Why, Newton-Leibniz formula, Leibniz contributed more, but the name came later? About Leibniz's life?
Leibniz's parents personally became their children's first teachers, which made Leibniz very studious and gifted from an early age, and he had a strong interest in poetry and history from an early age. Unfortunately, his father died when he was 6 years old, but left him a rich collection of books.
Leibniz's father died when he was only six years old, leaving him a rich collection of books more precious than money, and his wise mother undertook his son's early education. Therefore, Leibniz had extensive contact with the ancient Greek and Roman cultures and read the works of many famous scholars, thus gaining a solid cultural foundation and clear academic goals.
At the age of 8, Leibniz entered Nikolai School and studied Latin, Greek, lexicography, arithmetic, logic, music, Bible and Lutheranism.
166 1 year, 15 years old Leibniz entered Leipzig University to study law. As soon as he entered the school, he kept up with the standard humanities courses in senior two, and also took time out to study philosophy and science. 1663 May, he got his bachelor's degree with the article "Metaphysical Argument on Individual Principle". During this period, Leibniz also extensively read the works of Bacon, Kepler and Galileo, and made in-depth thinking and evaluation of their works. After listening to Euclid's Geometry, Leibniz became interested in mathematics.
1664 1 month, Leibniz completed the paper "On the Difficulties of Law" and obtained a master's degree in philosophy. 1February 1998 12, my mother died unfortunately. Leibniz, 18 years old, lived alone since then, and was deeply influenced by his mother in thought and character.
1665, Leibniz submitted his doctoral thesis "On Identity" to the University of Leipzig. 1666, the examination committee refused to grant him a doctorate in law because he was too young (only 20 years old). Hegel believes that this may be because Leibniz has too many philosophical opinions, and the professors who review the papers are very unhappy when they see him vigorously studying philosophy. He was very angry about this, so he decided to leave Leipzig and go to Altdorf University near Nuremberg, and immediately submitted his already prepared doctoral thesis to the school. 1667 In February, Oldoff University awarded him a doctorate in law and hired him as a professor of law.
This year, Leibniz published his first mathematical paper "On the Art of Combination". This is an article about mathematical logic, and its basic idea is to reduce the theoretical truth argument to a calculation result. Although this paper is not mature enough, it shines with innovative wisdom and mathematical talent. A series of subsequent work made him the founder of mathematical logic.
1666, Leibniz joined an alchemist group in Nuremberg, 1667. Through this group, he got to know Baron Johann Christian, a politician in Boinburg, and was recommended by the Baron to the elected emperor Mainz. Since then, Leibniz stepped into politics. He joined the diplomatic circle and worked under the archbishop of Mainz, Schoenborn.
167l ~1in the winter of 672, entrusted by the elector of Mainz, he set out to prepare a plan to stop France from attacking Germany. 1672, Leibniz went to Paris as a diplomat, trying to persuade the French king Louis XIV to give up the attack, but he never met the French king, let alone complete the task entrusted to him by the emperor's elector. This diplomatic activity ended in failure. But during this period, inspired by Huygens, he decided to study advanced mathematics, studied the works of Descartes, Fermat, Pascal and others, and began his creative work.
1673 65438+ 10, in order to promote the reconciliation between Britain and the Netherlands, he went to London to mediate. He took this opportunity to establish contact with famous British scholars. He met the secretary of the Royal Society, mathematician Odenberg, physicist Hooke, chemist Boyle and others, and they had been in contact with Cinda for three years. Leibniz returned to Paris in March 1673 and was recommended as a member of the Royal Society in April. During this period, his interest in mathematics and natural science became more and more obvious.
1672 10, the Emperor Elector of Mainz died, and Leibniz lost his position and salary and became a tutor. At that time, he tried many ways to seek a formal position as a diplomat, or hoped to get a position at the French Academy of Sciences, but all failed. Helpless, I had to accept the invitation of John Friedrich, Duke of Hanover, to go to Hanover.
1676, 10 year 10 4, Leibniz left Paris, and he first made a short stop in London. Then I went to the Netherlands and met the biologist Levin Hooke. He observed bacteria, protozoa and sperm with a microscope for the first time, which had an influence on Leibniz's later philosophy. In The Hague, he met Spinoza. 1677 1, Leibniz arrived in Hanover, served as the legal adviser and librarian of the Duke of Brunswick, a family historian of Brunswick, and was responsible for international exchange and technical consultant. Hanover became his permanent residence.
