What is the management and protection of the Three Tombs of Shengjing?

The imperial mausoleum is one of the large-scale and noble building complexes in the feudal era. Effective management of the imperial mausoleum is inevitable and necessary. The emperors of the Qing Dynasty, like the rulers of previous dynasties, paid special attention to the management of ancestral mausoleums. As the earliest and unique ancestral mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty, the Sanling Tombs in Shengjing were respected by the Qing Dynasty. It is well-preserved and tightly fortified, which is actually due to its perfect mausoleum system and effective institutional management.

Management System for the Three Tombs of Qing Sheng Jing The Three Tombs of Qing Sheng Jing were not prepared before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, so there was no set of correspondingly complete systems and institutions for management. For example, the representatives of the guardians of Fuling at that time were the twelve Ma Fa, all relatives and heroes trusted by the emperor. Until the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, there were only more than 20 officials guarding Fuling, who were responsible for the guarding of Fuling, sacrifices and other matters. The highest officer was called the general manager.

Zhaoling Shinto and Shixiangsheng

After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the Shengjing Three Tombs received special attention as the ancestral mausoleum of the Qing emperor. Not only were they repaired in time, but many buildings were also added. The mausoleum system has been gradually improved. On this basis, the management system of Sanling has also become increasingly complete. In the Qing Dynasty, the management of imperial mausoleums was mainly the responsibility of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of Works and the Yamen of the Mausoleums and Works Department. The Three Tombs in Shengjing are mainly controlled by the Shengjing Internal Affairs Office, the Shengjing Ministry of Rites, and the Shengjing Ministry of Industry. As a special management, the Qing government set up the Sanling Prime Minister's Office in Shengjing (called the Prime Minister's Office for the Prime Minister's Affairs in Shengjing in the late Qing Dynasty). This was the highest official agency to manage the Three Tombs in Shengjing. The highest official in the region, General Shengjing, was also responsible for the Prime Minister's Mausoleum Affairs. Minister, the office of the government office is located near Fujinmen (today’s Dadongmen) in Shengjing City. Under it is the Sanling Affairs Office, which is responsible for the worship and repair of Sanling. The official setting is: one person in charge and one person in charge of the commission, eight reading officers, sixteen praising officers, one officer each of the fourth, fifth, and seventh ranks, four sixth-rank officers, and nine Yuanwailang. The above-mentioned officials are appointed by Sheng Jingli. The Ministry of Industry, Industry, and Household Affairs will allocate funds. Specifically, each mausoleum formed its own two sets of civil and military offices, namely the general administrative office and the general administrative office. The number of officials is determined according to the specific conditions of each tomb. Taking Fuling as an example, the Fuling General Administrative Office was established in the 13th year of Shunzhi (1656). It is the highest authority of Fuling and is a military agency responsible for protecting the safety of Fuling's mausoleum, rivers, trees and mausoleum buildings. The Fuling General Administration Office is located one mile west of Fuling, with six rooms built. The highest official of the general yamen is the general manager, with an official rank of 3rd grade. He directly takes orders from Prime Minister Sanling. In addition to patrolling and guarding, he not only inspects the raw materials and finished products of the sacrifices to ensure the absolute purity of the sacrifices, but also presides over the ceremony. There are two commanders on the left and one on the right wing. Their official ranks range from three to three. The commander on the left is responsible for the officers and soldiers of the four banners of yellow, white, white and blue. The commander on the right is responsible for the officers and soldiers of the four banners of yellow, red, red and blue. Each banner under the wing leader has two more defenders and sixteen more soldiers. Under the defense were one hundred and seventy-six horsemen (armored). In addition, there are two people who manage documents and files, including sixty-five Zhangjing-level officials, seven hereditary Yunqi lieutenants, two hereditary cavalry captains, two hereditary sixth-rank officials, five hereditary seventh-rank officials, and hereditary seven-rank officials. There are four eighth-grade officers and four leaders, who are responsible for leading the armored soldiers to inspect the guards and manage the money and grain files.

