Elective Course of History of People's Education 1 1 Reform Trend and Qin Historical Opportunity Teaching Plan

The historical background of the reform and reform in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

difficulty

The inevitability of reform and change during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

Analysis and Suggestions on the Content of Teaching Materials

The textbook introduces the Trend of Reform and Reform and the Historical Opportunity of Qin State from three aspects: the new atmosphere of social change, the surging reform and reform, and Qin State at the crossroads. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is a period of great turmoil, great change and great development in China's history. Economically, the productive forces developed rapidly, the well-field system collapsed, the private ownership of land was established, and new class relations emerged. Politically, with the decline of the royal family and the hegemony of the great powers, the literati representing the interests of the landlord class began to seize power and master the political power. With the change of economic base, it will inevitably bring about the change of superstructure. The emerging landlord class demanded the abolition of the aristocratic privilege of slave owners and the development of feudal economy, and the reform and reform were surging. At the crossroads, the State of Qin faces a great historical opportunity. Qin Xiaogong strived for self-improvement and reformed Shang Yang vigorously, which made the State of Qin strong rapidly. It is suggested that teachers should inspire students to contact politics, geography and other disciplines, analyze historical phenomena from different angles, and understand the laws of social development.

The introduction of this lesson consists of two parts: the situation map of the Warring States period and the text. Heroes fought for hegemony in the Warring States period, and the illustrations reflected the social situation in the Warring States period. It is suggested that teachers ask questions according to the text and illustrations to guide students to read and understand the introduction. Question: Qin is located in the western border and is relatively backward. But it was the remote and backward Qin State that stood out, unified the six countries and opened a new era in China's history. Why can Qin achieve reunification? Students combine questions to explore independently, and teachers guide students to enter this class on this basis.

The first item is "a new atmosphere of social change"

The textbook expounds the historical background of the reform and reform in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period from the aspects of social economy, politics, military affairs and culture. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were a period of great turmoil, great change and great development in China's history. The development of social productive forces has promoted the establishment of private ownership of land. At the same time, it also caused changes in social class relations. Changes in the economic base will inevitably lead to changes in the superstructure. In order to gain a favorable position in the war, the vassal states carried out reforms in Qiang Bing, a rich country.

(1) Rapid socio-economic development

The textbook expounds the development of productive forces from agriculture, handicraft industry and commerce.

Development of agricultural production. The textbook expounds the development of agriculture from the aspects of improving production tools and farming techniques, building water conservancy and fertilizing farmland.

The emergence and popularization of iron and Niu Geng. Teachers are advised to explain the use history of ironware in combination with historical materials. Iron began to be used in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn Period, iron was used in agricultural production; During the Warring States period, the use of iron farm tools was expanded. The arrival of the Iron Age marked the remarkable improvement of social productive forces in China. It is suggested that teachers use multimedia to display relevant historical materials about the use of iron during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and ask students to explore and learn independently. Then, ask the students to answer: What are the advantages of iron compared with wood, stone tools and bronze tools?

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Niu Geng technology began to appear and spread gradually. Niu Geng technology, only when used with iron, can play its role. The appearance of plough greatly improved the farming efficiency. The application of Niu Geng is an agricultural dynamic revolution in the history of agricultural technology in China. At that time, people used cows and plows together in their names, which showed that Niu Geng was very common and important in social production at that time. Confucius disciple ran Geng word boniu; There was a strongman in the state of Jin named Niu Geng. In Guoyu Yujin, it is recorded that "one mu of sacrifice to the ancestral temple" also confirms the fact that Niu Geng existed in the Spring and Autumn Period.

It is suggested that teachers sum up that the use of ironware and Niu Geng has greatly improved the efficiency of agricultural production, and created conditions for the reclamation of a large number of private fields and the construction of irrigation and water conservancy facilities.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, water conservancy irrigation developed greatly. Teachers are advised to display relevant historical materials with multimedia and invite students to explore and learn independently. Students can also combine the relevant historical knowledge learned in junior high school and answer: What are the water conservancy projects in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period? What is the important role of these water conservancy projects?

The development of handicraft industry. The textbook explains the progress of handicraft technology from the aspects of smelting and casting, textile and paint making. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the metallurgical industry had an epoch-making development. The textile industry has also made great progress. In the Warring States period, coating technology has been adopted.

Business is becoming more and more active. Business is developed, local products are exchanged, and the Central Plains market is prosperous. A bustling commercial center appeared.

