What are the main periods of development of Chinese landscape painting?
The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties have gradually developed, the Sui and Tang Dynasties became independent, and the landscape painting of the Northern Song Dynasty flourished.
It has gradually developed in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, but it was still attached to figure paintings and mostly used as backgrounds; it became independent in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, such as Zhan Ziqian's colorful landscapes, Li Sixun's golden landscapes, Wang Wei's Wang Qia's ink landscapes, Wang Qia's splash-ink landscapes, etc.
Landscape painting flourished in the Five Dynasties and Northern Song Dynasty, with numerous authors such as Jing Hao, Guan Tong, Li Cheng, Dong Yuan, Ju Ran, Fan Kuan, Xu Daoning, Yan Wengui, Song Di, Wang Shen, Mi Fu, Mi The ink landscapes of Youren and the green landscapes of Wang Ximeng, Zhao Boju and Zhao Bosu compete with each other in the north and south, reaching their peak. Since then it has become a major painting discipline in Chinese painting.
Landscape paintings in the Yuan Dynasty tended to be freehand, using virtuality to bring reality, focusing on the charm of pen and ink, and creating a new style. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties and into modern times, there was continued development and new looks. The performance pays attention to the business location and expression of artistic conception. The traditional classification methods include ink, green, gold, boneless, light crimson, light color and other forms.
By the time of Li Sixun, Wang Wei, Zhang and others, they had relatively perfected the painting theory and painting methods of landscape painting, and the composition (composition) gradually formed the appearance of Chinese landscape painting. Jing Hao and Guan Tong of the Five Dynasties had more new innovations and surpassed the old habits. A new situation has arisen. In the Song Dynasty, Dong Yuan, Fan Kuan, and Li Cheng were the three most powerful families. Landscape painting has reached an almost perfect state.
Paintings that mainly depict the natural scenery of mountains and rivers are called landscape paintings. It had gradually developed in the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties, but it was still attached to figure paintings, mostly as backgrounds; the Sui and Tang Dynasties began to become independent, such as Zhan Ziqian's color landscapes, Li Sixun's golden landscapes, Wang Wei's ink landscapes, Wang Qia's Splash-ink landscapes, etc.
Landscape painting flourished in the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty, such as the ink landscapes of Jing Hao, Mi Fu, and Mi Youren, and the green landscapes of Wang Ximeng and Zhao Boju. The north and south reached their peak, and they have since become a major painting discipline in the field of Chinese painting.
Landscape paintings of the Song Dynasty tended to be natural, focused on "truth" and "reality", and advocated a realistic style of landscape painting. Silk is mostly used, not only the outlines are detailed and the characterizations are rigorous, but also ink is used to render the picture layer by layer, showing a dignified and tranquil beauty.
The landscape paintings of the Song Dynasty showed an unprecedented delicate, rich and realistic style, and the themes and styles of paintings in this period were endless. Many royal nobles in the Song Dynasty were particularly fond of landscape paintings, which is clearly reflected in the screens they used.
Landscape paintings in the Yuan Dynasty tended to be freehand, using virtual reality instead of reality, focusing on the charm of pen and ink, creating a new style. It continued to develop in the Ming Dynasty and modern times. Dong Qichang and the "Four Kings" in the early Qing Dynasty made significant contributions to the advancement of landscape painting toward the stylized completion of painting theory and painting techniques.
The formation and establishment of landscape painting is the penetration of Wei and Jin style, the necessity of advocating nature, the awakening of individual consciousness of literati, and people's aesthetic perception of natural landscapes. ...Advocating nature is an important manifestation of the style of the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Since Gu Kaizhi of the Jin Dynasty created "Lushan? Picture", landscape painting has been formed and established, and landscape painting has become an important and unique form of expression of "landscape culture".
Chinese landscape painting has a long history. It shows the rich and colorful natural scenery and reflects the Chinese people's sense of beauty. From the budding period of landscape painting in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, it gradually matured, until the two Song Dynasties formed a prosperous scene, and reached its climax in the Yuan Dynasty. With the development of the commodity economy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, landscape painting moved towards glory.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the "division of official and hermit labor" in Chinese society formed a class of hermits. Hermits were tired of the complicated world, returned to nature, and went deep into the mountains and rivers. ”, pursuing “the boundless nature of man and nature” and “the unity of man and nature”.
Zong Bing played a huge role in making landscape painting an independent painting discipline. Zong Bing's "Preface to Painting Landscapes" and Wang Wei's "Narrative Painting" are commendable as the early theories of landscape painting.
Extended information:
The aesthetics of Chinese landscape painting:
First of all, the characteristics of Chinese landscape painting are scenery and emotion, which is the author integrating the beauty of nature into his own emotions The art of landscape painting expressed through artistic techniques.
Chinese art does not overemphasize sensory stimulation and rational analysis (concepts) in the subjective and objective relationship between aesthetics, but rather emphasizes the harmonious blend of subjectivity and objectivity. Aesthetic requirements are related to national personality, focusing on simplicity, sincerity, and broad-mindedness. , gentleness, harmony, virtue, kindness...the aesthetic method is more accustomed to reading carefully and subtly understanding the sentiments.
For example, in daily life, when you look at paintings, drink wine, or drink tea, you need to swallow it in one sip, and taste it in three sips. The first taste is the taste, the second taste is the meaning, and the third taste is the state. The state of drinking is to be in a state of joy and excitement, and to be inspired by longing and poetry. Du Fu The description of drinking the Eight Immortals is a state. Tea drinking has developed from leisurely tea tasting to Kung Fu tea, and the atmosphere has developed into a tea ceremony, which is also a state.
Looking at paintings is pleasing to both the eyes and the heart, as the ancients said: "Appreciate its taste, understand its meaning, and understand its ambition." Huang Binhong has a saying: "The mountains and rivers are like paintings, and the inner beauty is the quietness." The inner beauty refers to the atmosphere, temperament, aura, momentum, and charm, including the spirit of the pen and ink. Of course, it also refers to compliance with laws, ethics, and subtle educational significance.
Landscape painting, from scenery to works, from creation to appreciation, has the characteristics of being fascinating and empathetic to the scenery. Without the author’s immersive experience of touching the scenery, there would be no immersive experience and feelings for the readers. As a landscape painter, you should have the spirit of a tour guide, leading viewers to browse the landscape together, experience it, be entertained by it, be cultivated by it, and achieve emotional relaxation.
The right harmony of the soul, in short: "Smoothing the mind." The person who said this was none other than Zong Bing, a fifth-century landscape painter. In his later years, he had difficulty moving and faced landscape paintings all day long, "lying down and swimming around in them." He was immersed in the natural landscape, which he called "the spirit of freedom."
Baidu Encyclopedia—Landscape Painting