year was not called "Spring Festival". During the Republic of China, the first day of the first lunar month was officially named "Spring Festival", because the Spring Festival was usually around the beginning of spring. The Chinese New Year in ancient China was always associated with superstition of ghosts and gods, and the most important thing during the Spring Festival was playing with ghosts. From the time Laba ate Laba porridge, both the imperial court and the people dressed as ghosts and worshipped the Kitchen God who was in charge of good or bad luck on the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month, so as to have food and clothing in the coming year. In the meantime, every household should clean up the dirt and prevent diseases. On the thirtieth day of the twelfth lunar month, we have to stick a door-to-door deity, paste Spring Festival couplets, paste the word "Fu", cut window grilles, hang colorful flags, steam rice cakes, eat jiaozi, set off firecrackers, stand guard on New Year's Eve, and pay New Year's greetings to each other on New Year's Day. Today, the long history makes the Spring Festival a traditional festival symbolizing the unity, happiness and hope of the people of China.
the Lantern Festival
The 15th day of the first lunar month (the old method of calculating cycles in China) is the traditional Lantern Festival in China. Lantern Festival is named because its festival activities are held on the fifteenth night of the first month of each year.
Lantern Festival is also called "Lantern Festival" and "Lantern Festival" because the main activity of this festival is to light lights at night. In addition, the Lantern Festival is also called "Shangyuan" and "Shangyuan Festival".
During the Lantern Festival, every household in China will hang lanterns and set off fireworks. The streets are covered with colorful lanterns, and crystal clear ice lanterns will be made in cold areas such as Northeast China and Xinjiang. In the evening, the whole family will sit around and enjoy the delicious Lantern Festival.
The formation of the Lantern Festival custom originated from the early Han Dynasty in ancient China (206 BC-23 AD). On the fifteenth day of the first month, the Han family offered sacrifices to a god who was kind to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. This god, named "Taiyi", is said to be above the five emperors, so he got a richer sacrifice. When Emperor Han Ming arrived, the custom of decorating and viewing lanterns was formed because the emperor had ordered the Lantern Festival to burn lanterns.
Nowadays, the custom of decorating and watching lanterns has become one of the most important activities of the Lantern Festival.
Double Ninth Festival
The ninth day of the ninth lunar month is an ancient traditional festival in China-the Double Ninth Festival. The ancients in China regarded nine as the number of yang, and on the ninth day of September, two yang was heavy, so it was called "Chongyang". Double Ninth Festival, also known as "Old People's Day".
On the Double Ninth Festival, people enjoy chrysanthemums, wear dogwood, climb mountains with wine, and have a good swim and drink.
There is an interesting story about the origin of the Double Ninth Festival. During the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220), the alchemist said to his disciple Huan Jing, "On September 9th, there was a great disaster in your family. If you put Cornus officinalis in a red bag and hang it on your arm, you can avoid it. " Huan Jing led the whole family to take refuge in the mountains that day, and came back at night to find that all the chickens and dogs at home were dead. Since then, on September 9th every year, people have climbed mountains to avoid evil spirits, so they have followed this custom and become a festival.
Mountain climbing on the Double Ninth Festival is the main custom of this festival. Throughout the ages, Han officials and people flocked to climb mountains on September 9. People living in the Jiangnan Plain have no mountains to climb and no heights to climb, so they imitate rice cake and insert a colorful pennant on the cake surface to show the meaning of climbing (cake) to avoid disaster.
Another reason why people, especially the elderly, attach importance to "climbing" is that "high" means longevity, so people think that "climbing" can lead to longevity.
Poets of all ages like to write poems on the Double Ninth Festival. In the Tang Dynasty (6 18-907), Wang Wei, a great poet, wrote: "I am a stranger when I am alone in a foreign land. Every holiday, I miss my loved ones twice, and I know from a distance where my brothers have climbed, and there is another person missing from the dogwood. " That kind of homesickness from afar is deeply moving.