(2) the emergence of feudal relations of production

The textbook focuses on the causes of feudal relations of production and the desire of emerging landlords and yeomen to develop feudal economy through reform.

The application of ironware, the popularization of Niu Geng, and the application of technologies such as water conservancy and fertilization made the productivity of this period develop greatly. The progress of productivity has caused the change of production mode, the collective mode of slavery has gradually disintegrated, and the small-scale peasant economy characterized by small production and individual operation with one household as a unit has developed. With the reclamation and increase of private land, private landowners began to change the way of exploitation in order to increase their income. Divide your own "private land" into small pieces, rent it to slaves and bankrupt civilians for farming, and collect land rent from the renters. In order to continue to safeguard their own interests, some slave owners also took the initiative to change the way of exploitation and implement land rent exploitation that is more suitable for the level of productivity. The economic foundation of slave society-the well field system declined, and the feudal private ownership of land was established.

(3) the reform of the superstructure

The textbook focuses on the inevitability of superstructure reform. The economic base determines the superstructure, and the change of social and economic system will inevitably lead to the change of political system. During the Warring States period, with the continuous development of feudal economy, the economic status of emerging landlords was constantly improved, and their political power was also growing, becoming a powerful political force. On the other hand, the development of productive forces and the change of production relations have disintegrated the old mode of possession of means of production-the well-field system and the corresponding mode of slavery and exploitation. With the collapse of the superstructure foundation of slavery, it is necessary for the development of productive forces and historical necessity to rule by the landlord class instead of the slave owner class. Some outstanding politicians, following the trend of the times, carried out political reforms, established and strengthened feudal autocratic rule, and replaced the joint dictatorship of monarchies and nobles with centralized system.

It is suggested that teachers should ask questions in combination with textbooks: Why is the reform of superstructure a historical necessity? Then, let the students combine the problems and carry out independent inquiry learning.

(4) the internal motivation of reform and political reform.

Teaching material analysis explained the relationship between reform and war, and then explained the necessity of reform. During the Warring States period, competition was fierce and wars were frequent. In order to enrich Qiang Bing, various vassal states carried out reforms in succession.

(5) Legalism became the ideological and theoretical weapon of the Reform.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, fierce political struggle and economic prosperity promoted the unprecedented development of academic thought. At that time, it was impossible to implement cultural autocracy, and "scholars" who held their own opinions were free to express their opinions. Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, Law and other schools have been born one after another, and there has been an active situation in which a hundred schools of thought contend. Legalist thought conforms to the needs of the times and becomes the ideological and theoretical weapon of political reform. The representative figures of Legalism are Li Kui, Wuqi and Shang Yang. It is suggested that teachers should collect the relevant materials of legalists extensively in teaching and set questions: Why was legalist theory highly respected in the Warring States Period and became the theoretical weapon of political reform in various countries? Let the students cooperate in groups, exchange ideas and draw conclusions.

The second item is "surging reform and reform"

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, in order to adapt to the development of productive forces, the vassal states stabilized and consolidated their rule. And in a favorable position in the war of hegemony or merger, they launched the political reform movement one after another. The textbook expounds the relevant contents of the reform and reform during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. These reforms and changes provided experience and lessons for Shang Yang's political reform.

(1) Reform in the Spring and Autumn Period

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi and Lu established feudal land ownership through tax reform.

In the Spring and Autumn Period, with the progress of productive forces and the emergence of feudal exploitation methods, the well-field system was difficult to maintain. There have been cases of land shortage in many places, such as "the field is dead" and "the field is in the grass, but it is not harvested". In the state of Qi, there are also cases of "no field and no field, but overgrown with weeds" and "no field and no field, but weeds grow vigorously" (meaning that you don't want to cultivate the commons). In order to expand tax sources and increase income, Qi Huangong appointed Guan Zhong as an assistant to carry out reform. Guan Zhong first started with the economy, implemented the policy of "well-field system" and "declining land", and levied taxes according to the amount of land and the quality of land. Politically and militarily, the "land distribution system" was implemented. Guanzhong reform played down the boundary between public land and private land, and essentially recognized the private ownership of land. Guanzhong reform mobilized the enthusiasm of landlords to manage land, promoted the development of production, and laid a material foundation for the strength of Qi.

In 594 BC, Lu implemented the "initial tax mu". It is stipulated that no matter whether it is public or private, it will be "taxed by mu". This openly acknowledged the private ownership of land.

The essence of tax reform is to abolish the well-field system in slave society and recognize the private ownership of land.

(2) Reform in the Warring States Period

The textbook expounds the historical background of the political reform in the Warring States, as well as the political reform in Li Kui and Wuqi.

