Classification of Shanxi folk gongs and drums
Drum is the musical instrument of our ancestors, which existed as early as primitive society. There are not only legends of the Yellow Emperor drumming here, but also unearthed cultural relics to prove that drums are the best in the cultural heritage of the Chinese nation. Today, there are thousands of drums all over the country, and dozens of drums in Shanxi, which can be traced back to the "earth drum" and "giant drum" of ancient culture, and now it is from the handsome drum of Zhou to the tambourine of several inches. Shanxi is indeed one of the cradles of China drum culture.
Drum in Shanxi, the national prosperity, a large number. There are gongs and drums in the Qing Dynasty, percussion, inspiration, classics and temples. Rich accumulation, colorful art, how many people gathered, and how many Chinese and foreign scholars and experts aimed the landscape frame at it. Drum culture has become the representative of Sanjin culture and a banner of Yellow River culture, which not only adds luster to the land of Sanjin, but also adds luster to the Chinese nation.
First, clear gongs and drums.
In Qing Dynasty, there were mainly Feng Wei gongs and drums, Taiyuan gongs and drums, Jiangzhou drums, Yuecun Soliton and Weighing gongs and drums.
Power and prestige gongs and drums
From 1988, Shanxi's majestic gongs and drums have truly played the prestige of Shanxi folk art, enjoying a good reputation in the whole country and the world, from the peasant games to the Asian Games, from the folk art festival in the provincial capital to the 40th anniversary of Tiananmen Square.
Magnificent gongs and drums are popular folk square art in Huozhou, Hongdong, Fenxi and Linfen. According to legend, in 6 19 AD, Li Shimin fought Liu Wuzhou in Huozhou, drumming, sounding gongs, retreating, advancing and retreating in an orderly way, and won a great victory, so it was handed down from generation to generation with majestic gongs and drums. This kind of gongs and drums is characterized by "prestige". Judging from the configuration of gongs and drums, the organization, performance and dress of the orchestra are showing its prestige.
First, the voice is awesome. Looking at the magnificent gongs and drums, I heard about their sound factory without seeing their shapes, which is like thunder. In fact, the musical instruments it uses are very simple, with only four pieces of drums, gongs, cymbals and cymbals. The traditional configuration ratio is 2 drums, 8 gongs, 4 cymbals and 2 cymbals. Now the number of people has expanded to 400 to 500, the proportion of gongs and drums has increased, and the sound has become more prominent. The playing method is drum conductor, gong main performance, and cymbals and cymbals are alternately played in two parts. Phrase processing often appears in the form of "complex sentences" Hundreds of drums, hundreds of gongs, hundreds of cymbals, and * * * played in unison, which sounded like the roar of heaven and earth, making people feel the power and prestige of Li Shimin who led the troops in those days. Because of the change of rhythm, there are 2/43/44/4 and 3/85/8, so it presents a variety of colors, which makes people feel interesting, grand but not monotonous, strong and feminine.
The second is the formal momentum. The magnificent Qupai is not only an independent chapter, but also a complete set. Its multi-stage divertimento is generally divided into three parts: hat head, main body and end. Musical form, sentence pattern and rhythm are mostly marching; Most of the names of Qupai come from the military, such as "Going to the meeting with one knife", "Three battles against Lu Bu", "Ambush on all sides", "Five horses defeated Cao", "Six out of Qishan" and "Seven catching Meng Huo". Most performances begin with "drumming", and the ups and downs are combined with relaxation, but they do not deviate from the magnificent theme, resulting in a feeling of swords and swords.
Third, the scene was awesome. There are hundreds of people playing magnificent gongs and drums, all dressed as ancient foot soldiers, arrayed one by one, advancing and retreating back and forth, opening and closing left and right; Sometimes the wind blows away, sometimes the rain hits the dead leaves; Separated as gossip, gathered in yin and yang. The scene was really amazing and touching.
