A Complete Collection of Functional Words in Classical Chinese for High School Entrance Examination (reward 20) Additional 100 for good ones

Usage of function words in classical Chinese (super detailed version)

And

1. Used as a conjunction. Can connect words, phrases and clauses to express various relationships.

(1) Indicates a parallel relationship. Generally not translated, sometimes it can be translated as "you". For example:

The crab kneels six times and holds two claws. ("Encouraging Learning")

(2) Represents a progressive relationship. Can be translated as "and" or "and". For example:

A gentleman is knowledgeable and considers himself day by day. ("Encouraging Learning")

(3) Indicates the inheritance relationship. It can be translated as "Jiu" or "Continue", or it may not be translated. For example:

Yu Fang was eager to return the favor, so he shouted loudly on the water. ("The Story of Shizhong Mountain")

(4) Indicates a turning relationship. It can be translated as "but" or "but". For example:

Green is taken from blue, and green is derived from blue. ("Encouraging Learning")

(5) Represents a hypothetical relationship. Can be translated as "if" or "if". For example:

If you are interested, you can look at the horse's head. ("Feng Wanzhen")

(6) Indicates the modifying relationship, that is, the connecting adverbial. Can't be translated. For example:

I have been thinking about it all day long... ("Encouragement to Learning")

I have become desperate. ("Snake Catcher's Theory")

2. Used as a pronoun. It is only used as the second person. It is usually used as an attributive and is translated as "your"; occasionally it is used as a subject and is translated as "you". For example:

When Weng Changquan moves to the capital, you will serve your mother day and night. ("Record of Wang Zhongsu Gong Ao's Affairs")

3. The polysyllabic function word "just" is placed at the end of the sentence to express a restrictive modal particle, which is equivalent to "just". For example:

Just one person, one table, one chair, one fan, and one foot. ("Float Skills")

There is a sequence of learning, and there is a specialization in skills, that's all. ("Teacher's Theory")

With

1. Used as a preposition. There are mainly the following situations:

(1) Indicates the tools, methods and other things used or relied on for actions and behaviors. It can be translated as "use", "take", "rely on" and "based on" depending on the situation. According to "What identity do you use?" etc. For example:

The country with the old law is the same as this. ("Cha Jin")

I would like to offer fifteen cities to Yi Bi. ("The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru")

That's when he came to see him. Question: "Why fight?" ("Cao GUI's Theory of War")

The rest of the ships followed suit. ("The Battle of Red Cliff")

At that time, the person who used the Dazhong Prime Minister to pacify Wu was Wei's personal... ("The Tombstone of Five People")

(2) Starting from Teabing Function can be translated as "handle". For example:

Qin also refused to give the city to Zhao, and Zhao eventually refused to give Qin the bib. ("The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru")

(3) Indicates the cause of actions and behaviors, which can be translated as "cause" and "due to". For example:

It is impossible to go against the joy of Qin with just one jade. ("The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru")

At that time, Cao Cao's army suffered from famine and epidemic, and most of them died. ("The Battle of Red Cliff")

(4) Introducing the time and place where actions and behaviors occur, the usage is the same as "yu", which can be translated as "in" and "conong". For example:

In December of the 39th year of Qianlong's reign, I rode the wind and snow from the capital... to Tai'an. ("Climbing Taishan Mountain")

Today, we are going to Yuzhang from Changsha. There are many waterways and it is difficult to travel. ("Book of Han·Biography of Southwest Yi")

(5) Indicates the object of action and behavior. The usage is the same as "with", which can be translated as "harmony" and "following"; sometimes it can be translated as "lead" "lead". For example:

There was a change in the world, and the king cut off Hanzhong and made peace with Chu. ("Warring States Policy·Zhou Policy")

(Gongzi) wanted to go to the Qin army as a guest, and died together with Zhao. ("Jun Xinling steals a talisman to save Zhao")