During the Warring States period, with the continuous development of feudal economy, the economic status of the emerging landlord class was constantly improved, and its political power was also growing, becoming a powerful class force. The development of productive forces has caused changes in production relations. Well-field system and the corresponding exploitation mode of slavery collapsed, and the economic base of slavery collapsed. At the same time, the rulers of various countries hope to strengthen their military strength in the fierce merger through political reform and realize Qiang Bing's prosperity.

The political reform in Wei Dynasty. Wei took the lead in becoming strong through political reform in the Warring States Period. Wuqi's political reform in Chu also had a great influence. The reform of Wuqi in Chu has achieved certain results. Chu won many battles in the war of annexation and became a powerful country in the Warring States period. It is suggested that teachers use multimedia to display historical materials related to Wuqi reform for students to read and deepen their understanding of Wuqi reform.

The third item is "Qin at the crossroads"

Qin is located in the western border and relatively backward. Now, Qin has stepped into the ranks of powerful countries. Qin Xiangong's reform created conditions for Shang Yang's political reform. When Qin Xiaogong was in China, Qin was faced with a great historical opportunity. Qin Xiaogong seized the opportunity, reused Shang Yang, and carried out the political reform movement that changed the historical process of Qin and even the whole China.

The textbook focuses on the historical background of Shang Yang's political reform.

(1) Qin Mugong ruled Xirong. Qin, located in the western border, has always been despised by the vassal States and called it "the land of barbarians". At that time, he appointed Priscilla, Uncle Jian and He as counselors, defeated the State of Jin, occupied Jin and destroyed it. Later, in Kunming (now southeast of Sanmenxia, Henan Province), it was attacked by the Jin army and was defeated. Turn to the west, attack and destroy the twelve countries, and dominate Xirong. Qin has since stepped into the ranks of powerful countries. However, Qin lags behind other countries in the Central Plains in economy, politics and culture.

(2) Qin Xiangong reform. Qin Xiangong's reform prepared the necessary conditions for Shang Yang's political reform. Students are required to explore and learn independently according to the content of the textbook.

(3) The historical opportunity of Qin. The textbook focuses on the historical background of Qin Xiaogong's reuse of Shang Yang's political reform. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, Qin has practiced the system of land reclamation, and the patriarchal clan system is not strict, so talents from all countries can be reused in Qin. Teachers are advised to ask questions in combination with textbooks: What historical opportunities did Qin face in the 4th century BC? What role did Qin Xiaogong personally play in the history of Qin State? Then students are required to carry out independent inquiry learning in combination with problems.

Third, teaching design and cases

1. Instructional design

"A new atmosphere of social change". (1) Use multimedia to present relevant materials during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Setting question: What was the social and economic development during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period? What changes have taken place in the position of workers under the new conditions of production relations? How was the feudal class relationship formed? Students are required to carry out independent inquiry learning in combination with problems. (2) Use the contents of the window of learning and thinking to let students read first and then complete the questions. Please refer to the Q&A section for the activity flow.

The goal of "political reform and reform" Teachers are advised to design the textbook: (1): How was the state-owned land system (i.e., well field system) in slave society replaced by the feudal private land system, combined with the relevant contents of tax reform in various vassal countries in the Spring and Autumn Period? (2) Students design forms and fill in the relevant contents of Li Kui Reform and Wuqi Reform. Compare the similarities and differences between the two reforms. (3) Teachers and students * * * share the knowledge structure of this part of the design:

Qin State at the Crossroads. In teaching, it is suggested that teachers use network resources to provide materials about Qin Mugong, Qin Xiangong and Qin Xiaogong, set questions (see teaching material analysis for the questions), and then let students use historical materials to conduct cooperative inquiry learning on the questions.

2. Teaching cases

In case one, when learning the purpose of "New Weather of Social Change", the materials are introduced by means of physical projection, computer or slides.

Data: The appearance and popularization of iron farm tools during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period;

Materials 1: 1990, archaeologists found an iron object with a copper handle in the Western Zhou Dynasty in Guo Cemetery, Sanmenxia, Henan Province, which was identified as an artificial iron smelting product. This advanced the history of using iron in China from the 9th century BC to the 8th century BC.

