The origins of Three Jin, Three Qin and Three Hunan?
What are the three Jins?
It is said that Taiyuan was a fiefdom of the ancient Tang Dynasty. Shanxi was referred to as Jin, and the three Jins were the good names of Shanxi and Taiyuan. This article will talk about the history of Taiyuan in terms of the relationship between Tang, Jin and Three
Jins.
1. About Tang Dynasty. The original meaning of Tang in Chinese characters is big words, which is extended to mean broad. "Lunheng·Zhengshuo" notes that "in Tang
it was called arrogance." Yang Xiong's "Ode to Ganquan" contains the sentence "Plain Tang and its altar are so beautiful". However, in China and in the world
Speaking of the Tang Dynasty, people always think of the Tang Dynasty, a great feudal empire in Chinese history. In 617 A.D., Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, Yang Guanghao, was very happy with his achievements and was extravagant. He recruited the people and carried out large-scale construction projects. The people were in dire straits, and the peasant uprising developed like a fire.
In the situation, Li Yuan and his son "Taiyuan Gongzi" Li Shimin, who were left behind in Taiyuan, took the opportunity to raise troops and attack Chang'an. The following year, the Sui Dynasty fell. Li Yuan proclaimed himself emperor in Guanzhong. The country was named Tang and the capital was established in Chang'an. In the early Tang Dynasty, after the "Government of Zhenguan", the country became extremely powerful
In the second half of the 7th century, the northern boundary once included Lake Baikal and the upper reaches of the Yenisey River, reaching the Caspian Sea in the northwest and < /p>
To the Sea of Japan. The Tang Dynasty can be regarded as a large empire spanning Asia and Europe, occupying an important position in the history of China and the world.
But why did Li Yuan and his son, after taking over the world, name their country Tang? We have to start with Taiyuan, Shanxi.
According to legend, around the 21st century BC, China was in the late stage of patriarchal clan society. The Yellow Emperor was the ancestor of all ancient clans. territory. Yao was a descendant of Tao Tang, named Fangxun. He built his capital in Pingyang (today's mountain
west of Fen, where the existing Yao temple is located), and was known as Tang Yao in history. Liu Lei, a Miao descendant of Emperor Yao, was granted the title of Tang State, an ancient state with very early history in my country, which went through the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. By the 11th century BC, after King Wu of Zhou destroyed Yin, he also annihilated the Tang Dynasty of the rebellious descendants of Liu Lei. After the death of King Wu of Zhou, his son succeeded to the throne and became King Cheng of Zhou. King Cheng granted his younger brother Shu Yu the title of Yu in the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty, where Shu Yu was granted the title, actually accepted everything left by Liu Lei's descendants, and its territory was the Fen River and Hui River basins in Shanxi. As for where the ancient Tang City is located, there are two theories: one is 20 miles west of Yicheng County; the other is 2 miles north of Jinyang County, Bingzhou. No examination will be conducted here
. But the more common theory is that the latter may be because people have seen from the reality that after the Tang Dynasty was changed to Jin Dynasty, later generations did build Jinyang City in the old Tang City and built it in Jinyang for Tang Shuyu. Come to Ci Tang. My opinion is that both theories are possible. To put it more objectively, it may be that Yao and Tang Dynasties established their capital in Linfen, and Liu Lei’s descendants built Tang City in the Yicheng area. Uncle Yu Feng< /p>
After the Tang Dynasty, Tang City was built in Jinyang. In any case, Taiyuan, Shanxi, was a fiefdom of the ancient Tang Dynasty.
Li Yuan stayed in Taiyuan during the Sui Dynasty and became the hereditary Duke of Tang. After Li Yuan and Li Shimin and their sons seized the world, Taiyuan was the place where they revolted and prospered the country, and it was also the hometown of the ancient Tang Dynasty. Moreover, the character Tang itself is an auspicious character in Chinese, with a large and wide < /p>
Meaning. Therefore, the country was named Tang. Since the Tang emperors had a vast territory and strong national power during their heyday, they had a great influence on world history. The United Kingdom, the United States and other countries still refer to Chinese expatriates as Tang people, and the areas where overseas Chinese live there are still called "Tang people". "China Street" refers to Chinese clothing as "Tang Suit". Everyone knows this, but they don’t know that the Tang characters of the Tang Dynasty still come from Taiyuan, Shanxi!
