The usage of comma in Chinese
The usage of Chinese comma to separate subject and predicate
There is generally no comma between the subject and the predicate. However, if the subject and predicate are long, you need to use commas to indicate that there is a pause in the middle of the speech, which is also convenient for distinguishing syntactic structures when reading. For example:
(1) My mother's painful story in a few words and many unfair facts I saw with my own eyes inspired my childhood thoughts of resisting oppression and pursuing light, which made me determined to find a new life. (Zhu De's "Missing Mother")
(2) The doors and windows, pattern design and sculpture in Suzhou gardens are all top arts and crafts. (Ye Shengtao's Suzhou Gardens)
Bullets about the use of commas in examples are all added when quoted in this book. Example (L) has a long subject followed by a pause. The predicate of example (2) is long, and the subject-predicate structure acts as the predicate, and there is no comma in front of it, so it is difficult to distinguish it from the subject of the whole sentence.
Although some sentences are short, they need to be separated by commas when the subject-predicate boundary is unclear, which is very common in ancient books. For example, there are three punctuation methods for a sentence in the first chapter of Laozi:
(3) At the beginning of the nameless world, the mother of all things was famous all over the world.
(4) nameless, the beginning of heaven and earth; Fame is the mother of everything.
(5) Nothing is the beginning of heaven and earth; Yes, the mother of all things.
This sentence consists of two clauses. For the sake of breathing, it is enough to add a comma in the middle to indicate a pause, as shown in Example (3). However, in the two clauses separated in this way, the boundary between subject and predicate is unclear, so a comma is needed between subject and predicate to indicate the grammatical pause. Because of the different understanding of the original intention, the subject-predicate boundaries of Example (4) and Example (5) are different.
Regardless of the length of the sentence, when the subject needs to be emphasized, add a comma to separate it from the predicate. For example:
(6) Green is taken from blue, and green is blue; Ice, water, but colder than water. (Xun Kuang's "Persuasion")
(7) She has been teaching for 30 years, and she must not watch a talent be buried. (Li Xintian's "Never Forget")
The usage of comma after the subject of Chinese modal particles
Is there one after the subject? Huh? And then what? What? What? Hmm? Right? Modal words, such as speech pause, use commas. For example:
(1) In the ocean of the motherland, how many people sing for you and how many people are busy for you! (Tong Shangliang, Ocean and Life)
(2) As for him, he buried his head deeply in the proof and was extremely happy and absorbed. (Jin Ping, old proofreader)
Used before long objects that need to be separated from verbs.
Verbs and objects are closely related, and there is generally no need to add commas in the middle. One kind is suggestive verbs (such as: expressing, pointing out, declaring, reflecting, reporting, thinking, feeling, believing, discovering, seeing, hearing, knowing, suggesting). The object is often long, and commas are added when there is a pause between the verb and the object. For example:
(1) Some archaeologists believe that Australopithecus lived in the late Tertiary and early Quaternary. (Li Siguang's "People's Appearance")
(2) Archaeology shows that whales have landed before and finally returned to the sea because of their huge and heavy bodies. (Xu, biogeography)
The object of example (1) is in the form of a single sentence, and the object of example (2) is in the form of a complex sentence, both of which are relatively long, and a comma is used in front of them to indicate a pause, which helps to distinguish syntactic structures. If the following text is mentioned for emphasis, the comma can be changed to a colon. If the object is a noun phrase, you can't use a comma before it.
He realized that he had made a serious mistake.
He realized the seriousness of his mistake.
The object of Example (3) is a predicate phrase (sentence form), which is relatively independent and can be preceded by a comma. The object of example (4) is a noun phrase, which has no independence in the sentence and cannot be preceded by a comma.