As the military agency that protects Fuling, the Fuling General Manager's Office has an unshirkable responsibility for the all-round safety of Fuling. As mentioned before, the boundary stakes of Fuling Mausoleum are divided into three layers: red, white and green from the inside to the outside. The red stakes are about one mile away from the mausoleum. About ten miles. There are 40 green stakes, 261 white stakes, and 271 red stakes. Each boundary stake is one foot high and one foot in diameter. There is a round pillar on the top, and a wooden sign is hung on it. It reads: Soldiers and civilians are not allowed to take soil, stones, cut down, or pick. Violators will be punished. The forbidden area of ​​the mausoleum is a critical Feng Shui issue. , set up boundary posts, and prohibit woodcutting, farming, etc. The Fuling General Manager's Office set up a storage room (also known as a pile, a card room, a Karen room, etc., for the officers and soldiers of the Eight Banners to protect the tomb) near the boundary stakes to ensure the safety of Fuling. The stacking rooms are divided into outer stacking rooms and inner stacking rooms. The outer stacking room is near the green pile, and the inner stacking room is near the red pile in Fuling and the Xiama Monument. There are six dismounting steles in Fuling. Four are located in front of the mausoleum, and two are located in front of the east and west red gates. The stone steles are either engraved with Manchu, Mongolian, Han, Hui, and Tibetan characters, or are engraved with Manchu, Mongolian, and Han characters. The content of the written text is nothing more than asking officials below the king to get off their horses and so on. Each building in the cemetery is also guarded by officers and soldiers subordinate to the General Administrative Office.

Fuling's gate and defense yamen is a civilian organization. It is mainly responsible for the annual maintenance of Fuling, undertaking sacrifices, making sacrifices, and managing relevant officials and servants. Fuling's gate and defense yamen and the general manager The Yamen joint office is open for business. The highest officer of the Zhangguanfang Yamen is the Zhangguanfangguan, who is the fourth rank. There are two deputy customs and defense officers under him, one is in charge of internal affairs (tea chief and deputy director), one deputy is in charge of internal affairs, one is chief of Shangshan, one is deputy of Shangshan, one is chief of tea, one is deputy of tea, and one is the deputy chief of tea. There are two people in the palace, eight people serving food, six people serving tea, fifteen people paying homage to the Tang Dynasty, eight people setting the table, twenty people serving as housekeepers, leaders, and young men, twenty-three people serving as craftsmen, and a supervisor. Sencho Shokyo alone. In addition, there are a thousand strong men (also known as a thousand men's husband), a number of pungent eaters, a number of Ku people, and so on.

The officer in charge is responsible for the construction and furnishings of the Fuling Mausoleum, supervising the preparation of sacrifices, participating in ceremonies, and protecting the environment of the cemetery. The inner steward manages the people who eat spicy food and store people, and is responsible for the production of sacrifices and chores. Shang Shan Zheng and Shang Cha Zheng are responsible for protecting the tea and meal sacrifices. Shang Shan Ren, Shang Xiang Ren and Shang Tea Ren are the specific managers of tea, meals, incense and candles and other sacrifices. Baitang'a is the deacon who takes and places the sacrifices. The pen-tie type is the person responsible for keeping documents and files. The work of firing bricks and tiles, maintaining Fuling Mausoleum buildings, and clearing weeds in the cemetery were undertaken by craftsmen and women. In addition, Fuling also has jurisdiction over farms, orchards, melon and vegetable gardens, fishing ponds, and pheasant catching, honey collecting, pine nut collecting, etc. to ensure adequate supply of sacrifices.

The sacrifices prepared by the Zhangguanfang Yamen include sacrificial vessels, offerings, utensils, etc. Regarding the sacrificial vessels, in line with the principle of "death is as life is alive", the sacrificial vessels used in Fuling sacrifices are extremely valuable and exquisite, including gold, silver, gold-plated silver, bronze, enamel, porcelain, etc., especially gold and silver vessels It is also inlaid with various priceless gems, such as gold incense burners, gold pots, gold bowls, gold jukes, gold plates, gold dishes, gold daggers, three-inlaid ivory chopsticks and various silverwares. It is a pity that the country declined in the late Qing Dynasty. , Tsarist Russia occupied Shengjing during the Russo-Japanese War, and all the precious sacrificial vessels in Fuling were lost. As for the offerings, a black cow is required, with pure black coat color and straight head and horns. Two sheep. After the cow is cooked, its head, tail, spine and four hooves are placed in the pot, which is a "whole cow offering". After the sheep is cooked, the whole sheep is offered as a sacrifice. A banquet of soup, rice, pickled rice, and glutinous rice contains 18 plates, and a banquet of cakes, bait, and fruit contains 65 plates. It has a full range of Manchu and Chinese flavors. In addition to delicacies of mountains and seas, birds and animals, there are also wine, dairy products such as milk tea, and saqi horses. Everything is available. All the offerings are the favorites of the Manchu ancestors.

The responsibilities of the general yamen and the yamen in charge of Yongling and Zhaoling are the same as those of Fuling, except that Yongling has fewer civil and military officials than Fuling, while Zhaoling has more civil and military officials than Fuling.

In addition, compared with the Eastern and Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty within the Guan Dynasty, the tomb guardians of the Three Tombs in Shengjing have members with a special status. These people guard the Fuling Tombs in the world, forming a very different management system for the Three Tombs outside the Guan Dynasty - Guoqi The descendants of uncles and aunts became a special group guarding the three tombs of Shengjing.

