Hakka Architecture Analysis Report

Research on the architectural space of Hakka earth buildings

1

Introduction

Section 1. Significance of the research

Fujian Hakka Tulou was officially declared to the United Nations as China's 2008 World Cultural Heritage application

. What kind of historical origins does Fujian Hakka Tulou have? What advantages and characteristics does it have to apply for the world cultural heritage project?

As a cultural heritage, as a unique residential architectural wonder in the world

What impact does one of the wonders have on our architecture and space today? Today

What nutrients can our living space design draw from earth buildings?

These are still worthy of our discussion and research.

Section 2. Current status of the research project

In Yongding, Fujian (Note 1), there are more than 20,000 Hakka earth buildings (Figure 1-1).

In terms of shape, they can be divided into square, round, There are more than 30 types of buildings, including five-phoenix-shaped, octagonal, Japanese-shaped, one-shaped, palace-style enclosed buildings, and mansion-style square buildings. They are distributed in various towns and villages in Yongding County. Earth buildings first appeared after the Yuan Dynasty in the 13th century AD. The most prominent function of the Hakka earth building is to gather people together.

At the same time, it has the characteristics of security, wind and earthquake resistance, ventilation and lighting, warm in winter and cool in summer

.

The ancestral hall is often a good place for clan discussions, weddings and funerals, receptions, banquets, and performances

. The building has a door terrace, which can be used as a main place for leisure and large-scale activities. It can also be used to dry crops and regulate sunlight. Other buildings,

such as wells, bathrooms, toilets, cattle pens, pig houses, mills, etc., are also readily available

. Relevant people from the Fujian Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau said that Fujian Tulou is a symbol of the formation of the Han Hakka ethnic system and the creation of a special civilization.

With the intensive application of Tulou as a world cultural heritage,

Experts and scholars have become increasingly interested in studying Tulou. Research and interpretation are mainly carried out from the following perspectives, such as: Ma Li's "Thoughts on the Current Situation of Earth Building Residential Environment

", Cheng Aiqin's "The Influence of Feng Shui Theory on Hakka Earth Buildings", Li Zhi

a county-level city is one of the Hakka

distribution areas. 2

Articles "Architectural Artistic Characteristics of Hakka Earth Buildings", "Material Construction Sequence and Spiritual Construction Sequence of Hakka Earth Buildings", Yan Zhiming "Utilization of Hakka Earth Buildings in Yongding"

The biological relationship with conservation", Zhang Fang's "Tulou Architecture and Culture", etc.

Section 3. Characteristics, scope and basic framework of the research project

Through on-the-spot investigation, it has been a long process from understanding Hakka Tulou to understanding Hakka Tulou experience

It is also an important step in learning and interpreting Hakka Tulou.

Process. In order to conduct better and more detailed research, this article mainly takes the round building (Figure 1-2) among the Hakka earth buildings in Yongding, Fujian Province as the typical research object. A series of searches and investigations were carried out around the round building. First, the architectural environment of Tulou was investigated, and the historical and humanistic factors that influenced the formation of Hakka Tulou architecture were investigated. In addition, starting from the local natural resources of Hakka Tulou,

find the natural factors for the formation of Tulou. Then we focus on analyzing the spatial characteristics of earth building buildings

from plane features to facade features, from walls to spaces. We analyze and interpret them one by one to explore their unique features. spatial form. Next,

starting with the spatial structure and decorative style of the Hakka Tulou, we will further study the internal and external spatial characteristics of the Tulou space. Finally, it focuses on the inspiration of Hakka Tulou

architectural space for today’s modern architectural space and spatial form design.

Focus on the process of spatial formation and structural characteristics of circular earth buildings, and explain their inner material essence and cultural essence to promote the development of space design

Further development.