2. Used as a conjunction. The usage has many similarities with "er", but it cannot be used to turn relationships.

(1) Indicates a parallel or progressive relationship, often used to connect verbs and adjectives (including phrases centered on verbs and adjectives), and can be translated as "and", "and", "and" and "and" Wait, or skip it. For example:

If the barbarians are close, there will be many tourists... ("Travel to Baochan Mountain")

(2) Expressing the relationship of succession, the action before "Yi", It is often the means or method of the latter action. It can be translated as "er" or omitted. For example:

I and four others held fire and entered... ("Travel to Baochan Mountain")

(3) Expressing the purpose relationship, the action behavior after "with", It is often the purpose or result of the previous action. It can be translated as "er", "come", "to use", "to cause", etc. For example:

Written "Teacher's Theory" to inform others. ("Shi Shuo")

Collect money to send him away. ("Tombstone Story of Five People")

It is not advisable to belittle oneself...to block the path of loyalty and admonishment. ("Chu Shi Biao")

(4) Indicates causal relationship, often used before clauses expressing reasons, and can be translated as "because". For example:

The princes thought that the prince was a wise man and had many guests, so they did not dare to send troops to plot against Wei for more than ten years. ("Mr. Xinling steals the talisman to save Zhao")

The ancients... are known for their profound thinking and omnipresence. ("A Journey to Bao Zen Mountain")

(5) It expresses a modifying relationship, connecting the adverbial and the central phrase, and can be translated as "er" or omitted. For example:

The trees are flourishing and the springs are beginning to trickle. (Tao Yuanming's "Returning Words")

3. The polysyllabic function words "yishi" and "yiyi" are equivalent to "therefore", leading to the development of reasoning or the result of inference. For example:

So many people spend their time off writing books... ("Preface to Ma Sheng in Dongyang")

I just write it down, sighing at Li Yuan's slips and laughing. Li Bo is ugly. ("The Story of Shizhong Mountain")

So in nineteen years, the blade of the sword is like a new one. ("Pao Ding Jie Niu")

Wei

"Wei" is often used as a verb and preposition in classical Chinese, and can also be used as a particle. Used as a verb meaning "to do". It can also be used as the judgment word "yes". These all belong to the scope of content words. The following introduces several ways to use function words.

1． Used as a preposition. Except when it means passive, it is usually pronounced without the tone.

(1) Objects representing actions and behaviors. It can be translated as "to", "to", etc. For example:

The human saying goes: "It is not enough for outsiders." ("Peach Blossom Spring")

(2) Indicates the substitution of actions and behaviors. It can be translated as "for", "give", etc. For example:

You should go all over the world and eliminate the debris and filth of the Han family... ("Battle of Red Cliff")

You will dedicate it to me. ("Hongmen Banquet")

(3) Indicates the time of actions and behaviors. It can be translated as "when", "wait until", etc. For example:

For this reason, I ask you to tie up a person and pass by the king. ("Yan Zi's Mission to Chu")

(4) Indicates the purpose of actions and behaviors. It can be translated as "for" or "for". For example:

The bustling world is all for benefit; the bustling world is all for benefit. (Historical Records: Preface to the Biographies of Huozhi)

(5) Expressing the reasons for actions and behaviors. Can be translated as "because" or "due to". For example:

I saw that it was difficult to do, so I was frightened and took warning. I regarded it as a stop and acted too late. ("Pao Ding Jie Niu")

(6) Indicates a passive relationship. Pronounced Yangping, it can be translated as "being". "Wei" introduces the initiator of the action; sometimes the initiator may not appear; sometimes it is combined with "su" to form "weisu" or "wei...suo". For example:

Anyone who committed blasphemy in the Yin and Zhou dynasties will be laughed at by Tang and Wu. ("Five Mosquitoes")

If you don't, if you belong to everyone, you will be captured! ("Hongmen Banquet")

If you don't go quickly now, you may be caught first. ("The Battle of Red Cliff")

2. Used as a particle. Pronounced in Yangping tone, it is placed at the end of the interrogative sentence to express questioning. There is an interrogative pronoun in front of it to echo it.