Zhaoling Burning Silk Pavilion

The descendants of the uncles and aunts of Nurhaci and Huang Taiji refer to the descendants of Nurhaci and Huang Taiji’s uncles and aunts. Because they are relatives of the emperor and have a high status, they are called The descendants of the uncle are called the descendants of the uncle, and the descendants of the aunt are called the descendants of the aunt. They are collectively called the descendants of the uncle and aunt. Nurhaci's mother was the Xitala family, and she had three brothers and two sisters. The descendants of the three brothers became the descendants of the uncle's family, with the surname Xitala; the two sisters married Il Genjueluo and Sakda were wives, so Ilgenjuoluo and Sakda became the descendants of the country's aunt. In the third year of Tiancong (1629), the Taizu Mausoleum was first built. The Xitala clan and the Yirgenjueluo clan respectfully guarded the Fuling Mausoleum as their descendants. Descendants of the Sakda family first served as guards in Yongling, Xingjing, and were transferred to Fuling Shishou in the fourth year of Tiancong (1630). With the expansion of the scale of the cemetery and the improvement of the management system, the power of the descendants of relatives, uncles and aunts has gradually increased. In the 13th year of Shunzhi (1556), when the Qing Dynasty in Dingding Central Plains incorporated the management of the mausoleums outside the Pass into the official system, it recognized and affirmed the fact that the grandsons of the relatives, uncles and aunts guarded the three mausoleums in Shengjing, and clearly stipulated that the management organizations should give For the vacancies of the descendants of the aunts and uncles of the state, for example, the sixty-five members of the Fuling Zhangjing rank must be selected from the soldiers of the aunts and uncles of the state, and the number of the descendants of the aunts and uncles is one hundred. The descendants of the uncles and aunts guarding Zhaoling include the descendants of Ashdarhan, the younger brother of Queen Xiaocigao's Yehenala family, the Ulanala family, the descendants of Mantai of the Ula tribe, the aunt of Huang Taiji, and the Guarjia family, Irgenjue Luo Shi et al. The descendants of Yongling's uncle and aunt are the Xitala family.

Therefore, since the establishment of the Shengjing Sanling Tombs, the descendants of the imperial relatives, aunts, uncles, and aunts have participated in guarding the tombs.

The treatment given by the Qing court to the descendants of relatives, uncles and aunts is very generous, including salary, land and sacrificial fields. All descendants of uncles and aunts who are sixteen years old or older can wear armor and serve as soldiers. The monthly salary is two taels of silver, and the land is available for fifteen days (six acres per day). If it is Zhangjing grade, there is twenty days for the land... And the descendants of the relatives, uncles and aunts also perform their duties to protect the three tombs of Shengjing. From guarding the imperial mausoleum to making sacrifices and even ensuring the smooth completion of the ceremony, all of this involves the participation of relatives, uncles, aunts, and descendants. Therefore, when the emperors of the Qing Dynasty visited the east, they gave extremely high courtesy to the descendants of the relatives, uncles, aunts and grandsons. Not only were there special seats for the descendants of the relatives, uncles and aunts in the grand banquet in the capital palace in Shengjing, but the emperor also personally gave wine in gold pots and rewarded two pieces of silver. , saddles, python satin and other items as rewards. Even today, many descendants of uncles and aunts from the Qing Dynasty still live in the villages and towns around Fuling.

Zhaoling Minglou

In short, there is a sharp contrast between the management system of the uncles and aunts outside Guan Dynasty guarding the ancestral tomb, and the management system of Jueluo, the clan member of Guan Nei, guarding the imperial tomb. The main reason is nothing more than the fact that after the Qing Dynasty moved its capital to Beijing, the establishment and management of its mausoleums adopted the Ming system, which was perfected from the beginning. The natural formation process of human beings and the soil; secondly, after entering the customs, the Qing rulers accepted Confucian etiquette to a greater extent. It was logical to change the customization of ancestral mausoleums with relatives of the country as the main guardian of the mausoleums and to send clan princes to guard the mausoleums. What is more worth mentioning is that under the general trend of customizing the Qing Tombs in Guan Nei to be guarded by royal families and princes, the Qing court did not change the status quo of the three tombs in Shengjing being guarded by the imperial family, but made it a major feature of the three tombs in Shengjing. It shows that keeping the imperial mausoleum for generations to come has its own rationality and feasibility. Therefore, the indissoluble bond between the relatives, uncles, aunts, descendants and Fuling should not be hidden in the vast sea of ​​historical records, but should be made known to the world.