In his spare time, Leibniz extensively studied philosophy and various scientific and technical issues and engaged in various academic, cultural and social and political activities. Soon, he became a member of the imperial court, became famous in the society and became rich. 1682, Leibniz and Menke founded the Academic Chronicle, which is an influential Latin scientific magazine in the history of modern science, and most of his mathematical and philosophical articles were published in this magazine. At this time, his philosophy gradually matured.
1679 65438+February, John Friedrich, Duke of Brunswick, died suddenly, and his brother Auguste succeeded him as the title, while Leibniz still kept his original post. Sophie, the new duchess, is an admirer of his philosophical theory. The famous saying "There are no two identical leaves in the world" comes from his conversation with Sophie.
In order to realize his ambition of getting ahead in Germany, Auguste suggested that Leibniz conduct extensive historical research and investigation and write a book about their family's modern history. He started the work on 1686. After studying the precious local archives, he asked for an extensive trip in Europe.
1687165438+10, Leibniz left hanover and arrived in Vienna in the early summer of 1688. Besides looking for files, he also spent a lot of time getting to know scholars and celebrities from all walks of life. In Vienna, he met the Austrian emperor Leopold I and drew a series of economic and scientific plans for the emperor, which left a deep impression on him. He tried to get a position in the Austrian court, but he didn't get a positive answer until 17 13, and his plan to establish "Universal Library" in ancient Austria never came true. Later, he went to Venice and then arrived in Rome. In Rome, he was elected as an academician of the Rome Academy of Science and Mathematics. Leibniz returned to Hanover on 1690. Because of his contribution to writing the family history of Bren Zwick, he was awarded the position of advisory committee.
During the turn of the century from 65438 to 0700, Leibniz enthusiastically engaged in the planning and construction of the Academy of Sciences. He believes that it is a waste of time and little effect for scholars to engage in research independently, so he strongly advocates focusing talents on academics, culture and engineering technology in order to better arrange social production and guide national construction.
Since 1695, Leibniz has been lobbying for the establishment of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. 1698, he personally went to Berlin for this purpose. 1700, when he visited Berlin for the second time, he finally got the sponsorship of Friedrich I, especially his wife (daughter of Duke August of Hanover), and established the Berlin Academy of Sciences, and he became the first president. 1700 In February, he was also elected as an academician of the French Academy of Sciences. In this regard, Leibniz is a core member of the four major academies in the world: the Royal Society, the French Academy of Sciences, the Roman Academy of Sciences and Mathematics, and the Berlin Academy of Sciences.
17 13 At the beginning of this year, the Emperor of Vienna awarded the position of adviser to Leibniz Empire and invited him to guide the establishment of the Academy of Sciences. Peter the Great of Russia also listened to Leibniz's advice many times during his trip to Europe from 17LL to 17 16. Leibniz tried to convince the talented emperor that it was valuable to set up an academy of sciences in Petersburg. Peter the Great was very interested in this. 17 12 years, he gave Leibniz a position of paid court consultant in mathematics and science. 17 12 or so, and has also been employed by the royal families such as Victoria Cashier, Brunswick, Berlin and Petersburg. During this period, he actively promoted his plans to write encyclopedias, establish an academy of sciences and transform society by using technology whenever he had the opportunity. After his death, Vienna Academy of Sciences and Petersburg Academy of Sciences were established one after another. It is said that he once suggested through missionaries that Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty in China set up an academy of sciences in Beijing.
Just as Leibniz was favored by various courts, he had begun to move towards a miserable old age. In A.D.17161KLOC-0/4, Leibniz died of abdominal cramps caused by gallstones, and he was confined to bed for a week. He was 70 years old.
Leibniz never married and never worked as a professor in a university. He never goes to church at ordinary times, so he has a nickname Lovenix, which is a man who doesn't believe in anything. When he died, the priest ignored it as an excuse, and the court that hired him didn't ask, and no one came to offer condolences. On his deathbed, only his trusted doctor and secretary Eckhardt accompanied him. After Eckhardt issued the obituary, Vonner, secretary of the French Academy of Sciences, delivered a eulogy for foreign academician Leibniz at the regular meeting of the Academy of Sciences. 1793, Hanover built a monument for him; 1883, a vertical statue of him was erected near a church in Leipzig; 1983, the city government of hanover rebuilt the former residence of Leibniz destroyed in the second world war for people to visit. Newton started from physics and studied calculus by set method. His application is more combined with kinematics, and his accomplishments are higher than Leibniz's. Leibniz, on the other hand, started from geometric problems, introduced the concept of calculus by analytical method, and got an algorithm, which was more rigorous and systematic than Newton's algorithm. There is no need to pay too much attention to the problems before and after the name. Maybe it's the habit of future generations.