After the predicate used for prepositions
( 1) ? What's the matter with you? (Lotus Lake in Sun Li)
(2) Very beautiful, the road in front of my house. (Primary school Chinese "The road in front of my house")
Used after the adverbial at the beginning of a sentence
Common adverbials at the beginning of a sentence include adverbials of time and place (when? When and where? Before, at? On), critical adverbials (of course, sure enough, true, visible, indicating, strictly speaking, generally speaking), related adverbials (second, then, on the contrary, in short), etc., adding commas helps to separate subjects. For example:
(1) 3.2 billion years ago, the most primitive life was born in the ocean. (Tong Shangliang, Ocean and Life)
On the vast sea, the wind is rolling with dark clouds. (Gorky's Haiyan)
As expected, the sky turned blue after the rain. (Xu Chi "Huangshan")
(4) In a word, the development of industry has brought environmental pollution, which is harmful to human health, and this harm is extensive and potential. (Yu Yongquan, "Creating a Good Environment for Humanity —— Introduction to Environmental Science")
The adverbial at the beginning of a sentence is the adverbial of time in example (1), the adverbial of place in example (2), the adverbial of comment in example (3) and the adverbial of association in example (4). If the adverbial at the beginning of the sentence is short and there is no pause when speaking, then there is no comma, as in Example (5)? Now? There is no comma after the following characters:
(5) Now our classification of knowledge and hundred schools of thought are much better and more scientific than those of the ancients. (Ma Nancun's four essays)
(6) In 1960s, movable type printing invented by Gutenberg was first introduced to Italy through the Benedictine monastery in Subiaco near Rome.
(7) 15 movable type printing, invented by Gutenberg in Germany in the forties and fifties, was first introduced to Italy through the Benedictine monastery in Subiaco near Rome.
Example (6)? 65438+60s? That was when movable type printing was introduced into Italy. If there is no comma after the adverbial at the beginning of a sentence, it will cause ambiguity. 65438+60s? It may be interpreted as the time when Gutenberg invented movable type printing, which is wrong. Example (7)? 65438+40 ~ 50 century? Don't put a comma after it, because this adverbial of time is a modification? Invention? Yes
Used after adverbials in sentences with long prepositional phrases.
Generally speaking, there is no comma between adverbial and predicate in a sentence. Adverbials in sentences composed of prepositional phrases are sometimes very long, and commas can be added after them. For example:
(1) There is a frog's eye, which, like a real frog's eye, can identify insect-like objects such as flies from objects of various shapes presented to it. (Wang, Eyes and Bionics)
(2) According to the structural characteristics and working principle of bee compound eye, people made a navigation instrument based on polarized light in the sky. Polarized astronomical compass? . (same as above)
Before the adverbial used for postposition
Adverbials are usually placed before and after the head language. As a rhetorical device, they are emphasized and preceded by commas. For example:
( 1)? I thank him for his kindness, for his kindness to me, and for his kindness to China. (Lu Xun's "To Tai Jingnong")
He stood up hard and slowly. (Modern Chinese in Zhang Zhigong)
Before being used as a postattribute.
Attributive after the head language also has the meaning of emphasis. For example:
(1) On the sea stands a mountain that has never been seen before. It is dark gray. (Yang Shuo's Haicheng)
(2) I am just a person, lonely. (Cao Yu's "Wang Zhaojun")
Used to supplement the explanation before the postappositive.
(1) Because I climbed two mountain peaks, Ziyun Peak and Lima Peak, all of which were steep slopes, stone walls and narrow roads, my legs were already weak. (Feng Zikai's "Tianducheng")
His name is Shui Sheng, the leader of the guerrillas and the leader of the Party in Zhuang Xiaowei. (Lotus Lake in Sun Li)
Example (1)? Mountain peak? Is it a standard language? Ziyun Peak and Lima Peak? It's appositive. example
2)? Aquatic? Is it a standard language? Guerrilla leaders and party leaders in Zhuang Xiaowei? It's appositive. In both cases, the post-appositive is a supplementary solution, and both are native languages, with commas in front.
Used before foreigners' names and behind them.
Many foreigners' names come before their surnames. In dictionary entries or name indexes, foreigners' surnames are put in front of their names as the head words, and commas are put in front of the names behind them. For example:
(1) Robbins, R.H. (Robert Henry Robbins 192 1? ) British linguist. (China Encyclopedia? Language and writing ")
(2) Lancaster and Joseph (Lancaster, Joseph 1778? 1838)-British educator. (Index of Names in Selected Works of Marx and Engels)
Used between coordinate words.