Can it be translated as "where"? For example:

Nowadays, people are just like Dao Zu... What should I say? ("Hongmen Banquet")

Yes

1. Used as an adverb. It expresses the logical succession or temporal connection between the two things before and after, and can be translated as "Jiu", "This Cai", etc.; it can also express that the two things before and after are inverse and contrary to each other logically, and can be translated as "que". "Even (even)", "On the contrary", "cai", etc.; it can also express a restriction on the scope of things, which can be translated as "cai", "only", etc. For example:

Gui said: "Meat-eaters are despicable and fail to make long-term plans." This is what he saw. ("The Battle of Cao GUI")

Husband Zhao is strong and Yan is weak, but the king is lucky to the king of Zhao, so the king of Yan wants to marry the king. Today you are the king of Zhao and Yan. ("Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru")

But those who are poor will seek it by testing with axes and pounds. ("The Story of Shizhong Mountain")

I dare to mount the jade. ("The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru")

King Xiang then led his troops to the east again. When they reached the east city, they had twenty-eight horses. ("The Chronicles of Xiang Yu")

2. Used as a pronoun. It is only used as the second person. It is often used as an attributive and is translated as "your"; it is also used as a subject and is translated as "you". Cannot be used as an object. For example:

Wang Shibei fixed the Central Plains Day, and he never forgot to tell Nai Weng when making family sacrifices. (Lu You's "Shi'er")

3. Used in judgment sentences to confirm, it can be translated as "yes", "that's right", etc. For example:

If things don’t work out, it’s God’s fault. ("The Battle of Red Cliff")

Ying is the one who holds the gate of the Yi clan. ("Xinling Lord Steals Talisman to Save Zhao")

"Nai" is sometimes used as a conjunction, and is interpreted as "Ruofu", "As for", "Ruo", etc. Example omitted.

Yu

"Yu" is a preposition, which is always combined with a noun, pronoun or phrase to form a prepositional phrase to modify verbs and adjectives, expressing a variety of combination relationships.

1． Introduce the time, place, scope, object, aspect, reason, etc. of the action, which can be translated as "in", "in... aspect", "in...", "to", "to", "from", "from" and "following" depending on the situation. "With", "To", "For", "To", "Because of", etc. For example:

I will see the general here again. ("Hongmen Banquet" in)

Jing State has more than enough land but not enough people ("Gongshu" in...)

Gou Quan lives in troubled times and does not seek to learn and reach the princes. ("Departure Watch" is in...)

Please be ordered to seek help from General Sun. ("The Battle of Red Cliff")

Quan Qi changed his clothes and Su chased Yu Xia. ("The Battle of Red Cliff" arrives)

The prison language was learned personally from Shi Gongyun. ("The Anecdotes of Zuo Zhongyi Gong" from, from)

So the King of Yan wanted to marry you. ("The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" follows, the same)

If he is the same, he will be ashamed of his teacher... ("Shi Shuo", yes, yes)

In the past, the emperor awarded the monk Protect the goods of Western pearls from the courtiers... (given in "Records of Wang Zhongsu Gong Ao's Affairs")

2. Placed after an adjective, it indicates comparison. It can generally be translated as "better than", sometimes translated as "better than". For example:

Liang said: "Longer than ministers." ("Hongmen Banquet")

Ice, water is made of it, and it is colder than water. ("Encouraging Learning")

Sometimes it just expresses the nature and state of the object and does not need to be translated. For example:

It is very difficult to suddenly break out... ("Tombstone Story of Five People")

3. Placed after the verb to introduce the active agent of the action, it can be translated as "being". Sometimes there are words such as "see" and "receive" before the verb corresponding to it. For example:

Escape or escape, cannot be tolerated far or near... ("Tombstone Story of Five People")

I am sincerely afraid that I will bully the king and lose Zhao... ("Integrity" "Biographies of Po Lin Xiangru")

I cannot lift all the land of Wu...it is controlled by others...("The Battle of Red Cliff")

4. The usage of the polysyllabic function word "Su" is not exactly the same as that of "Su" in modern Chinese.

(1) It is placed at the beginning of a sentence to express the succession or causal relationship between the preceding and following sentences, which is the same as the current succession conjunction or causal conjunction. This is also used in modern Chinese.