Fujian Tulou is a unique large-scale rammed earth residential building in mountainous areas in the world

It is a unique masterpiece of raw earth architectural art; secondly, Fujian Hakka Tulou is

Under specific natural geographical environment conditions and major social changes and turmoil

, architectural art achievements and achievements rooted in the national tradition of oriental blood and ethical relations

Witness history; thirdly, Fujian earth buildings follow the Eastern philosophical concept of "harmony between man and nature

" and the "Feng Shui" architectural planning theory, and use local materials.

Their site selection or Built along mountains or streams, the architectural style is simple and rough.

It complements the green mountains, green water and pastoral scenery, forming a suitable living environment

and a harmonious environment between man and nature. Unified landscape (Figure 1-3).

In fact, architecture itself is a symbol of human civilization. Human habitat

The continuous evolution of residence is accompanied by the development of human civilization. From living without a fixed place

to living in a cottage, every small step is the result of the labor and creation of our ancestors. Among them

The ancient Hakka houses in Fujian are undoubtedly a valuable architectural art and cultural heritage

regardless of their spatial structure, origin, engineering characteristics, and form

With functional features.

Chapter 1. The status and causes of the architectural environment of Hakka earth buildings

Section 1. The influence of natural and regional environment on earth building construction

1.1.1 Geography, climate, topography, and landforms

The mountainous areas in southwestern Fujian generally have higher altitudes, high mountains, cold water, and wet ground

The fog is heavy. Hakka residents are also concentrated in the border area of ​​Fujian, Jiangxi, and Guangdong provinces. This area has winding mountains and winding mountain roads. Earth buildings

are dotted in the valley basin. Earth building residential buildings are often sited on slopes close to mountains and rivers or in valleys near streams, or in geographical environments where mountains, water, fields, and buildings are harmonious. between. Shuyang Township Tianliaokeng Tulou Group, Qujiang

Hekeng Village Tulou Group, Taxia Village Tulou Group, Xiabanliao Tulou Group, Houqiao

Village Tulou Group, Jun Buildings are built on hillsides and valleys along streams, surrounded by mountains, which serve as natural protective barriers (Figure 2-1).

1.1.2 Natural resources and construction resources

A prosperous population has been the wish of Chinese elders for their families since ancient times. With

as the population of the Hakka family surges, it is inevitable to face housing

difficulties. In order to solve this simple and urgent requirement, the Hakka people began to think about what materials to use to build their homes. As a result, local natural resources began to be gradually tapped. There is no way to verify who the first inventor of Tulou was. In fact, Tulou was not invented by a specific person.

Tulou is the product of the Hakka people’s fascination with history, their extraordinary imagination and realistic material conditions. It can be said that the first earth building built by the Hakkas

was ugly, not as spectacular and beautiful as it was in front of them, and was very immature;

it might even look ridiculous, but in the long run Over the years, the Hakka people

continuously accumulated experience and lessons, and continued to work hard to create. The rammed earth technology became more and more skilled

, their aesthetic realm became more and more broad, and the earth buildings became more and more sophisticated.

Bigger, taller, and more beautiful

Red soil, rubble soil, and headland mud are the most common natural resources in the area,

Coupled with ordinary bamboo, wood, etc., the Hakka people’s hard-working hands

created a tall, solid and magnificent earth building.

Among them, soil is the first choice. It is the best way to obtain local materials. Compared with stone, it is easier to mine, more convenient to transport, and more environmentally friendly.

Section 2. The influence of social environment on earth building construction

1.2.1 The influence of humanistic environment on earth building construction

Fujian Hakka earth building stands in the world of architecture with its distinctive architectural style

Art Forest. Its architectural features have profound regional and cultural imprints. Without the

Hakka people, there would be no Hakka Earth Buildings, and without the Hakka people's awareness of self-protection and unity

there would be no Hakka Earth Buildings. From a basket of soil to a section of wall to a building, everything embodies the wisdom and sweat of the Hakka people. The humanistic life of the Hakkas created the Tulou. However, the soul of the Tulou is still the Hakka people. After the Tulou is built, if no one lives in it for a long time, it will soon be abandoned. , Only with popularity can the earth building be alive. Without the Hakka people, the earth building will be gradually weathered and eroded by the wind and sun, and will soon disappear. Moreover, the spatial environment of the earth building can be preserved for hundreds of years precisely because of the residence of the native people. People living in the middle of earth buildings make fires to cook every day, which undoubtedly makes the environment much drier. Moreover, the carbon dioxide that people exhale every moment has the effect of hindering weathering. From this we can also see that "the unity of nature and man" is the essence of Tulou.