Fourth, the dance is magnificent. When the players perform, they make various dance postures in combination with the rhythm of drums. Drummers have "opening the bow left and right", "impact with horse stance just look", "interspersed fighting" and "opening and closing fighting"; Gong players have "backward buckle forward" and "backward bow"; Clam cymbals include "big cymbals turn high" and "chest turn", as well as "single turn", "double turn", "oblique fork" and "straight fork". Here, drums and cymbals have also become swords, and the players have become generals and soldiers, majestic and murderous. In the performance, "drum flower", "gong flower" and "cymbal flower" were skillfully used. The ribbon decoration on the pestle wrist made the whole scene colorful, giving people a pleasing feeling, and "martial arts" became "dance" again.
Taiyuan gongs and drums
Taiyuan gongs and drums are a kind of gongs and drums music popular in Taiyuan and Jinzhong. There are many kinds of qupai, such as "running water" and "125". "Running water" is said to have originated in Liu Zhiyuan in the later Han Dynasty. Liu's sister lives in Guzhai Village, Taiyuan City. Whenever she goes out to greet her with gongs and drums, she plays Qupai to get happiness. Qupai means flowing water in the East China Sea. "125" is named after the beat of the jockey.
The instruments used in Taiyuan gongs and drums are divided into two groups, large and small, so that everyone can have a good time. Its musical instruments are drums (some are about five feet in diameter), cymbals and cymbals, with drums as the protagonist. Small family members are drums, gongs and cymbals. The distinctive features of music structure and percussion art are: overlapping sentences and strewn at random in length. The sentence structure like classical poetry can give people a heavy, compact and repetitive impression. Sharp pauses are often used in performance, such as pauses in music scores, which give people a clean and impressive feeling. Slow play is like running water, and sudden play is like a big wave; Bells jingle when you knock, and thunder and lightning roar when you knock. The performer was very excited and suddenly appeared in the cymbals, hugging the golden melon. Voice, emotion and performance are intertwined and fascinating.
Taiyuan gongs and drums often introduce competitions into performances and divide them into two teams to fight. A song ends for Team A, a song starts for Team B, or both teams start at the same time. This kind of performance to Taiwan is more exciting and exciting, and sometimes it will last for five or six hours.
Jiangzhou drum music
Xinjiang county, formerly known as Jiangzhou. The treasure house of Shanxi gongs and drums music. Huaqing Drum, Fennan Drum and Xiangchuan Drum were all born here. Qin Wang ordered soldiers, mice got married and rolled walnuts downhill, all of which were sublimated here. Jiangzhou drum music will become an important chapter in the music history of China.
Qin Wang's broken array music. The King of Qin was knighted before Li Shimin ascended the throne. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Liu Wuzhou in Shuozhou rebelled, occupied Bingzhou and reached Hedong. Li Yuanji, the king of Qi, was defeated and ran back to Chang 'an. Li Shimin implored his troops to crusade against crossing the river, station troops in Jiangzhou Bai Bi, attack the east and kill the west, attack the south and advance into the north, recover Bing in one fell swoop, and save the Li family. When he returned triumphantly from Taiyuan in Beiding, the army wrote "The Joy of the King of Qin Breaking the Array" to welcome him. Historically, this kind of music was dominated by "beating gongs and drums" and "mixed with the music of Qiuci". Nowadays, in Xinjiang, there are not only "drumming tables", but also the gongs and drums of "Little Qin Wang ordered soldiers" and "Tang Wang went out of the city". The richness and prosperity of Jiangzhou drum music is probably related to this great historical source.
The king of Qin ordered soldiers. This is a new work in the 1980s. This masterpiece is based on the original song of Qin Wang's broken array, absorbing some drum compositions, such as Fennan Drum, Huagu Opera, Hook's Tooth and so on. It is a new drum music in the socialist era, which combines history with today, the masses with experts, and amateurs with majors. It sensationalized Beijing twice and shocked Paris once, which is the pride of the Yellow River culture and China culture.
The whole song "Qin Wang Dian Bing" includes six parts: introduction, drum edge section, drum heart section, gongs and drums section, colorful section and ending section. The tight and slow structure is suitable and the music is quite complete. It combines the characteristics of folk divertimento with modern music structure, and makes folk gongs and drums music leap to a new level.