Then the King of Qin was unwilling to give up and attacked him. ("The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru")

The people of Wu were heartbroken, so they took advantage of his fierce voice and shouted at him, causing the noise and chasing each other away. ("Tombstone Story of Five People")

(2) Placed before or after the predicate, "so" is a preposition phrase and serves as an adverbial or complement. According to the different usages of "yu", it can be equivalent to "here", "from here", etc.

My ancestor died for this, and my father died for this. ("In this profession" "Snake Catcher")

Part

1. When used as a pronoun, there are several situations:

(1) It can be used for people, things, and things. Generations are mostly in the third person. Translated as "he" (them), "it" (them). It is used as an object or participle, not as a subject. For example:

Written "Teacher's Theory" to inform others. ("Shi Shuo", generation, as object.)

This is what makes it happen. ("Encouraging Learning", Dai Wu, Zuo Jianyu.)

People are not born with knowledge. ("Shi Shuo", representing affairs, as object.)

(2) Demonstrative pronoun, indicating proximal reference. It can be translated as "this" and is usually used as a plural referent attributive. For example:

Equal strategies. ("Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru")

2. There are several situations when it is used as a particle:

(1) Structural particle, a sign of attributive. Used between the attributive and the central word (noun), it can be translated as "的", or it may not be translated in some cases. For example:

If the people of Wu and Yue can compete with China. ("The Battle of Chibi")

Where the Tao exists, there is also the existence of the teacher ("The Master's Theory")

(2) Structural particles, signs of complements. Used between the head word (verb, adjective) and the complement, it can be translated as "get". For example:

The ancients often gained something from looking at the heaven and earth, mountains and rivers, vegetation, birds and beasts, because they were so profound and omnipresent. ("Travel to Bao Zen Mountain")

(3) Structural particle, a sign of the preposition of the object. It is used after the object that is brought forward and before the verb predicate or preposition, and should be omitted in translation. Such as:

What crime did Song Dynasty commit? ("Gongshu", that is, "What is the crime of Song Dynasty")

(4) Structural particles. When a subject-predicate phrase serves as a subject, object or a clause in a sentence, "zhi" is used between the subject and the predicate to cancel the independence of the sentence and does not need to be translated. Translation time can also be omitted. For example:

It’s been a long time since teachers’ teachings were passed on! It’s hard to be clear of confusion! ("Shi Shuo")

The fierce officials came to my hometown and clamored for things. ("Snake Catcher's Theory")

The solitary one has a hole in it, just like a fish has water. ("Longzhong Dui")

(5) Syllable particles. Used at the end of adjectives, adverbs or certain verbs, or between three words to make four words. It only serves to adjust the syllables and has no meaning, so it should be omitted in translation. For example:

In a moment, the sky is filled with smoke. ("The Battle of Red Cliff")

Mr. Mao's three-inch tongue is stronger than a million-strong army. ("Mao Sui's Self-recommendation")

Its

1. When used as a pronoun, there are several situations:

(1) Third-person pronoun. It can be used on behalf of people and things. It is used before nouns and serves as the attribute attribute. It can be translated as "his" or "its" (including plural). For example:

The minister followed his plan, and the king was fortunate to pardon him. ("Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru")

(2) Third person pronoun. Generally speaking, it is used before a verb or adjective as the small subject in the subject-predicate phrase (the entire subject-predicate phrase serves as the subject or object modifier in the sentence) and should be translated as "he" and "it" without adding "the". For example:

The King of Qin was afraid that he would break the wall. ("The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" is used as the object of "the broken wall".)

His hearing of the Tao was definitely preceded by me. ("Shi Shuo" "He heard the Tao" is the subject.)