2. About Jin. In the Jin Dynasty during the Western Zhou Dynasty, around the 11th century BC, King Zhou Cheng granted his younger brother Shu Yu the title of Tang Dynasty and his son Xie's father changed the name of Tang Dynasty to Jin Dynasty. In 222 BC, King Xi of Zhao Dynasty was defeated by Qin soldiers. , the Zhao State was completely destroyed and existed in Chinese history for nearly 800 years. The Jin mentioned here includes Jin and the three Jins. Let’s talk about Jin first.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the titles of the Emperor of Zhou were divided into five categories: Duke, Marquis, Bo, Zi, and Male.
Calculated from the Jin lineage, Jin Zuo
has experienced 17 generations as a prince and 20 generations as a principality. The total number of princes is 37 generations and 634 years, plus the three families of Zhao, Wei and Han
< p>The Jin Dynasty was divided into three princely states. By the time Qin destroyed Zhao and unified China in 154 years, the total period was 788 years. It can be seen that Jin, as an ancient civilization with a long history in the pre-Qin period, plays an important role in Chinese history. The Jin Dynasty and the division of Zhao, Wei and HanAfter the Jin Dynasty, its territory includes the main areas that represent the oldest and most civilized cultural development of the Chinese nation. Judging from the ancient cultural sites that have been discovered, they include Xiwangcun Culture in Ruicheng, Shanxi, Dongxiafeng Culture in Xia County, Taosi Culture in Xiangfen, Peiligang Culture in Zhengzhou in Henan, and Anyang Hougang, Dasikong Culture, Mianchi Yangshao Culture, Sanmenxia City Miaodigou Culture, Hebei Wuxian Cishan Culture, these representative areas of Xia, Shang and Zhou cultures were all within the scope of the Jin State at that time In other words, the Jin State at that time included most of Shanxi and parts of Hebei and Henan. The main territory of the Jin State is in Shanxi, so it is natural that Shanxi is called Jin for short. As for why Xiefu changed the name of Tang Dynasty to Jin, there are two theories. One is because there is Jinshui in the territory, so it is called Jin; the other is that the original meaning of Jin is the same as advance, which means to move forward. Where did it come from? There is no way to test the righteousness, but it is generally accepted that Shanxi is called Jin.
It is also necessary to explain here that the status of the Jin Kingdom was originally inherited from the Tang Dynasty in the 11th century BC when King Cheng of Zhou Dynasty conferred the title of his younger brother Shu Yu.
After Xie's father changed the Tang Dynasty to Jin Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty There is no distinction between Jin and Jin. Tang Shuyu was a lord of the Tang Dynasty and the ancestor of the Jin Dynasty. This is exactly what Sima Qian said in "Historical Records: Jin Family" as "Jin, Tang Shu Yu". During the Zhou Dynasty, Jin was originally a vassal state,
that is, a second-class vassal state. Around 680 BC, after Marquis Wu of Jin destroyed Marquis Min and ascended the throne, he called himself Quwo Wugong and privately raised his standards. In order to obtain the recognition of the central government, Duke Wu used unfair means. He gave all the treasures, gold, jade, and bronze objects of Jin to the emperor of Zhou, who was greedy for money and treasures. The Emperor of Zhou accepted the bribe of Duke Wu of Quwo and granted him the title of Duke Wu of Jin.
He was promoted to a principality and became a powerful prince. Sima Qian recorded the scandal of Jin Wu Gong's bribery to obtain promotion to a duke without reservation in "Jin Family", which left an eternal infamy in history. However, after Jin Wu became a principality, he only reigned for two years and failed to achieve anything. Afterwards, Duke Xian favored Li Ji, which caused disasters in Jin; Duke Hui responded with resentment, which worsened the relationship between Qin and Jin. The disasters in Jin continued and the national power declined. In 645 BC, Duke Zi Chong'er of Jin, who had been in exile for 19 years, returned to China with the support of Duke Mu of Qin and ascended the throne, and was known as Duke Wen of Jin in history. Because Jin Wengong suffered from wandering, after he ascended the throne
he implemented the internal policy of benefiting the people, lifting bans and low taxes, rewarding farming, relieving poverty, reducing tariffs, encouraging trade, and promoting Dharma teachings
, simple folk customs; the Qin and Jin had good relations with foreign countries, and multi-generational marriages maintained relative stability, making the Jin people rich and the country strong, and realizing Jin's rejuvenation and hegemony. In 572 BC, after Duke Dao of Jin came to the throne, the power of Jin Dynasty declined day by day.