There are also customs such as inserting dogwood, drinking chrysanthemum wine and eating double ninth festival cake. Cornus officinalis, also known as Moongum, is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine plant with strong smell. The ancients in China thought that folding it with a plug could prevent evil spirits from invading. After smoking, you can avoid insect bites. At this time when the "hundred-legged insect is dead but not stiff", it is in line with traditional health habits to smoke her to avoid it, just like smoking realgar on the Dragon Boat Festival.
Chrysanthemum is a famous flower with a long history in China. In addition to chrysanthemum appreciation, the Double Ninth Festival also has therapeutic value. So the ancients used their roots, stems, leaves and flowers to make wine. The production method of chrysanthemum wine in Jin Dynasty is: "Collect chrysanthemum stems and leaves, mix them with glutinous rice to make wine, and use them until September of the following year."
In Ming dynasty (1368- 1644), chrysanthemum wine was made of "sweet chrysanthemum soup, with the same tune and the same rice". Or adding Radix Rehmanniae and Radix Angelicae Sinensis. Li Shizhen, a medical scientist in the Ming Dynasty, said that chrysanthemum wine has the curative effect of "treating head wind, clearing eyes and ears, eliminating flaccidity and arthralgia, and eliminating all diseases".
Chongyang Flower Cake is a seasonal delicacy made of japonica rice, which is eaten on the Double Ninth Festival. Exquisite Chongyang cake should be made into nine layers, like a pagoda, with two lambs on it, which conforms to the meaning of Chongyang (sheep).
Yufeng Tonglu
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Save gasoline
Beginning of spring is the first of the 24 solar terms. It means to begin to enter the spring, "yang and thorns, everything is spring." After beginning of spring, everything is full of vitality, and the four seasons begin now. At this time, it rains, the spring breeze blows all over, the snow melts, the air is moist, and the rain is increasing, so it is called rain. People often say: "Spring blossoms, rain is busy to send fertilizer."
This solar term means that after "beginning of spring", the weather will get warmer, the spring thunder will start to sound, and all kinds of hibernating animals lurking in the soil will wake up and start to move, so it is called "fright". During this period, the eggs laid by overwintering insects will also begin to hatch.
Equinox This is the midpoint of 90 days in spring. On this day, the northern and southern hemispheres are equal in day and night, so it is called the vernal equinox. After this day, the direct position of the sun moves northward, and the days in the northern hemisphere are long and the nights are short. So the vernal equinox is the beginning of spring in the northern hemisphere. Overwintering crops in most parts of China have entered the spring growth stage.
During the Qingming Festival, the climate is fresh and warm, flowers and trees grow new branches, everything begins to grow, and farmers are busy ploughing and planting in spring. Once upon a time, on this day in Tomb-Sweeping Day, some families would plant willows at the door and go for an outing to sweep the graves in the suburbs. This is an ancient custom in China. Grain rain means that rain gives birth to grain. Because rain nourishes the earth, five grains can grow, so Grain Rain means "rain gives birth to a hundred grains". As the saying goes, "Before and after Grain Rain, you reap what you sow".
Long summer is the beginning of summer. Since then, everything has flourished. Traditionally, the long summer is regarded as an important solar term for the temperature to rise significantly, the summer heat is approaching, thunderstorms are increasing, and crops enter the peak season.
Xiaoman started from Xiaoman. Summer crops such as barley and winter wheat have borne fruit, and the seeds are full, but they are not yet mature, so they are called Xiaoman.
At this time, awn seeds are most suitable for sowing grain crops with awns, such as late rice, millet and millet. If you plant awns and crops after this time, it will not be ripe. At the same time, "awn" refers to crops with awns such as wheat and barley, and "species" refers to seeds. Awn seeds indicate the maturity of awned crops such as wheat.
The solstice in summer is the longest day and the shortest night in the northern hemisphere. From this day on, it entered the hot season, when everything in the world grew most vigorously. In ancient times, the heart also called this day the northern solstice, meaning the northernmost day when the sun was born. After the summer solstice, the sun gradually moves southward, and the days in the northern hemisphere become shorter and the nights become longer.