These are all words that can be seen. ("Qikemu" is used as the object in "Fu Rui".)

(3) Use the first person pronoun. It can be used as an attributive or a small subject, and the visual sentence can be translated as "my" or "I (myself)".

For example:

Now Su welcomes Cao, and Cao should pay Su in return to the township party, appreciate his reputation, and still not lose his job under Cao. ("The Battle of Red Cliff")

I also regret that I will not be able to enjoy the pleasure of traveling. ("A Journey to Baochan Mountain")

(4) Demonstrative pronouns, indicating distant reference. It can be translated as "that", "that", "those" and "there". Such as:

Then it may be blamed on those who want to come out. ("A Journey to Baochan Mountain")

Now that we have captured Jingzhou, we are on the verge of losing our place. ("The Battle of Red Cliff")

(5) Demonstrative pronouns, indicating "of", mostly followed by numerals. For example,

choose one or two among the rocks and buckle them. ("The Story of Shizhong Mountain")

2. Used as an adverb. Placed at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence, it expresses moods such as measurement, rhetoric, euphemism, and expectation. It is often combined with modal particles placed at the end of the sentence. Depending on the situation, it can be translated into "probably", "is it", "still", "is it necessary", etc. , or omitted. For example:

Is this all the reason? ("Shi Shuo" expresses measurement.)

Who can ridicule it? ("A Journey to Bao Chan Mountain" expresses cross-examination.)

Don't be sad! ("A Letter to My Wife" expresses elegance and commerce.)

It is the father's ambition that you should never forget! ("Preface to the Biography of Lingguan" expresses expectations.)

3. Used as a conjunction. When used as a conjunction, it is usually placed at the beginning of a sentence, or to express a hypothesis, which can be translated as "if"; or to express a choice, which can be translated as "or". For example:

Those who are not good at their work and have imperfect virtues are not born out of inferiority, but their minds are not as sharp as my ears. Is it because of others? ("Preface to Ma Sheng in Dongyang" represents a hypothesis.)

If

1. Used as a pronoun.

(1) It expresses symmetry, equivalent to "you" and "you"; when used as an attributive, it is translated as "your". For example:

Is it poisonous? ("Snake Catcher" You)

More like a servant, more like a poem... ("Snake Catcher" Yours)

(2) It means proximal, quite In "this", "such" and "such". For example:

When Nangong came out, Confucius said: "A gentleman is like a human being!" ("The Analects of Confucius·Xianwen")

2. Used as a conjunction.

(1) Express hypothesis, equivalent to "if", "hypothesis", etc. For example:

If Wu and Yue can compete with China... ("Battle of Red Cliff")

(2) Expresses choice, equivalent to "or" "or" . For example:

If a county with ten thousand people surrenders, ten thousand households will be sealed off. ("Book of Han·Gaodi Ji")

"Ruo" is combined with "Fu" and "Zhi" to form "Ruo Fu" and "Zhi Ruo". It is placed at the beginning of a paragraph or another layer of meaning to express that he change. For example:

Ruofu is raining and raining...to Ruochun and Jingming...("Yueyang Tower")

Because

1. Used as a preposition. Introduce the reasons, basis and methods of actions and behaviors, which can be translated as "because", "due to", "while", "by virtue of", "through" and "through" respectively. For example:

The vibrating sound is exciting, and the observer is aware of it. ("Book of the Later Han·Biography of Zhang Heng")

Because guests came to Lin Xiangru's door to apologize... ("Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru")

2. Used as a conjunction. It means following the above and can be translated as "therefore" and "then". For example:

Because he drew his sword and chopped off the prelude... ("The Battle of Red Cliff")

Because he held the bi but stood up... ("The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru")

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Then

1. Used as a conjunction, it can express a variety of relationships.

(1) Indicates the undertaking relationship. It is generally used to connect two clauses or the two meanings in a condensed compound sentence to express the close connection between two things in time and matter. It can be translated as "just" and "then", or as "originally" and "already". For example:

King Xiang said: "Strong man! Give me the wine." Then he fought with the wine. ("Hongmen Banquet")

Therefore, if wood is supported by a rope, it will be straight, and if metal is sharpened, it will be beneficial. ("Encouraging Learning")

If you look at it slowly, you will find that there are stone caves under the mountain.