3. About the "Three Jins". In 458 BC, not long after Duke Ai of Jin came to the throne, Zhibo, one of the six ministers of Jin (Zhi, Zhao, Wei, Han, Fan, Zhongxing), took control of the real power of Jin. The Wei family divided the lands of the Fan family and the Zhongxing family. Then Zhibo joined forces with Han and Wei to besiege Jinyang, the capital of Zhao State, and the soldiers poured water in an attempt to destroy Zhao in one fell swoop. Zhao Xiangzi used the principle of "
A dead lip means a cold tooth", so he sent people to secretly persuade Han and Wei, and the three families united against Zhibo and defeated Zhibo's army in Jinyang
, kill Zhibo. In 453 BC, the three families of Zhao, Han, and Wei divided the territory of Jin. In 403 BC, the 23rd year of King Weilie of Zhou
(the 17th year of Duke Liegong of Jin), Zhao, Wei, and Han were granted the title of princes.
Since Zhao, Wei, and Han were all born in the Kingdom of Jin
After the "Three Kingdoms were divided into Jin", although the Kingdom of Jin was declared to be destroyed, the emerging Zhao, Wei, and Han were active as princes in China
< p>Hua stage; but as a principality of Jin, its Lie Gong, Xiao Gong and Jing Gong existed in name only in the small world for 28 years
The Jin Dynasty and the Three Jin Dynasties were an indivisible ancient civilization in Chinese history before the unification of Qin Dynasty. The so-called Three Jins
It means that the three families are divided into Jin, and the Jin is divided into three families. The division of the three families into the Jin Dynasty marked the beginning of the Warring States Period (403 BC) in Chinese history. Sima Guang's "Zizhi Tongjian" took the division of the three families into the Jin Dynasty as the beginning and mentioned the term "three Jins". . The Three Jin Dynasties
In fact, it is also the collective name for this period of history in later generations. I think, just as later generations called Shu, Wei, and Wu in the late Eastern Han Dynasty the Three Kingdoms
it refers to this period of history in general. The Three Jin Dynasties not only represent the Jin State that dominated the Spring and Autumn Period, but also include Zhao,
Wei, and Han who were among the seven heroes of the Warring States Period. After 2,000 years, people still miss and praise the Three Jins. They refer to Shanxi as the Three Jins, which shows that the status of the Three Jins in Chinese history is more extensive than that of the Jin Dynasty. The connotation of being one of the birthplaces in the history of national civilization; it shows that the Sanjin culture has achieved the integration of northern culture and Central Plains culture and has made a historical contribution to the inheritance and development of Chinese national culture. Contribution; It shows that Sanjin is a geomantic treasure land of the motherland due to its superior geographical location, rich resources and talented people.
The sons and daughters of Sanjin, who have a long history of 30 centuries and are nurtured by ancient culture, will surely play a more glorious song of triumph in the land of Sanjin in the glorious era of the new century!
What is Sanqin?
1: The Sanqin Mountains originated in the reign of Emperor Qin Shihuang. The earliest ancient tribe name was Xianyang City and the country was named "Qin"
2: The Sanqin Mountains are adjacent to the Qinling Mountains in the south and the Beishan Mountains in the north. , starting from Baoji Gorge in the west and ending at Tongguan in the east, it is about 360 kilometers long from east to west, accounting for about 19% of the total land area of the province, and the plain is 520 meters above sea level. Known as "Eight Hundred Miles of Qinchuan"! ! !
3: "Qin" was the earliest name of an ancient tribe. It was the name of the country in the Spring and Autumn Period, with many cities in Yong (Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province). Qin, as the abbreviation of Shaanxi, was first named because Shaanxi was the land of Qin during the Warring States Period/one of the birthplaces of human ancestors in the Three Qin Dynasty, dating back five to six hundred thousand years. The "Lantian ape man" known as "Lantian ape man" thrived in the upper reaches of the Bahe River in the Guanzhong Plain some 30,000 to 40,000 years ago. The primitive humans in the Guanzhong area gradually entered the clan commune period, and they were active near Xi'an and throughout the Weihe River Basin. The first unified, centralized feudal state in the history of our country was established by the Qin people with the surname Ying/
4: The Sanqin should refer to "Guanzhong", "Southern Shaanxi" and "Shaanxi" North》Three regions! ! !
What is Sanxiang?
The term "Three Hunan and Four Rivers" is very familiar to Chinese people, both the media and people
They all like to use "Three Hunan and Four Rivers" in daily communication. It refers to Hunan. However, there are many ways to refer to the term "Three Hunan and Four Rivers". The "four rivers" in "Three Hunan and Four Rivers" refer to the Xiangjiang River, Zijiang River and Yuan River. /p>
The four rivers of Jiang and Lishui have basically achieved common understanding, but their understanding of the term "Sanxiang" is different
Xiang" not only meant the Xiangshui River, but was also evolved into a regional name by poets. Since the Song Dynasty, people< /p>
The term "Sanxiang" is often used to refer to Hunan. There are generally several theories as to what "Sanxiang" is:
One theory refers to: the origin of the Xiang River and the Li River. After the water merges, it is called Lixiang, when the middle reaches merges with Xiaoshui, it is called Xiaoxiang, and when the downstream merges with Zhanshui, it is called Zhengxiang, hence the name "Sanxiang".