Xiaoxia is already very hot, but it is not hot, so it is called xiaoxia. At this point, it is already around the beginning.
The summer heat is the hottest solar term in a year. Before and after the next day's duty, the high temperature of 40℃ often appeared in many places in the Yangtze River basin in China. There is much rain in this solar term.
Beginning of autumn is the flower of spring and the fruit of autumn, which means that plants will mature soon. From this day on, autumn began, the autumn was crisp, the moon was bright and the wind was clear. Since then, the temperature has gradually decreased from the hottest time.
At this point, the heat has come to an end. The heat of summer is about to dissipate. This is the turning point of the temperature drop. It is a symbol of cold climate and indicates the end of summer.
The weather turned cold in the Millennium, and the water vapor on the ground condensed the most.
From the autumnal equinox, the direct sunlight position continued to move from the equator to the southern hemisphere, and the northern hemisphere began to shorten the days and lengthen the nights. According to China's autumnal equinox theory, this day is exactly half of the ninety days in autumn, so it is called autumnal equinox.
After the cold dew and white dew, the weather turned cold and dew began to appear. When it comes to cold dew, there is more dew and the temperature is lower. So some people say that cold is dew, white first and then cold, which means that the climate will gradually turn cold. Water vapor condenses into dew.
The longitude of the sun at the first frost is 2 10 degrees. It's already cold, and there is frost, so it's called the first frost.
The end of winter refers to the end of field work and the collection of crops after harvest. After beginning of winter passes, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in China will soon freeze, and farmers all over the country will gradually turn to farmland water conservancy infrastructure and other agricultural activities. Light snow the temperature dropped and it began to snow, but it was not the season of heavy snow, so it was called light snow. Before and after the light snow, it began to snow in the Yellow River basin (snowfall in the south is two solar terms later); In the north, it has entered the freezing season.
Before and after the heavy snow, there was snow in the Yellow River Basin of China. In the north, it's already the severe winter of "thousands of miles frozen, Wan Li snowing".
On the day of winter solstice, the sun shines almost directly on the tropic of Capricorn. Our northern hemisphere has the shortest days and the longest nights, and it has begun to enter several cold days. Astronomy stipulates that this day is the beginning of winter in the northern hemisphere. After the winter solstice, the direct sunlight gradually moved northward, and the days in the northern hemisphere gradually became longer. As the proverb goes, eating noodles on the solstice in winter will make the day longer.
After the slight cold, it began to enter the cold season. Cold air is cold for a long time, and slight cold means that the weather is cold but not extreme.
Severe cold means extreme cold. Around the Great Cold is the coldest season of the year. The great cold is on March 9, as the saying goes: the cold is on March 9.
After the severe cold, spring came and the weather became warm. At this point, the earth revolves around the sun once, ending a cycle.
Yufeng Tonglu
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Laba Festival
The eighth day of the twelfth lunar month is the traditional Laba Festival in China. "La" was originally the name of a sacrificial ceremony in ancient China, which was used to worship ancestors and the gods of heaven and earth, and to pray for a bumper harvest of grain and a peaceful and auspicious family in the coming year.
Because activities in La Worship are usually held in December, it is called the twelfth lunar month, but the date in La Worship is not fixed. In ancient times, it was said that there were eight gods in La Worship, so the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month became a fixed anniversary. It was called "La Ri" in ancient times, commonly known as Laba Festival. Later, Buddhism was introduced to China, and it was said that the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month was the day when Buddha Sakyamuni was enlightened. Therefore, this day is also a Buddhist festival, called "Taoist Festival".
In addition to ancestor worship and worship, people have to drive away epidemics and eat "Laba porridge". China has a history of drinking Laba porridge for 1000 years. On the day of Laba, Laba porridge is cooked in the imperial court, yamen, temples and people's homes.
In the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the custom of drinking laba porridge became more popular. At court, emperors, queens and princes give laba porridge to civil and military ministers and attendants, and distribute rice and fruit to monasteries for monks to eat. In the folk, every household should also make Laba porridge to worship their ancestors. At the same time, family members get together for dinner and give gifts to relatives and friends.