("The Story of Shizhong Mountain")

Zi Can woke up from his sleep, while the guest was snoring and sleeping on the kang. ("The Legend of Da Tiezhui")

(2) Represents a hypothetical relationship. Some are used in the previous clause to introduce hypothetical situations, which are equivalent to "if" and "if"; some are used in the following clauses to express the results of assumptions or inferences, which are equivalent to "then" and "then". For example:

If you enter, you will be helpless, and if you leave, you will be invincible to foreign patients, and the country will perish. ("Born in sorrow, died in happiness")

If you don't serve me, you will have been sick for a long time. ("Snake Catcher's Theory")

(3) Indicates a parallel relationship. This kind of usage is when two or more "Ze" are used together. Each word "Ze" is used in a clause with opposite meaning and similar structure, indicating the relationship between two (or more than two) clauses. It is a parallel relationship (not between two words). It can be translated as "Jiu" or not. For example:

Being in a low position is a shame, being in a high position is a sign of flattery. ("Shi Shuo")

When you enter, you will be filial, and when you leave, you will be a younger brother. ("The Analects of Confucius·Xueer")

(4) Indicates a turning point and a concession relationship. When it means there is a turning point in the meaning, the word "ze" is used in the last clause, which can be translated as "but" or "que"; when it means tentatively admitting something in preparation for the next sentence to change to the correct meaning, the word "ze" is used in the first sentence. One sentence can be translated as "although" or "but". For example:

In his own body, he is ashamed of his teacher and confused. ("Shi Shuo")

The room is close, but the person is far away. ("The Book of Songs·Dongmenzhi")

2. Used as an adverb. Used in judgment sentences to emphasize and confirm, it can be translated as "is" or "is". For example:

This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower. ("Yueyang Tower")

If you don't die, you will move. ("Snake Catcher's Theory")

And

1. Used as conjunction.

Indicates progressive relationships and parallel relationships.

The Chinese he led were no more than 150,000 to 60,000, and they had been exhausted for a long time... ("Battle of Red Cliff")

And if the general's general situation can resist the Yangtze River... ("The Battle of Red Cliff")

The river water is clear and rippling. ("Fa Tan")

Sometimes it is equivalent to "Shang Shi", giving in first and then advancing one level.

I will not avoid death, but I will drink and say goodbye in peace! ("Hongmen Banquet")

The ancient saints... still asked if they could learn from their teachers... ("The Master's Theory")

2. Used as an adverb. Equivalent to "will", "will", "for the time being" and "temporarily".

If it doesn’t come out, the fire will be exhausted. ("A Journey to Baochan Mountain")

When the donkey brays, the tiger is frightened and flees away; it is thought that it has already eaten it, so it is very frightening. ("The Donkey of Guizhou")

The survivors live in vain, but the dead have long since passed away! ("Shi Hao Li")

Your Majesty, I will return home temporarily, but I will report to the government now. ("Peacock Flies Southeast")

So

1. Used as an auxiliary word. It is often placed before a verb and combined with the verb to form the structure of "suo". The structure of the word "suo" is a noun phrase, which means "the person of...", "the thing of...", "the situation of...", etc. For example:

It is not appropriate to make any mistakes when everyone is sitting in the crowd. I will make mistakes now. ("Jun Xinling steals a talisman to save Zhao")

So although I am stupid, I have learned something about my death. ("Preface to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang")

When I was in trouble, I occasionally wrote poems about what happened. ("Afterword to the Guide")

When "su" is combined with a verb, and followed by a nominal structure, the "su" structure plays the role of an attributive. For example:

At night, soldiers surrounded the house. ("Afterword to "Guide Record")

