Ancient Buildings in Qufu, Shandong Province and "Three Holes"

There are three holy cities in the world, namely Jerusalem, Mecca and Qufu in China. Qufu, located in the southwest of Shandong Province, was called Lujun in ancient times, and was the capital of the State of Lu in the Zhou Dynasty. Qufu is the hometown of Confucius, a great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in ancient China. 1982 was announced by the State Council as the first batch of famous historical and cultural cities, and was praised as "East Jerusalem" by westerners. Confucius Temple, cemetery and mansion are all in Qufu.

Since the Confucius Temple was built to commemorate Confucius in BC, Qufu has been destroyed and built repeatedly for thousands of years, and now it has developed into a building complex with more than 100 halls. These are the symbols of China's past dynasties commemorating Confucius and advocating Confucianism, with rich cultural accumulation, a long history, large-scale architecture and rich cultural relics collection. Its historical, scientific and artistic value is reflected in the cultural relics it has preserved. It has a prominent position in the history of our country and the oriental culture of the world.

The unique artistic and historical features of ancient buildings in Qufu can be attributed to the worship of Confucius by Emperor China for more than two thousand years. In 478 BC, one year after the death of Confucius, Lu ordered a sacrifice to Confucius and used the house where Confucius lived as a temple, thus starting the construction of the Confucius Temple.

In BC 195, Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, went to Lu to offer sacrifices to Confucius with a ceremony of too long imprisonment, which was the beginning of the emperor's offering sacrifices to Confucius. Yongzheng personally supervised and repaired the Confucius Temple in the Qing Dynasty, which made it form the present pattern, especially the Confucius Temple, Confucius Forest and Confucius House, the so-called "three holes".

The "Three Holes" is a huge architectural complex with a total area of more than 2.3 million square meters and nearly 1,000 buildings, including more than 300 ancestral halls, cemeteries and mansions of Confucius and his descendants, and more than 300 ancient buildings of Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties 1300, which reflects the architectural rules and characteristics of each period.

More than a thousand Han stone reliefs, Confucian temples, stone tools and dragon columns reflect the changes and development of stone carving art; More than 5,000 inscriptions since the Han Dynasty are not only treasures of Chinese calligraphy art, but also precious materials for studying ancient Chinese politics, ideology, economy, culture and art; More than 65,438+10,000 tombs are important objects for studying the tomb system, and 1.7 million ancient and famous trees are living cultural relics for studying ancient phenology, meteorology and ecology.

Among the more than 6,543,800 cultural relics in the collection, there are costumes of the Yuan and Ming dynasties, portraits of Confucius, portraits of feast couples, sacrificial rituals and so on. They are all the most famous. Among them, Yuan and Ming costumes are rare similar cultural relics handed down from ancient China, which are of great value to the study of ancient costumes and textile art. The 300,000 Ming and Qing literature files collected by Confucius are extremely rich private files in China and important materials for studying Ming and Qing history, especially economic history. ?

Located in the south gate of Qufu City, Confucius Temple is a temple dedicated to Confucius. It is said that the Confucius Temple was built in 478 BC. At first, there were only three temples. After several generations of continuous construction, the total area is 6.5438+0.33 million square meters, and there are 9 courtyards, which run through a north-south central axis and are symmetrically arranged.

The layout of Confucius Temple Group belongs to the "square root" system, which is generous and compact, and there are units in the front, back, left and right courtyards to synthesize the whole building space. Imitating the palace system, it is divided into three roads: China, East and West, and the overall orientation and etiquette order are grasped. The main body of Confucius Temple is Dacheng Hall, where emperors of past dynasties offered sacrifices to Confucius. It is located in the center of Confucius Temple. In the Tang Dynasty, it was called Wang Wenxuan Temple. ?

In the Song Dynasty, Zhao Zun Confucius was named "The Collection of Ancient Sages" and renamed Dacheng Hall. Destroyed by thunder and fire during the Yongzheng period, it was rebuilt in the form of imitation of the Forbidden City with the permission of Yong Zhengdi, becoming the "three ancient halls" alongside the Forbidden City in Beijing and Tianzhu Hall in Taishan. Ten giant plaques and three couplets inscribed by Gan Long, such as "Shiwan Table", are hung in the hall. In addition, there are a large number of inscriptions and portrait bricks in the Confucius Temple, which are valuable materials for studying ancient Chinese calligraphy, culture and art.

Confucius House, also known as "Feast Duke's House", is located on the east side of Confucius Temple at Donghuamen Street 1 Qufu. This is the mansion where Confucius' eldest grandson lived. Built in the Song and Jin Dynasties, it is a typical feudal aristocratic landlord manor with an area of about 49,000 square meters and more than 480 buildings. The gate of Confucius House faces south, with 3 rooms wide and 2 rooms deep. There are lions and lionesses around the door. ?

There is a plaque of Jinjiao's "Fu Sheng" on a blue background above the gate, which was inscribed by Yan Song, the right phase of the Ming Dynasty. There is a garden in the backyard of Confucius House, which is elegant, fresh and cleverly laid out. It is a masterpiece of gardens and a model of the combination of gardens and houses. There are a large number of precious historical archives, costumes and daily necessities, as well as cultural relics with high historical value in Confucius House.

Kong Lin, also known as "Zhi Lin Sheng", is located at 1 km north of Qufu. It is the family cemetery of Confucius and his descendants. There are many graves in Kong Lin, with forest of steles and towering ancient trees. There are more than 654.38+10,000 tombs for descendants since Confucius. In addition to the Han tablet moved into the Confucius Temple, there are more than 4,000 tombstones of Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming, Qing and Republic of China on the ground, such as tombstones of Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming, Qing and Republic of China, and Ye Lingshi carvings. ?

There are nearly 1,000 stone tools in Song, Ming and Qing dynasties, such as stone man, stone horse, stone sheep, stone lion, watchtower, altar table and Shinto workshop. Kong Lin is the oldest, most complete and largest family cemetery in the world. It is rare that there are so many tombs and they are so well preserved. It is of great value to study the evolution of China's tomb system, ancient politics, economy, culture, customs, calligraphy art and so on.