1.2.2 Historical environment

The Hakka earth building dwellings are the result of the Han people who migrated south from the Central Plains in the historical period under the extremely difficult and dangerous natural and social environment.

It not only maintains the ancient style of the Han culture in the Central Plains, but also blends with the local indigenous people for a long time to form a residential model with Hakka ethnic style and mountain dwelling regional cultural characteristics. It From material culture and institutional literature

Figure 2-2 Rammed earth wall

Picture source: Author’s own photo

Figure 2-3 Rammed earth wall Wall

Picture source: Tulou Wandering 5

Three aspects of culture and spiritual culture reflect the cultural adaptability of Hakka Tulou dwellings

In Fujian Province, China In the southwest, in the vast Jiulong River Basin, thousands of earth buildings with special architecture and unique shapes stand in the green fields of Pingchou and Chong

valleys (Figure 2- 4) (Figure 2-5). It reflects the local ancestors’ extraordinary aesthetic pursuit of residential culture and reflects the profound history and culture of southern Fujian.

The family's journey south was rugged and full of thorns, from the war-torn north

to the more peaceful south, where robbers and wild beasts appeared from time to time, sneak attacks and intrusions,

There was a miasma in the mountains at times, knocking down many strong bodies. All these situations

will inevitably intensify the desire for home among people migrating south! At the same time, security factors and

social living habits prompt them to live together. Only through unity and cooperation can they survive better.

1.2.3 Ideological concepts (traditional Feng Shui culture)

The Yin-Yang and Five-Element theories in Han culture originated from the Central Plains region, especially

This is The derived "Feng Shui theory" not only profoundly affects Hakka residential architectural ideas and theories, but in a sense, it can even be said without any exaggeration that "Feng Shui theory" regulates and even determines the architectural thinking of Hakka residences

.

Traditional Feng Shui culture affects and determines the beginning and end of earth buildings (picture

3-1). Under normal circumstances, before building an earth building, hiring a Feng Shui master and choosing a good and auspicious time are the top priorities. Yuchang Building in Yongding County is divided into five units according to the five elements.

The courtyard in the building is paved with pebbles in a large circle in front of the ancestral hall, which is equally divided into five units, representing "gold, wood" , water, fire, earth" five elements. Zhencheng Building is actually an earth building composed of inner and outer rings with a concentric circle in the shape of eight trigrams.

The outer ring is divided into eight units according to the standard Bagua pattern, and each hexagram has a staircase.

Chapter 2. Analysis of earth building architectural space

Section 1. The formal characteristics of the architectural space of Hakka earth buildings

2.1.1 Planar analysis of the architectural space of earth buildings

Laozi explained in the "Tao De Jing": "Thirty spokes, one hub , if it doesn't exist, it can be used as a car. If it doesn't exist, it can be used as a utensil. If it doesn't exist, it can be used as a utensil. Therefore: It is beneficial to have it, but it is not useful to use it.

It is not the purpose to build a wall with earth that is more than one meter thick or even thicker.

The main purpose is to build a space enclosed by earthen walls, which is the "nothing" mentioned by Laozi

Tulou is a special community in southern Fujian where "foreign invaders come and go, and thieves fight within"

p>

Tulou is made of raw soil as the main material, mixed with lime,

fine sand, glutinous rice, brown sugar, bamboo chips, wooden strips, etc., and is pounded and pressed repeatedly.