Eating Laba porridge has become Laba's unique holiday food culture. Laba porridge, also known as Qibao Wuwei porridge, is made of all kinds of rice, beans and dried fruits. Because its origin is related to Buddhism, it is also called "Buddha porridge" and "Fude porridge". Laba porridge appeared as early as the Song Dynasty (960- 1297) in China, and it has a history of thousands of years.
In the Ming Dynasty (1368- 1644), laba porridge became a seasonal food given to courtiers by the emperor. This custom was common in Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). On the day of Laba Festival, the palace cooked Laba porridge in a cauldron and asked the monks to chant Buddhist scriptures. The queen distributed porridge to civil and military ministers and attendants. Monks in the temple will hold a grand chanting and tonsure on this day to celebrate Sakyamuni's enlightenment. At the same time, we will offer the cooked Laba porridge, such as miscellaneous grains and dried fruits, to the Buddha and give them to the people who come to the grand event. In the Lama Temple in Beijing, there is still a big copper pot used to cook porridge at that time.
Laba porridge has different tastes and ingredients due to different regions. There are many kinds of Laba porridge in China. Among them, Beijing in the old days was the most exquisite, and white rice was mixed with many items, such as red dates, lotus seeds, walnuts, chestnuts, almonds, pine nuts, longan, hazelnuts, grapes, ginkgo, water chestnut, moss, roses, red beans, peanuts and so on. On the seventh night of the twelfth lunar month in ..................................................................................., people began to get busy, washing rice, soaking fruits, peeling, coring and carefully picking. Then they start cooking in the middle of the night, and then stew on low fire until the next morning, and Laba porridge is ready.
More sophisticated people should first carve fruits into human shapes, animals and patterns, and then cook them in a pot. More distinctive is to put "fruit lion" in Laba porridge. Fruit lion is a lion made of several kinds of fruits, with peeled and dried crisp dates as the lion's body, half walnut kernel as the lion's head, peach kernel as the lion's foot and sweet almond as the lion's tail. Then stick them together with sugar and put them in a porridge bowl, just like a little lion.
In modern times, pearl rice, Coix seed, Coix seed and black rice are added, and some of them also put ginkgo, lily, lotus seed, longan, mung bean and flower bean, and then candied food is added. This kind of porridge is not only nutritious, but also sweet and delicious.
After laba porridge is cooked, you should sacrifice to God and ancestors first. After that, give it to relatives and friends, and be sure to send it out before noon. Finally, the whole family eats together. Laba porridge is still left after eating for a few days, which is a good sign, indicating that "there is more than one year." If you give porridge to the poor, it will be better for yourself.
Laba porridge also has the function of witchcraft in the folk. If there are flowers and fruit trees in the yard, put some Laba porridge on the branches. I believe it will bear more fruits next year. In Beijing, even horses, cows, sheep, chickens, dogs and pigs are fed several spoonfuls of porridge. This is because it is said that heaven will come down to earth to visit the living conditions of six kinds of animals of Lari Sect.
Yufeng Tonglu
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Dragon Boat Festival
The fifth day of the fifth lunar month in China is the Dragon Boat Festival, which has been an old custom in China for more than 2,000 years. Why do people in China celebrate the Dragon Boat Festival? There are many legends here, the most famous of which is to commemorate Qu Yuan, a great national poet in the history of China.
During the Dragon Boat Festival, there are many customs all over China. On this day, every household hangs bells, mugwort leaves and calamus, races dragon boats, eats zongzi, drinks realgar wine and wears sachets.
Wall clock: Zhong Kui catches ghosts, which is the custom of Dragon Boat Festival. In the Jianghuai area in central China, bells and statues are hung in every household to ward off evil spirits. Zhong Kui has something to do with a bizarre rumor. According to legend, in the Tang Dynasty (6 18 -907) in China, the emperor dreamed that a GREAT GHOST caught a lamb, spit it out and called himself Zhong Kui. After waking up, painter Wu Daozi painted it as a portrait, ferocious and ugly, thinking it was used to play ghosts, exorcise evil spirits and remove special things.