The theme of the music is to send troops, from the promotion of the marshal to the entrance and formation of the officers and men, ready to end the war. Musical instruments are divided into high and low parts, and the high notes are drums, pawn drums and small bronze drums; Bass has handsome drums, general drums and large bronze wares. According to the requirements of the theme, different performance methods are adopted in the performance, including solo, duet, ensemble, dry percussion, fancy percussion, mixed percussion, slow, medium and fast; Four beats, three beats and two beats. The long horn sound in the introduction brings people into the ancient battlefield position; Drum edge adopts drum edge, drum state, drum ring and drum nail, which is novel and colorful with splint. The cadenza has absorbed the cadenza in the western concerto, which is unique and reflects the optimism of the soldiers before the war.
Beat flowers
Flower drum is also called flower drum and dry drum. It is characterized by no gongs and cymbals, and the whole circumference is rare. Therefore, in playing, we should give full play to the advantages of drums, tap the potential of drums, beat all parts of drums, even the rings and nails of drums, and sum up all kinds of drumming skills, which is refreshing and unique. Flowers bloom and drums beat, hence the name, spreading everywhere.
Yuecun (Chenggua) Zi
Born in Yuecun, Wenshui, he was named after imitating the main instrument, the cymbal. There are only two instruments in this set of gongs and drums, drums and cymbals. But it can play the wind and rain of nature, the joys and sorrows of the world. It all depends on the change of hitting skills. For example, drums have forehand, beat, edge and bang; There are brush, throw, stuffy and flat strokes in the cymbals; Every move can be subdivided, and there are dozens of styles of play. His famous repertoire is Lightning and Thunder, which contains Cumulus Clouds in the Sky, Thunder in the Distance, Rain Coming, Dark Clouds Overwhelming, Lightning and Thunder, Rain clears up, Tian He turns green, and People jump for joy. The artistic conception is very touching. The traditional combination of the band is 42 people and 42 instruments.
Weigh gongs and drums
Formerly known as the Song of Jin Weiguan, it is popular in Changzhi area. This kind of gongs and drums are played according to the conversion between the old scale of 16.2 1 kg and the new scale of 12 1 kg, which seems to be a logarithmic table written on gongs and drums. The whole set of gongs and drums was played fifteen times in a row. Because the formula of calling songs is different from place to place, it can't be repeated, and it is different from the general Legato. It is based on the rule of "two Jin": one is 625, the other is 125, the third is 1875, and the fourth is 25 until the fifteenth, ninth and sixteenth Jin are finished. Drums vary from place to place. Players are required to be proficient in weighing songs and counting gongs and drums. This kind of beating drums and gongs mathematics is a combination of knowledge, interest and entertainment, and the author has excellent intentions. Although its mathematical application has become a thing of the past, its cultural and entertainment functions will last forever.
Back ice flower arrangement gongs and drums
This kind of gongs and drums is popular in Yongji area along the Yellow River and originated from the ancient river festival. The performers are all men, barefoot, each with a piece of ice, an iron bar and a bunch of flowers. Holding gongs and drums, walking and playing, to the mountain village outside the village. It gives people a rough and exciting wild and sexy, and has a quaint artistic conception.
Second, dance gongs and drums
Dance gongs and drums are the combination of dance and gongs and drums, and gongs and drums players are also dancers, also called encouragement. This is an ancient art form. There are many people in Shanxi, so we choose two main introductions.
Steering drum
This is an inspiration mainly spread in Xiangfen County, which is famous for playing drums in circles. It is said that it began in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. Drum music is rich in tunes, with more than 100, and there are still more than 30 songs circulating today. Qupai is short and pithy, with a structure of A-B-A, with section B as the main body, which is full of variety. The content of the performance is quite rich, mainly the theme of rural life, as well as historical stories and animal situations. The vivid names give people great appeal. What "little baby shakes the cymbals", "pout the noodles", "pick the beans", "sparrow chirp" and "lion opens its mouth". Drumming skills are also varied, so more than ten different sounds can appear to imitate life, making people feel more cordial. In harmony with the sound, the dance is light, lively and flexible. Because the drums are placed on a fixed drum stand, performers can perform dances more freely.