It is built by ramming, usually three to five stories high, with the kitchen on the first floor, the warehouse on the second floor, and the living room on the third floor and above. It can usually accommodate 200 to 700 people. It has the characteristics of gathering together

groups, being anti-theft, earthquake-proof, animal-proof, fire-proof, moisture-proof, ventilated and lighting, warm in winter

and cool in summer. It can be said that the earth building is a huge community living space. .

The earth buildings have various forms and can be divided into two categories: square and round in terms of overall layout. They are mostly based on Feng Shui theories such as Yin Yang, Five Elements and Bagua.

Planning is carried out while paying great attention to coordination with the environment (Figure 3-2)

The architectural planning of Yongding Hakka earth buildings has been formed from the Tang and Song Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties

The agreed-upon principles are: first, being close to mountains and rivers is conducive to production and life;

Second, try to choose slope land or wasteland as the foundation of the building, occupying as little or as little land as possible

farmland; the third is to use natural conditions to form village landscapes and optimize the living environment

It is these three principles that make full use of Yongding’s green mountains, green waters and special slopes and terraces

, and through planning, many outstanding examples of poetic imagery have been created in the grouping of earth building buildings.

The floor plan of earth buildings treats the building itself as a part of the environment.

Create a living space full of natural beauty. From the Southern Song Dynasty to the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, most earth building buildings

were planned on slopes near mountains and rivers. Such areas are convenient for the tribesmen.

Close to farming, you can go up the mountain to cut firewood and hunt, which is convenient for picking and catching. For example, most of the earth buildings in Nanxi, Hongkeng, Hukeng, Daxi and other places are built on the east, west, north and south

On the mountainside slopes in various directions, they face each other in the north and south, or face each other in the east and west. Between each other, there are still lively fields, rivers or

Valley farmland serves as the internal space of the village, making the villagers living there peaceful and relaxed.

From the Ming and Qing dynasties to the Republic of China, in order to make the living environment better, Hakka people started to live in it. People also created an ecological space surrounded by mountains in the bead-shaped valley basin. This kind of design expression technique is mostly centered on the city (market)

Using surrounding earth buildings to group spaces. You can see the clusters of earth buildings in Xikou, Hongshan and other places. Their characteristic is that the earth buildings standing among the mountains, rivers and fields and surrounding the city serve as the centerpiece of the entire area. The internal space is processed, and the surrounding mountains are used as natural barriers to protect the ecology.

A local saying goes: "Yongding has eight mountains, one water and one field." This shows that there are many mountains

but few fields. It is particularly important to save cultivated land and make full use of and create space.

Smart Hakka people use stone paths to connect the picturesque living spaces of small groups of earth buildings

.

2.1.2 Rationality of the internal space of earth building buildings

Tu buildings are not "siheyuan". There is not one family living in the middle of each earth building.

There is a family. A family, a clan; so in terms of internal space

planning, it has its uniqueness and complexity. Moreover, the round building and the square building

each have their own characteristics

However, the round building is the essence of the Yongding Hakka earth building. In order to occupy less space

To expand the space and adapt to the steep terrain of mountainous valleys, Yongding Hakka Tulou

Choose a more wonderful circular space

The circular Tulou space has irreplaceable space value in terms of rationality

Value, compared with the square earth building, the circular earth building space has many advantages: ①,

The four corners of the square building are called "dead corners", which are dark, poorly ventilated, and tight. By

The stairway is noisy and unpopular, but there are no "dead corners" in the round building. ②

The circle has the characteristics of equality and equality, and the difference between good and bad is not obvious. It takes advantage of the distribution of the room

and the harmony of the family. ③. A simple truth: the area of ​​a circular space with the same circumference is 1.273 times that of a square space. Therefore, using a circular space

will result in a larger inner courtyard space than a square space. ④. The roof of a round building is simpler than that of a square building, and the construction is relatively easy. ⑤. The components of the round building are relatively unified 8

It is convenient for calculation, production and installation. ⑥. Each room in the round building is

divided into a fan-shaped space. Because the outer arc is longer, the earth wall is used to bear the load, while the inner arc is shorter and the wood is used to bear the load. Therefore, a fan-shaped space of the same area saves more wood than a rectangular space

. At the same time, since dead corners are eliminated in the round building space, the need for large timbers is relatively reduced. Therefore, leak-proof space saves more wood than original exposed space.