When it is necessary to make a slight pause (greater than the pause) between juxtaposed words, it is indicated by a comma. For example:
(1) This story is beautiful, elegant and interesting. (Lu Xun's "Good Story")
(2) Mobile warfare, guerrilla warfare and positional warfare (on protracted war by Mao Zedong)
(3) Look, Tiandu Peak, Lotus Peak, Yuping Peak, Lotus Peak, Guangmingding and Lion Forest are all beautiful places in the park. (Xu Chi "Huangshan")
(4) It is most difficult for readers to find out the position and direction when writing travel notes. Front, back, left and right, readers are still elusive. (Ye Shengtao's Three Days in Huangshan)
The next day, the woman packed a small package for her, which contained a new light coat, a new towel and a pair of new shoes. (Lotus Lake in Sun Li)
There are indeed many ridges here, high, short, long, short, horizontal and smooth, but none of them can remind people? Yunheng Tailing? That kind of dangerous sentence. (Lin Hai of Lao She)
Example (1) is the predicate, example (2) is the title, example (3) is the lyric, and example (4) is the modal particle, so there is a big pause in the middle, so they are all separated by commas. Example (5) Add? All over? One? A pair? Quantifiers are equal and adjectives are reused? New? , which means to emphasize each item and separate it with commas. Example (6) is a statement, not an example, with commas between the terms of the statement without pause.
Use? And then what? With what? And then what? Items connected by equal connectors usually have no commas between connectors. If there are many words in the conjunction or the items behind the conjunction are complementary, a comma can also be added in front of the conjunction. For example:
(7) Li Sao is a political lyric poem, which shows Qu Yuan's progressive ideal, his unremitting struggle to realize his ideal, as well as his frustration and his own anguish in the struggle. (China Encyclopedia? History of China? Chu ")
(8) I stayed in the city for several years, and finally only a suit of clothes and five dollars were left; Even the bedding is gone! (Lao She's Camel Xiangzi)
*(9) In this way, we have basically figured out who are the buyers of mainland books and what works they like in Chinese mainland.
*( 10) This solar eclipse occurred in the north of Spike, China, Altai, Xinjiang, swept through Mongolia and Mohe, China, and finally ended in the Arctic Ocean.
Example (7) There are many coordinate words, including two conjunctions. And then what? There is no pause before the word, so a comma is added? And then what? Before this word. Example (8)? And then what? Put a comma in front of the word to indicate that the following items have traceability. Conjunction? And then what? Can't connect clauses? And then what? Yes, for example (9)? And then what? The word is followed by a clause, and? And then what? Don't stop at the words. And then what? This word can be changed to? And then what? . Example (10)? And Altai region in Xinjiang, China? Add commas before and after, and the structure is loose. And then what? The comma before the word can be deleted.
There is no comma at the end of the vertical coordinate words, for example:
(1 1) What is the social stratum that should be paid attention to during the investigation? The following are:
industrial proletariat
skilled worker
Hire farm workers
poor peasant
(Mao Zedong's "Against Bookishness")
Because after the address in the sentence
(1) Aunt, where are you going? (Chen Guangsheng, Cui Jiajun, "People's Public Servant")
(2) You, Sasha, why do you want to help Liu Zhao? (Li Guowen "No.5 Garden Street")
Example (1) address format? Aunt? At the beginning of the sentence, example (2) Address form? Sasha. Between subject and predicate, followed by a comma. Address forms refer to the end of a sentence, followed by a period. If it is a single sentence, you can add an exclamation point after it.
Used after the call, response and exclamation in sentences.
(1) Just bent down, I suddenly heard Zhou Xiao's cry:? Hello, comrade, which unit are you from? (Wang Yuanjian's "threesome")
(2)? Is this happening? Ask when we meet.
? Well, that's true. ? Mr. Lu Xun said. (Tang Tao's Memories)
(3) Oh, here, rub it for me. (Zhou Libo, "Divide the Horse")
Salutations, responses, exclamations? Hello? Huh? Ouch? Used at the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma. If the call, reply and exclamation form a separate sentence, you can use the exclamation mark.
Delimited bracket
Parentheses are special components that have no syntactic relationship with other components in a sentence and can be separated from other components by commas. For example:
(1) In my opinion,? Looks cold, doesn't it? It is the spiritual essence and standpoint summary of Lu Xun's unremitting struggle all his life. (Tang Tao's Memories)
(2)? Lei Feng sunset? I have seen the real scenery, but it is not good, I think. (Lu Xun's "On the Collapse of Leifeng Tower")
(3) Since the painted work is called blue, the burned work is of course called blue burning, which is self-evident. (Ye Shengtao's The Making of Cloisonne)
Brackets? In my opinion? The example (1) appears at the beginning of the sentence, followed by a comma. ? I thought? In case (2), it appears at the end of the sentence, preceded by a comma. ? Needless to say? In case (3), it appears in the sentence with commas before and after it. If parentheses are closely connected with other components, there is no pause and no comma separation. For example:
(4) The yard has some Japanese flavor. It is said that this is where the Japanese live. (Guo Moruo's trip to Meiyuan New Village)
My wife may dump me today. (Thunderstorm by Cao Yu)
Parentheses in Example (4)? Do you hear me? Don't put a comma after it. Parentheses in Example (5)? Maybe? There are no commas before and after.