The butcher I passed by was Zhu Hai. This son was a sage, and no one in the world would know about him, so he hid himself among the butchers. ("Jun Xinling steals a talisman to save Zhao")

2. In some sentences, "wei" and "su" echo each other, forming the format of "wei...su...", indicating passivity. For example:

Jiajiazhuang was almost killed by the tomb of the patrol. ("Afterword to "Guidebook")

Ying heard that Ji's father was killed. ("Jun Xinling steals the talisman to save Zhao")

3. The polysyllabic function word "so".

"Suo" and "Yi" are often used together in classical Chinese. There are two main usages: one to express the reason, and the other to express the means and ends. Expressing reasons, such as:

Being close to virtuous ministers and staying away from villains is why the early Han Dynasty prospered; being close to villains and staying away from virtuous ministers is why the Han Dynasty declined. ("Shi Shi Biao")

The reason why I do this is to put national urgent matters first and then personal hatred. ("The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru")

Indicates means or means, such as:

So I am prepared for the future generations,... ("Xinling Lord stole the talisman to save Zhao" 》)

Teachers, so they preach and learn karma and resolve doubts. ("Shi Shuo")

人

Particles are mainly used in two ways. One is attached to other words or phrases to form a noun phrase. For example:

Keep it at home so that those who come can read it and feel sad and ambitious. ("Afterword of "Guidebook"")

Those who use leaves should pick the leaves when they have first grown, those who use buds should pick them when they are first grown, and those who use flowers should pick them when they are first grown. ("Picking Herbs")

Another way of using "Zhe" is to put it after a word or a group of words to act as a reminder: first use "...Zhe" to put forward the thing to be explained, Pause briefly and then explain or conclude. For example:

The chaos of the eunuchs, the gentry who can not change their ambitions, how many people can there be in the world? ("Tombstone Story of Five People")

In ancient times, those who gave way to heaven meant that they went to the prison gate to support themselves and left the labor of the officials and captives. ("Five Beetles")

"Zhe" is sometimes placed after the word for time as a language aid and does not need to be translated. For example:

Now Xiangzhuang draws his sword and dances, and his meaning is always in Peigong. ("Hongmen Banquet")

"Zhe" is sometimes placed after the numeral and can be translated as "piece", "kind", etc. For example:

These numbers are dangerous in military use, and they are all done recklessly. ("The Battle of Red Cliff")

He

1. Used as an interrogative pronoun.

It is used as a separate predicate to ask why. It is often followed by the modal particles "zai" and "ye", which can be translated as "why" and "what reason".

Which one? The power of a great country is to cultivate respect. ("The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru")

I try to seek the benevolent heart of ancient times, or do it differently from the two. Why? ("Yueyang Tower")

As an object, it mainly represents places and things, and can be translated as "where" and "what". When translating, "He" should be placed after.

Where does Yuzhou want to go now? ("The Battle of Red Cliff")

What is the king doing here? ("Hongmen Banquet")

As an attributive, it can be translated as "what" and "which".

But when will you be happy? ("Yueyang Tower")

During the morning and evening, I heard something, cuckoos singing and blood apes wailing. ("Pipa Play")

2. Used as an adverb.

Used at the beginning of a sentence or before a verb, it often expresses a rhetorical question and can be translated as "why" or "how".

Why not put on your armor and attack from the north? ("The Battle of Red Cliff")

How can Duke Xu be as good as you? ("Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi for accepting advice")

Used before adjectives, it expresses a deep degree and can be translated as "how", "how much" and "how so".

As for swearing to heaven and cutting off one’s hair, weeping and staining one’s breasts, how bad is that! ("Preface to the Biography of Lingguan")

3. The polysyllabic function words "why" and "why" are used.

(1) "How" is often used in interrogative sentences to express questions or questions, equivalent to "how" or "what kind". For example:

Fan Kuai said: "How are things going today?" ("Hongmen Banquet")

How about a bicycle instead? ("Mr. Xinling steals a talisman to save Zhao")

Why do you think Yuan is so human? ("Tan Sitong")

(2) "Why" is "Yi", an introductory phrase, used as an adverbial in interrogative sentences. According to the different usages of "Yi", it is equivalent to "What to take" "Why" etc.