⑦. According to Mr. Feng Shui, there are evil spirits on the road, and there are square evil spirits. A square building

will always encounter evil spirits at a certain corner, while a round building without corners will have evil spirits. No evil. Put aside superstition

and understand the evil spirit as mountain wind. Square buildings have greater resistance and rounded corners have less resistance

(Figure 3-5). ⑧. From the perspective of earthquake resistance, round buildings can transmit horizontal seismic forces more evenly. Therefore, compared with square buildings of the same height and wall thickness, round buildings have If the diameter of the circle is equal to the length of the side of the square, there is no doubt that the round building has stronger earthquake resistance. Therefore, round building space is safer than square building space (Figure 3-6)

2.1.3 Shape analysis of earth building architectural space

The architectural space of earth building embodies the virtual and solid Combination, the organic integration of individuals and groups, looks like a single building from the outside, but when you step into the gate of the earth building, what you see in front of you is a great home and The miniature country

The whole and the individual are closely connected and complement each other. For example, according to the plan of Yongding Chengqi Building

, it covers an area of ​​5376 square meters, has a diameter of 73 meters, and a circumference of 229 meters. There is a circle in the circle and a circle in the circle. , one to four circles, with the main wall made of earth and the inner wall made of wood, creating a rich space. The main floors of the three rings are stacked one on top of another, with an ancestral hall standing in the center.

The planning layout is arranged in order according to the Five Elements and Eight Trigrams, and water wells are opened at the Yin and Yang poles and named "Yang Well" and "Yin Well" (Figure 3-7). Four staircases, 400 rooms, and a maximum of more than 80 households, just like a modern residential community.

Well-organized. On the fourth floor of the outer ring building, the first floor space is planned as a kitchen, but its function

goes far beyond the scope of the kitchen. It is also used to keep the second-floor granary dry

and The dehumidification and drying of the entire building provides more possibilities and also makes full use of

thermal energy, which undoubtedly achieves a perfect combination of form and function. The second floor is a granary. You don't have to climb too high to transport it, and at the same time, it prevents the grain from coming into direct contact with the ground and causing mold and rot.

The third floor and above are bedrooms. Each floor is divided into an average of 72 rooms. The third ring has two floors, with 40 rooms on each floor. This area is mainly planned as a study room. The second floor is a single floor with 32 rooms.

The center is the ancestral hall.

2.1.4 Spatial form combination of Hakka earth building buildings

Point column network structure, line-mounted wall structure, surface-mounted layer structure, these three major types

The organic combination of the system is the basic combination form of the earth building space

. Among them, the earth wall connects the line and the surface, and is both a column and a facade, both a "line" and a "surface". The arrangement of "points", the interweaving of "lines" and the combination of "surfaces

are unified to form an organic structural whole (Figure 3-8).

The ring in the round earth building In the space, the center is the ancestral hall for discussion, and the outer circle is for living. It is more reasonable from the analysis of dynamic and static functions, and the public space and private space should be properly divided. Coordinated planning. The outside of this space is planned as the reception room, and the outer circle is the study room (Figure 3-9), thus reducing the space. Discuss the interference of the ancestral hall to the study. The third floor is used as a bedroom, which is relatively quiet. At the same time, the outer circle is closest to the outside world, so that it is easier to detect if there are intruders from the outside world. Therefore, defensive measures can be taken in time.

It can be seen that in Hakka earth buildings, the public space plays an irreplaceable role.

It is arranged in a central position for space planning. The distance between each

room is equal, which is conducive to the concentration and evacuation of people.