One theory. It refers to: Xiangxiang is Lower Hunan, Xiangtan is Middle Hunan, and Xiangyin is Upper Hunan, collectively called "Three Hunan".
One way of saying it is: it is used for the three regions of Eastern Hunan, Western Hunan, and Southern Hunan. The general term refers to the entire province of Hunan.
However, the above three statements have their own shortcomings, and it seems that they cannot basically summarize the entire province of Hunan.
According to "Shui Jing Zhu": "The Xiang River comes out of Yanghai Mountain in Shi'an County, Lingling". The northern region of Guangxi was under the jurisdiction of Lingling County in the Han Dynasty, and Shi'an County is now Xing'an County in Guangxi. Yanghai Mountain is now called Yangshuo Mountain. There is a large stone tablet of "Xiang-Li Distribution" on Yangshuo Mountain. The Xiang River flows to the northeast and the Li River flows to the northwest. This is Xiang-Li District
< p>The watershed between the two rivers is commonly known as "Lixiang". The Xiangshui River meanders into Lingling, Hunan Province, merges with the Xiaoshui River originating from Jiuyi Mountain and then flows northward. This section is the upper reaches of the Xiangshui River and is called "Xiaoxiang". Xiaoxiang ErshuiIt flows to Hengyang and merges with Zhanshui River. It is the downstream of Xiangshui River and is called Zhengxiang River. Therefore, "Lixiang",
"Xiaoxiang" and "Zhengxiang" are collectively referred to as "Sanxiang". Regardless of the fact that the Lishui River does not flow into Hunan, the obvious flaw of this statement is that it does not cover a large area of land in northwest Hunan. The second theory calls Xiangtan, Xiangxiang, and Xiangyin together as the Three Xiangs. However, Xiangtan, Xiangxiang, and Xiangyin are distributed in northern and central Hunan, and it is impossible to summarize the entire province of Hunan. The third theory uses "Sanxiang" as the general name for the three regions of northern Hunan, western Hunan and southern Hunan. Although this statement covers a wider geographical range than the first two statements, it also omits central and eastern Hunan, so it cannot generalize to the entire province of Hunan.
However, there is another saying that I agree with but it is rare, and that is to use "Sanxiang" as the abbreviation of "Xiaoxiang", "Zhengxiang" and "Yuanxiang"
. As we all know, the "Yuan River" is the longest river in Hunan. It flows through western Hunan and into eastern Hunan. The Xiang River flows through Changsha and Xiangyin and then merges with the Yuan River. It can be said that It is the lower reaches of the Xiang River, so it is justifiable to call it "Yuanxiang". Qu Yuan said in "Huaisha" written before he threw himself into the river: "The vastness of Yuanxiang is divided into streams. The road is built and obscured, and the road is far away." In "Li Sao"
It is also said: "When we conquer the south of Yuan and Hunan, we should focus on China and make a speech." Dai Shulun in the Tang Dynasty also said, "The flow of Yuan and Xiang is not exhausted
How deep is Qu Zi's resentment! At dusk, the autumn wind rises , the poem "Xiao Xiaofeng Forest" is spread throughout the world. From this we can see that the name "Yuanxiang" existed in ancient times. The Lishui River does not flow into Hunan, and the Lishui River and the Xiang
water have neither the same origin nor different water systems. The Lijiang River originates from Mao'er Mountain in Xing'an and flows southward into the Pearl River. It belongs to the
Pearl River water system. The Xiangjiang River originates from Haiyang Mountain in the east of Guilin and flows north into Hunan. It belongs to the Yangtze River system
. Because the Li River has a small water volume but a high water level, and the Xiang River has a large water volume but a low water level, the height difference between the two rivers is 32 meters
. In order to divert water from the Xiang River into the Li River, an artificial canal, the Ling Canal, was built to merge the water. The water was then poured into the Xiang River through the North Canal and into the Li River through the South Canal. Only then did the theory of the confluence of Li and Xiang come into being. Therefore, it seems inappropriate to use "Xiaoxiang, Zhengxiang, and Lixiang" to refer to Hunan. The use of "Xiaoxiang" and "Zhengxiang"
"Yuanxiang" collectively referred to as "Sanxiang" basically covers the entire Hunan and more comprehensively embodies the characteristics of Hunan
geographical features.