How can you treat someone with a single step of honor and wealth? ("Tan Sitong")

Why fight? ("The Debate on Cao GUI")

Also

Modal particles. Often used at the end of a sentence to express various moods.

1. Expressing a judgmental tone, such as:

Death and life are matters of day and night. (Afterword of "Guide Record"))

My master's lungs and liver are all made of iron and stone. ("The Anecdote of Zuo Zhongyi's Return")

2. Expressing an affirmative tone, such as:

The ancients said: "There will be something to do." ("Guide Record" Preface)

My superiors are afraid of betraying the imperial court, and my subordinates are afraid that they will fail the imperial court. I am ashamed of my master. ("The Anecdotes of Zuo Zhongyi Gong")

A sentence with negative words is still a kind of affirmation expressing negation.

The crowd said: " If what you do is sincere and quick, it will be of no use if your injustice is not redressed." ("Shu Bo Ji Zhe Shi")

3. Expressing a questioning tone, such as:

My king has no illness, so how can he play music? ("Zhuang Bao Meets Mencius")

Why do you cry if you are afraid of death? ("Jun Xinling steals the talisman to save Zhao")

4. To express an exclamation, such as:

My king is so good at hunting, why have I reached such an extreme state? ("Zhuang Bao Meets Mencius")

You are so beautiful, how can Duke Xu be as good as you! ("Zou Ji Satires King Qi's Remonstrance")

"Ye" expresses interrogative and exclamatory moods, and interrogative pronouns are generally used in sentences.

5. Used in sentences to express pauses and to soothe the tone, such as:

When I was a disciple, I was walking in the deep mountains and valleys with my suitcase on my back... ("Preface to Ma Sheng in Dongyang") )

It’s been a long time since the teacher’s teachings were passed on.

Hu

1. Used as a modal particle.

(1) It can be translated as "what" or "what".

Is your child hungry? ("Xiang Ji Xuan Zhi")

Qi? Is there a guest at this time? ("Report to Liu Yizhang")

Where do you want to go? ("The Battle of Chibi")

(2) Table of Measures The tone can be translated as "ba".

The king is very happy, and his concubine is almost the same ("Zhuang Bao Meets Mencius")

(3) Used in exclamatory sentences. , can be translated as "ah", "ah", etc.

Who knows the poison of Fu Lian? ("The Snake Catcher")

(IV) ) is used at the pause in the sentence.

Why not? ("Return to the Word")

2. Used as a preposition.

Being born in front of me... ("Shi Shuo")

In addition, it can be used as the end of the word.

There must be room for ease! ("Pao Ding Jie Niu")

Yan

① Mood particle. It is often used at the end of a sentence and is generally not translated.

So I sigh. "A Journey to Bao Chan Mountain")

Sometimes used in a rhetorical tone, it can be translated as "what"

What's wrong with me! 》)

②Pronoun. Such as: The appearance is very great, and the person is different.

③How, where. How can I get a tiger son?

④Interrogative pronouns. For example: Why should I know if I have a beautiful face?

⑤Where, where. For example: How can we place earth and rocks?

⑥Here, here, there. For example: The accumulation of soil forms a mountain, and the wind and rain stir it up.

⑦Adjective and adverb endings. …looks like. For example: I feel sorry for you.

With

① Give, grant.

Make friends with Doujiu

②.

Winning without helping the five countries is also

③ Harmony, sameness, and following.

Shuzi's shortcomings and strategies

④ Participate.

Uncle Jian’s son and teacher

⑤ Approval.

Changing things day by day, a gentleman will help you

You don’t fight with the victor, but with the invincible.

⑥Modal particles at the end of the sentence. Express a question or exclamation. Later it was written as "欤"