Hanging Acorus calamus with Folium Artemisiae Argyi: During the Dragon Boat Festival, everyone is called Artemisiae Argyi, which is made of Acorus calamus, Folium Artemisiae Argyi, pomegranate flower, garlic and dragon boat flower. Hanging mugwort leaves in the hall, cutting them into tiger shapes or colorful tiger shapes, and sticking mugwort leaves on them, women compete to wear them to ward off evil spirits. Using calamus as a sword and inserting it on the lintel has the magical effect of exorcising ghosts.
Dragon Boat Race: It is said that many people in ancient China rowed boats to catch up with the rescue because they could not bear the death of the sage Qu Yuan. They rushed to catch up with each other, but by Dongting Lake, there was no trace. This is the origin of the dragon boat race, and then they row a dragon boat every May 5th to commemorate it. Rowing a dragon boat to disperse the fish in the river so as not to eat Qu Yuan's body.
Eating zongzi: In ancient times, people threw glutinous rice cooked or steamed zongzi cakes into the river on May 5th to offer sacrifices to Qu Yuan, fearing that fish would eat zongzi, so they threw glutinous rice into bamboo tubes and gradually replaced them with rice wrapped in zongzi leaves.
Drinking realgar wine: This custom is very popular among people in the Yangtze River valley in central China.
Wearing sachets: Children wear sachets on the Dragon Boat Festival, which not only means to ward off evil spirits and drive away epidemics, but also plays a positive role. The sachet contains cinnabar, realgar and fragrant medicine, wrapped in silk cloth, and the fragrance is overflowing, and then tied into a rope with five-color silk thread to make a string of different shapes, exquisite and eye-catching
Yufeng Tonglu
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Festival of Achang nationality
Achang people used to believe in Hinayana Buddhism. Achang people in Lianghe and Luxi areas mainly worship ghosts and gods and ancestors. The main religious festivals include entering the depression (closing the festival), leaving the depression (opening the festival), burning white firewood, water splashing festival and so on. In addition to religious festivals, there are many traditional festivals unique to this nation. For example, Torch Festival, Varo Festival, Flower Watering Festival and Spring Festival. Among them, Torch Festival and Snail Festival are larger in scale and have more activities.
Woluojie 1
It is held every year on the fourth day of the first lunar month to commemorate the legendary Achang ancestors' achievements in covering hemp, eliminating pesticides for the people and benefiting future generations. At that time, people would sacrifice the best dishes and then kill dogs to eat dog meat and taro. If you can catch a python on the day of the sacrifice, it is considered more auspicious.
2. Torch Festival
It is held every year on June 24th of the lunar calendar. In order to pray for abundant crops, drive away insects and create disasters, both pigs and cows should be sacrificed. At that time, raw pork with rice noodles will be cooked for everyone to share. After dark, light a torch and swim around the village.
3. Water-splashing Festival
Like the local Dai people, Achang people also celebrate the Water Splashing Festival, which is a good opportunity for young people to choose their spouses. At that time, girls' families often prepared eight bowls of dishes to entertain young people who came to visit relatives. The number of people attending the dinner is the same, so everyone can sit or sit. The young man should have stolen the girl's chicken head unnoticed. If the chicken head is found by the girl, the thief should be fined a bowl of wine, or the girl should be fined to drink. If the thief is caught red-handed, he will not only be punished, but also be teased by the girl. After drinking the wine, the young man should give the money to the girl according to the vegetable price, and don't let her know.
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March 20, 2006 2 1: 57: 15 abundant access road
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Oroqen Festival
On the morning of the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month and the Spring Festival every year, Oroqen families worship Vulcan, burn incense to bonfires, throw a piece of meat and sprinkle a glass of wine. When guests come to pay a New Year call, they also worship the fire first, and then throw a piece of meat and a glass of wine into the fire (mostly brought by guests).