The second material, Strange Words of Mandarin, records Guan Zhong's words: "The dollar casts a sword and halberd, and all dogs and horses are tested. Cast evil gold, burn it, call it, and try it in loam. " The dollar here refers to bronze, and the evil gold refers to iron, which shows that the State of Qi made agricultural tools out of iron. In the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, there was a record of "making 4,000 disciples" in the inscription on Zhong written by Qi, and "Kun" was the first word of "Tie". However, it should be noted that the number of ironware unearthed in the Spring and Autumn Period was very small after all, indicating that the use of ironware at that time was still very uncommon.

Material 3 Engels said: "Iron makes it possible to cultivate a larger area of farmland and reclaim a vast forest area; It provided a tool for handicraft workers, which was strong and sharp and would not be resisted by stones or other metals known at that time. These are gradually realized; The original iron was often softer than bronze, so the stone tools just slowly disappeared. "

-Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 4, page 159.

In case 2, when learning the surging reform and political reform, pictures were introduced by means of physical projection, computer or slides:

Photo: Guan Zhong, Li Kui and Wu Qi.

By introducing the life stories of Guan Zhong, Li Kui and Wu Qi, we can deepen our understanding of the political reform in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

Case three, when introducing the "Qin State at the Crossroads", the teacher can introduce it like this:

A relatively backward state of Qin, located in the western border, can look at the Central Plains and finally annex the six countries of Lian Heng to unify the whole country. With what? Relying on system innovation-"Shang Yang's political reform". In the 4th century BC, Qin faced great historical opportunities. The rulers of Qin seized the opportunity and appointed Shang Yang to carry out reforms under the guidance of Legalism. After the political reform, the State of Qin became powerful rapidly, and finally completed the great cause of unifying China. In today's reform and opening up, it is still very interesting for us to revisit this period of history.

Fourth, answer questions.

A window for learning and thinking.

Please think about it. At that time, both militarists and legalists advocated paying attention to war and winning it. Why do they have such an understanding? What is the relationship between political reform and victory?

The key to solving the problem: thought is the reflection of social reality; Why is political reform conducive to defeating the other side?

Thinking guidance: contact the thoughts of military strategists and legalists to understand the relationship between this thought and "self-denial and rejuvenation"; Answer from the purpose and content of political reform.

Answer hint: Thought is a reflection of reality. War is a remarkable feature of the Warring States period, and "conquering and strengthening the country" is the main thread of the Warring States history. During the Warring States period, in order to defeat each other, the vassal states attached great importance to the development of agriculture and rewarded military achievements. Legalists are reformists of the landlord class. Legalist thought directly originated from the political reform activities in the Warring States period. Military strategist's thought comes from war practice, which is a theoretical sublimation based on war practice. Progressive thought provides the ideological basis for social change and guides the process of social change.

Only through reform and political reform can the vassal states develop their economies, can Qiang Bing become rich and achieve the goal of consolidating their rule at home and defeating each other abroad.

A summary of research-based learning

(A) curriculum evaluation

1. What was the fundamental reason why the vassal states carried out reforms and reforms during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period?

The key to solving the problem: the fundamental reason of reform and reform should be considered from the perspective of productivity development.

Thinking guidance: the development of productive forces causes changes in social class relations; Changes in the economic base will inevitably lead to changes in the superstructure.

A: During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the productive forces developed rapidly and the social economy changed fundamentally. The development of productive forces has promoted the establishment of private ownership of land, further weakened the personal attachment relationship and caused changes in class relations. New landlords and yeomen appeared. Emerging landlords and yeomen demanded to break the shackles and further liberate the productive forces. And the change of economic base will inevitably lead to the change of superstructure. Therefore, the fundamental reason for the reform is the development of social productive forces.

2. In addition to Shang Yang's political reform in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which other countries carried out influential reforms?

The key to solving the problem: what are the famous reforms during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period?

Thinking guidance: What changes have taken place in social relations and superstructure during the Spring and Autumn Period? During the Warring States period, what reforms did the emerging landlord class carry out in order to develop the feudal economy and consolidate the feudal rule?

A: During the Spring and Autumn Period, changes in social relations of production and superstructure have begun. The famous ones are Guan Zhong's reform in Qi State and Lu State's reform. Guan Zhong of Qi adopted the policy of "refusing land acquisition", which essentially recognized private ownership of land. Lu implemented the "initial tax mu" and publicly recognized the private ownership of land.

During the Warring States Period, Li Kui presided over the political reform of Wei. Wei took the lead in the Warring States period by carrying out "all-out education", "flat law" and formulating "legal classics" Wuqi's political reform in Chu also had a great influence. It advocates limiting and weakening aristocratic forces, rectifying official management and improving social atmosphere. After the reform, Chu became a powerful country in the Warring States period.

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