Used after some ordinal numbers.
? First, second? And then what? First, second? When there is a pause after the equal order, it is indicated by a comma. For example:
(1) Why do many people feel that they have not grown up? There are three reasons: first, parents always think they are more mature than their children; Second, parents always use their own standards to measure the maturity of their children; Third, it is inevitable for a person to wrestle on a mature road. Parents always don't want their children to wrestle out of love. (Nanshan "Please don't ask your parents?" Too strict? 》)
(2) The mysterious pagoda has become a model of learning books because of the following factors:
First, it is a typical regular script stippling and structure. ?
Secondly, it became the ultimate of Tang Kai. ?
Third, books are like people, and lovers are like words. Liu Gongquan's noble books and character are admired by future generations. (Zhang's Mysterious Pagoda of Liu Gongquan)
Used after a relative word that pauses when speaking.
? But, but, however, however, the result, therefore, later, otherwise, otherwise, then? If a related word like this is structurally independent, there will be a pause, and then a comma can be added. For example:
(1) Therefore, dust must be supervised by human beings and cannot be allowed to fly around. (Gao Shiqi dust can spread)
(2) Ask questions with analysis, otherwise, in the face of a lot of vague and messy things, you can't know that the problem is a contradiction. (Mao Zedong's "Opposing stereotyped Party writing")
(3) Many poets and painters in ancient and modern times praised the color of maple leaves. However, compared with persimmon trees, maple leaves are not as good. (Jun Qing's Autumn Color Fu)
If the related words are closely combined with other components, there is no pause when speaking, and no comma is added afterwards. For example:
(4) Probably what he meant was to swear not to be seen by ordinary people, otherwise it would be difficult to get an explanation. (Mao Zedong's "Opposing stereotyped Party writing")
Pronoun compounds refer to components that have a pause when separating speech.
(1) In China, the Yangtze River, Yellow River, Yarlung Zangbo River, Nujiang River, Lancang River and Tarim River, the largest inland river in China, all have their sources on glaciers. (Han Aimin, "Talking about Glaciers")
(2) Everyone in the world, who can know what walnuts these four trees are? (Serina Liu's secret of walnuts)
(3) Continental ice sheet, island ice sheet and plateau ice sheet are three types of ice sheet families. (Han Aimin, "Talking about Glaciers")
(4) Stop it, Xiangzi! (Lao She's Camel Xiangzi)
Words or phrases that are repeated separately.
A word or sentence is repeated for emphasis, separated by commas. For example:
(1) I can see it very clearly, very clearly! (Guo Moruo's Qu Yuan)
(2) The streets are rugged. It is said that there are many special task forces, as if the eyes of a German shepherd are shining everywhere in the air. (Guo Moruo's trip to Meiyuan New Village)
Sometimes the content of repeated words is slightly enlarged for explanation. For example:
(3) There are apples, the famous red banana apples at home and abroad, which are also so red, so bright and so lovely. (Jun Qing's Autumn Color Fu)
The second one? Apple? A modifier was added before it.
Clauses in complex sentences
Sometimes semicolons are needed to separate clauses in complex sentences, and commas are also used. For example:
(1) Wind is a weapon for desert to attack human beings, but it can also benefit human beings. (Zhu Kezhen's "March into the Desert")
(2) The body of contract workers belongs to the boss, so they don't have it at all? Do what? Or? Not doing it? Freedom. (Xia Yan's "Bonded Labor")
She picked up the key, opened the box first, then opened the jewelry box and put the money where she had put it. (Zhao Shuli "Registration")
Example (1) separates two clauses in a compound sentence with commas. Example (2) Separate the two clauses in the causal complex sentence with commas. Example (3) Separate four clauses in a complex sentence with commas.