Daour Festival
The main festival is the Spring Festival. The Daur people call the Spring Festival "Ani", which is the biggest festival in a year. Before the Chinese New Year, every family should be fully prepared to kill pigs and make rice cakes. On New Year's Eve, a crib was filled with all kinds of sundries and lit at night. Old people should throw large pieces of meat and jiaozi into the fire and wish people and animals prosperity. Some people who eat jiaozi on New Year's Eve put a white line in a jiaozi, which means that people who eat this jiaozi can live for 200 years. Some people put copper coins in a jiaozi, and those who eat them say that they will not be short of money in the future. On the first day of New Year's greetings, the new year's greetings will open the pot of the host family as soon as they enter the door, grab the rice cake to show their intimacy, and then eat the pork on the birthday of the pig. Women will give gifts to each other, including tobacco leaves, milk skins, cakes and frozen meat. The Spring Festival will last until the 16th day of the first month.
The 16th day of the first month is "Black Ash Day". On this day, people, especially young people, should smear each other's faces, thinking that the darker they smear, the more auspicious the new year will be. Daur people also celebrate Mid-Autumn Festival and eat moon cakes. The Daur people used to worship nature. Every year in May of the solar calendar, they slaughtered cows or pigs to worship the gods of heaven, earth, mountains and Sichuan. Every family has a shaman dedicated to sacrifice. Besides praying and offering sacrifices to Aobao (a mountain god), he even used witchcraft to treat diseases. At that time, he would kill cattle and sheep and give away a lot of food. For example, milk skin, cream, various cakes and sacrificial activities are now rare.
Tibetan festivals
Tibetans generally believe in Tibetan Buddhism, namely Lamaism. Many traditional festivals in the past were related to religious activities. The Tibetan calendar is a combination of yin and yang, and the "five elements" (referring to wood, fire, earth, gold and water) cooperate with yin and yang. Every 60 years, the year of Yin Huo Rabbit (Ding Mao) is the first year, and there are buildings of different sizes in each month, which is generally three years. Tibetan New Year is the most important festival.
On the 15th day of the first month of the Tibetan calendar, local people have the custom of watching butter sculpture lanterns. On April 15, people held celebrations to commemorate the birthday of the Buddha and the auspicious day for Princess Tang Wencheng to enter Tibet. Tibetan festivals include Sagadawa Festival, Xuedun Festival, Lantern Festival and Fruit Festival.
Tibetan calendar year
The first day of the first month of the Tibetan calendar every year. In the Tibetan calendar year, the preparation and purchase of new year's goods generally began in December of the Tibetan calendar, and every household had to fry fruit with shortcakes. Clean up on New Year's Eve, and draw a symbol of eternity on the gate with lime powder to express congratulations and good luck.
Tibetan festivals
Every Tibetan in Yunnan eats dough (similar to jiaozi) for dinner on New Year's Eve. There are stones, peppers, charcoal and wool in the dough. There are different versions of everything. For example, eating dough wrapped in stones shows that he is hard-hearted in the new year. People who eat dough wrapped in wool show that they are soft-hearted. On the fifteenth day of the first month, most Tibetan areas will hold religious activities.
"Snow Festival"
July 1st of the Tibetan calendar every year, which originally means "Yogurt Banquet". At that time, every household will cook a lot of yogurt and then add the content of Tibetan opera. Many people take butter containers, teapots, thermos bottles and food to beautiful places to drink tea and drink at the Snow Festival. Before the autumn harvest every year, the "Fruit Watching Festival" invites banquets and picnics to welcome the autumn harvest. There are also traditional festivals such as "Bathing Festival" and "Winter Festival".
April 8 of Miao nationality
April 8 is a traditional festival of Miao people in Guiyang, Huishui and Longli, Guizhou Province, also known as Yanu Festival.