Fan drum
Fan drum is also called Taiping drum. Quwo is the best in the south and Shuozhou is the best in the north. This is a kind of rap and encouragement, which begins with the worship of gods. Its drum-shaped like a cattail leaf fan is famous for its shape. Single-sided, tap with rattan or bamboo. There are several iron rings on the drum handle, which jingle when dancing, adding a bit of interest. Drummers, dancers, and rappers who fan drums are dressed three times without accompaniment. There are many changes in drum skills and dance, and the content of rap keeps pace with the times and is close to the public psychology. There is no limit to the number of people playing, there is no special requirement for clothing, venues can be seen everywhere, activities are simple, and they are very popular among the masses. Quwo fan drum still bears the mark of Nuo dance, which shows the evolution track of primitive sacrifice to mass entertainment.
Third, play percussion.
According to historical records, folk percussion music in our province began in Qin and Han Dynasties. Folk percussion music, mainly suona, matured in Ming and Qing Dynasties and spread among the people, which is extremely common in the whole province.
Some experts divide folk percussion into rough blowing and fine blowing. Rough musical instruments include suona, sheng, bagpipes, drums, gongs and cymbals, etc., which are mostly used to accompany folk festivals and social fires. The main form is folk eight tones.
Folk octaves are divided into north and south. Pay equal attention to playing in the south of Taiyuan. The wind instruments are mainly suona, and two or three suona are often played side by side. I played for a while, and there was a percussion performance. The combination of percussion sound and dynamic expression shows various percussion techniques, which is very attractive. North Road is mainly concentrated in Xinzhou, Dingxiang, Wutai, Yuanping, Daixian and Fan Shi. The emphasis is on blowing, and gongs and drums only cooperate. Wind instruments are mainly suona and pipes, as well as sea flute (small suona) and whistle, which must be accompanied by sheng. In fact, it is a combination of rough blowing and fine blowing (sheng wind music, small percussion music). Make the expressive force stronger, the adaptation scope wider, and the skill requirements higher. The repertoire is very rich. Besides traditional operas, folk songs and traditional tunes, temple Buddhist songs are also good at it. Famous sheng players Hu Tianquan and Yan Haideng, famous suona player Yin, and famous wind musician Zhang Jigui are all famous artists here.
Fine blowing mainly refers to Buddhism and Taoism music, which is a kind of folk indoor light music. Sheng is the main wind instrument, while percussion instruments include gongs and drums, as well as some unique Buddhist and Taoist instruments, such as Zhongqing Muyu, Fish Drum and Simple Board. The tone is quiet and detached.
There are two kinds of percussion tracks here: Five Tigers Climbing the Mountain.
This is a new work adapted from hongdong golden drum music "Five Blessingg Shoushou", which integrates performance, percussion and dance. It is bold in style, rich in qupai and cheerful in dance, showing the heroic and uplifting temperament of the people. Five people play drums, and the suona plays the opening song at the beginning, with one drum as the main part and four drums playing together. The voice is loud, loud, dense and unique. The whole song is tiger head, leopard waist and phoenix tail, and the effect is touching.
win a great/resounding victory
One of the representative pieces of percussion music in northern Shaanxi, used to celebrate and accompany the social fire, is lively and enthusiastic. Generally, it is composed of five or six tracks, such as Crossing the Team, Playing Wazi, Crossing the Street, Hanging the Clubs, Step by Step, Flying All over the Sky, etc., which shows the theme of triumph in the battlefield and jubilation of the military and civilians. This song is accompanied by percussion instruments such as suona, sheng, gongs and drums. The music began to be introduced with thirteen gongs that sounded quickly, retaining the style of the ancient battlefield. Some experts in wind music performance have performed abroad many times after finishing and processing the music.