On this day, the nearby Miao people gathered in front of the fountain to hold various activities to commemorate the ancient hero Yanu. More than 200,000 people attend festivals every year. People get together to blowing sheng, dance, sing folk songs, swing, climb knives and ladders, play with dragons and lions. The scene is spectacular. Legend has it that Miao ancestors once lived in Rogsang (near Guiyang today), and they lived a carefree life. Later, because the bully coveted this place, he came to rob it. Yanu, the leader of the Miao nationality, led the Miao uprising and resisted oppression and exploitation. Under the suppression of powerful enemies, he can save the day every time. But in a fierce battle, he was unfortunately killed by the ruling class and died gloriously on the eighth day of April. On the day of his death, Miao always went to the cemetery (now near Guiyang fountain) to commemorate this ancient national hero. Every year, generation after generation.
Single Dragon Festival
Kakwa is the only annual festival of Dulong people, which is held on a certain day of the twelfth lunar month (the time varies from place to place). The length of festivals often depends on how much food is prepared. It usually lasts for two or four or five days.
During the New Year, the most solemn sacrificial activity is "herding cattle to heaven". When driving a cow, the festival host tied the cow to a stake, then a young woman covered the cow's back with a linen blanket, hung beads on the horn, set up sacrifices, lit Song Ming and pine wool (pine leaves), and finally a young man with both parents stabbed the cow to death with a sharp bamboo spear, then cut the beef on the spot and immediately put it in a cauldron for cooking. During the festival, all Dulong people should greet each other and congratulate each other as a family.
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Tibetan festivals (Miao)
Zang Festival is the oldest and grandest festival for Miao people living near Luxiang, Guizhou. Xianglu Mountain is located at15km west of Kaili City in the southeast of Guizhou Province. It is a famous mountain peak in Miao Ling, with an altitude above 120O and a distance of 15km from Fiona Fang. It's called censer hill, surrounded by three cliffs and with a flat waist censer.
Eating dirty roe deer, also known as eating hidden roe deer, stabbing cattle, drum festival, drum festival and drum festival, is the most solemn ancestor worship ceremony of Miao people in Guizhou. Since ancient times, Miao people think that drums made of cow skin are the place where ancestors and the dead live, and they are the ties and symbols of a blood family. Eating dirty meat is a long-standing ancestor worship ceremony handed down from the ancestor worship of the ancient Miao nationality.
There is an old legend about "dirty festival": once maple was the tree of life for all things. After it was cut down by the goddess Niu Xiang in ancient times, the roots turned into loach, the trunks into bronze drums, the branches into owls, the leaves into swallows, the treetops into magpies and pigeons, and butterflies were born in the heart of the tree. The butterfly laid 12 eggs and became 65438+. Mother Butterfly hatches her own eggs, and after three years, she hatches 1 1 child, with gods, ghosts, dragons, snakes, butchers, jackals, eternal nights (the earliest men), and Ni nights (the earliest women). One of the eggs is still an egg after three years. Mother butterfly had to turn to the storm for help. The storm blew away the last egg on the rock, broke the eggshell and drilled a calf. After the calf was born, it resented the mother butterfly for not hatching it herself. When he grew up, he resented his mother and broke up with her, which made Mother Butterfly very angry. Yongye and Nieye used Niu Gengdi for farming, but they never had a good harvest. Ghosts and gods told Yongye and Niye: Because Daniel denied his mother, Mother Butterfly was very angry. Mother Butterfly didn't call Niu Gengdi's garden, nor did she grow good crops. Only when the bull is sacrificed to the mother butterfly can the crops be harvested. Persist, persist, persist, kill the cow and worship the butterfly mother, and immediately usher in a bumper harvest.
The festival of eating dirty meat includes a series of religious ceremonies, such as bullfighting, slaughtering cattle to worship ancestors, playing drums with cowhide and offering sacrifices to drums.
Cowhide drums for ancestor worship are made of cowhide wrapped on both ends of hollow nanmu. This mysterious drum can be divided into two types: double drum and single drum. The double drum consists of two drums of the same size. Drum length170cm, diameter 30cm. It is handed down by ancestors and usually placed in a long-term married family without children. It is said that offering double drums can make childless children and future generations continue to reproduce. A single drum is a single drum, slightly shorter than a double drum. Now it is made and used at the time of sacrifice. After the drum sacrifice, it was sent to the cave in the mountain, and it was no longer used and allowed to rot.
Festivals for eating dirty meat are divided into regular festivals and irregular festivals. According to the situation of Miao branch secretary, it is not uniform to pass the set time regularly. Held every 3 years, 7 years, 13 years; Held every five or nine years; Held once every 1 1 year. Irregular festivals need to be decided by divination and divination. The ceremony of "eating withered and dirty" is very complicated, which often involves a series of grand ceremonies, such as dividing two drums, going to the place where the single drum was originally hidden on the mountain to worship the rotten old drum (called "turning the drum"), making new single drums, bullfighting, slaughtering cattle, delivering meals, etc.
Among them, bullfighting is one of the most touching ceremonies. The selected bull is called the bull crown. Bulls used in bullfighting are not allowed to kill, and bulls who die in fighting are regarded as heroes. Don't eat meat. Give it a good burial. It is also necessary to erect a monument on the bull tomb to record the merits of bullfighting. During bullfighting, Miao people will regard passers-by and foreign tourists as the most distinguished guests of Miao family and invite them to watch the bullfighting together. Cattle sacrificed to their ancestors should be fat and strong, and they should also wear colorful clothes. Among these sacrificial cows, those with silver collars and green shoes on their horns are specially used to sacrifice female ancestors; And those headdresses and blue cloth shoes hanging on the floor are for offering sacrifices to male ancestors. When night falls, an altar formed by cutting a cattle rack is set up with three logs on Luxiang Mountain. Miao Qiangren shouted and tied all the sacrificial cows to a stake, and then hacked them to death with a sharp axe. This mysterious ritual of cutting cattle to worship ancestors must be completed before sunrise, and foreigners are not allowed to participate. At dawn, Xianglu Mountain was filled with neatly arranged bull's heads, and the indigenous wizard, who was honored as "Po Mo" by the Miao family, turned over to offer sacrifices to the cows and piously sang deep ancient sacrificial songs. A series of sacrificial ceremonies ended after offering food and offerings to ancestors. Carnival has begun. Girls and boys, male sheng and female dance, sing sheng into the clouds, and the double drums make deep and rich sounds. Even quaint old people dance with long cigarette sticks, singing and dancing wildly on the incense burner mountain, regardless of gender, age and age. Miao people also call it "stepping on cows" or "stepping on drums".
Torch Festival (Yi nationality)
Torch Festival is a traditional festival of Yi people, which falls on June 24th of the lunar calendar every year. Torch Festival is not only a festival of Yi people, but also a festival of Naxi, Bai, Bo, Lahu and Jino people.
During the festival, the Bai, Naxi and Yi people in the Yi area should erect a torch in front of their homes and light a big fire four or five feet high at the entrance of the village. Choose a pine tree at ordinary times, and make a huge pagoda with pine branches and dry wood, and arrange flowers and hang fruits on it. After dinner, gongs and drums were loud, and men and women gathered in the square, lighting torches and scattering torches with rosin powder. Suddenly, flames soared into the sky and cheers came and went. The old people raised their glasses and drank. Young people surround torches, beat gongs and drums and set off firecrackers. People waved torches to string fields in the mountains, which means burning pests in the fields and welcoming a bright harvest. The contents and forms of Torch Festivals of different ethnic groups are also different, that is, the branches of Yi people are also different. Yi people in Lunan, Guishan and other places in Yunnan put on new clothes, played Qin Yue and Da Sanxian, played Lusheng, danced happily, and held wrestling and bullfighting. The Yi people in Wuding and Luquan also carry out activities such as archery, horse racing and swinging. Yi people have the custom of hunting on Torch Festival. The Yi programs in Sichuan are more colorful. Besides horse racing, bullfighting and wrestling, there are also beauty contests.
The selection of handsome men and beautiful women is one of the important programs of the Yi Torch Festival. Yi people have their own unique aesthetics, and the judges are composed of respected old people, and the selection results are absolute.