Phrases to help memory in human anatomy
One sniff, two look, three moving eyes,
Four strokes, five forks and six abduction,
Seven faces, eight ears, nine tongues and pharynx,
Vagus nerve and hypoglossal nerve.
(The last sentence is changed to "complete accessory hypoglossal nerve", which is more comfortable to carry. )
Femoral vein (V), femoral artery (A) and femoral nerve (N)
The arrangement of the femoral triangle just constitutes the English word van.
Ligament connecting vertebrae
There are mainly five types, including three long ligaments (supraspinous ligament, anterior longitudinal ligament and posterior longitudinal ligament) and two short ligaments (ligamentum flavum and interspinous ligament), which can be summarized as "three long and two short"
Eyeball structure
One hole (pupil), two bodies (lens and vitreous body) and three membranes (adventitia, media and intima).
Eight carpal bones
Boat-moon triangle beans, big and small head hooks.
Branches of abdominal aorta
The middle and upper kidney moves with the testis [female ovarian artery], the upper intestine and the lower abdomen.
The main structure of entering and leaving the hilum
(pulmonary artery-artery, pulmonary vein-static and bronchial-branch) arrangement: from front to back (the left and right lung roots are the same), pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery and bronchus, from top to bottom, the left lung root is pulmonary artery, bronchus and pulmonary vein, and the right lung root is bronchus, pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein. Because of the different arrangement of front and back and up and down, it is easy to remember upside down and make mistakes.
Suppose a comrade surnamed Qin is called "Comrade Qin" (static, dynamic and branch-that is, the order of left and right lung roots from front to back); The English name is "Tongzhi Qin" (Tongzhi Qin-dynamic, dynamic and static, that is, the top-down arrangement order of the left lung root), and finally inverted (ambition is the same as Qin-dynamic and static, and the right lung root is arranged from top to bottom).
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1. Motion system
Whole-body skeleton
Although the bones of the whole body are difficult to remember, it is easy to grasp the main points;
Head and trunk plus limbs, 206 respectively;
There are 23 brains, faces and skulls, with a total of 5 1 trunk;
Limbs 126, the whole body bones are basically the same;
There are six small pieces hidden in the middle ear tympanum.
The characteristics of each vertebra
The shape of vertebrae is not standardized, and each has its own characteristics.
The cervical facet is bifurcated and the transverse foramen is obvious;
There are intercostal depressions on both sides of the thoracic spine, and the spinous process overlaps with the oblique tip of the tile;
Lumbar spine is characterized by large volume and wide and flat spinous process.
Sternal melody
The sternum is shaped like a sword, with a handle on the top and a sharp point on the bottom;
It is characterized in that the joint of the handle body is provided with a sternal angle, which is as flat as two ribs.
Skull Song formula
There are 23 skulls, and the skulls should be distinguished;
There are eight cranial cavities around the skull, and the brain in the cavity is very suitable;
The frontoccipital ethmoid butterfly has two paired temporal lobes and a parietal lobe.
The facial skull is up and down, and the upper jaw is in the middle;
A pair of upper nasal bones with zygomatic arches on both sides;
Nail a piece behind the palate, and the vomer diaphragm is in the nasal cavity;
There is a mandible and a hyoid bone. All skulls are famous.
Rhyme of paranasal sinus
The sinus bone was embedded, and all of them had openings to the nasal cavity;
The air contained in it is very heavy, and the pronunciation resonates like a speaker;
Maxillary sinus cavity is the largest, with high opening and poor drainage;
The names of the sinuses should be memorized and the opening position should not be forgotten;
The patient has sinusitis, please don't panic when you are diagnosed.
Melody of spinal ligament
Spinal ligament, three long and two short;
Lumbar puncture, supraspinous interspinous;
Re-enter the spinal canal through Ren Huang.
Melody in the shape of spine
The front view of the spine has its own characteristics, the upper half is thin and the tail tip is thick;
It makes sense to accumulate a lot of money, which is closely related to stress;
Seen from the back of the spine, the spinous process is connected into a line;
The neck is short, the chest is inclined and the waist is flat, and the spinous process of the big vertebra has characteristics;
Looking at the side view from front to back, the four bends are obvious;
Thoracosacral curvature is backward convex, and neck and waist are forward convex;
The car body stands upright to reduce vibration, and the lines are elegant and beautiful.
Chest melody
The chest is shaped like a small birdcage with a narrow upper part and a flat lower part.
The upper mouth is narrow, inclined downward, and the lower mouth is closed, which is divided into abdomen and chest;
Contain and protect the heart, liver and lungs, inhale and exhale;
Because meridians change with age, intercostal widening is problematic.
Shoulder joint melody
The shoulder joint has characteristics, and the glenoid of humeral head is shallow;
Flexible and unstable movements; Dislocation is the easiest way to go down and forward.
Elbow melody
The elbow joint is very special, and a capsule contains three groups;
The humerus is close to the ulna, and the radial ligament is ulna and radius;
Bend the elbow and extend the triangle in a straight line to detect the dislocation change.
Wrist melody
Boat-moon triangle beans, big and small hooks;
If wrestling is easy to break, check the ship and lunate bone first;
Metacarpal base, head, phalanx distance.
Knee melody
The knee joint is the most complicated and the whole body joint is the largest;
It contains two menisci, and the anterior and posterior ligaments intersect;
Lower limb movements are very important, flexible and practical, which is commendable.
Tarsal Song formula
One, two, three wedge dice inside the boat, upper distance, lower heel and back head.
Melody on the inside of skull base
There are many structures of skull base, which are divided into anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa;
The height is like a ladder, from front to back;
There is a sieve plate in the middle of the anterior cranial fossa, which is opposite to the inferior nasal septum of the cockscomb;
The cribriform plate is thin, and there are holes in the orbit, so skull trauma is easy to fracture;
Blood spots appear in the eye socket, and the "blood ridge" ① nasal leakage should not be blocked;
There is a sella turcica in the middle of the middle fossa, and there is a pituitary fossa on it;
The pituitary gland is contained in the fossa, and the carotid groove runs through both sides;
There are six pairs of holes on both sides, which are symmetrical.
There are "two" in front of the sella turcica, both of which are connected with the orbit;
The foramen ovale is ruptured, one on each side of the sella turcica;
The middle fossa is easy to break, and the blood ridge ear leaks the eardrum;
Behind the petrosal part is the posterior cranial fossa, and the foramen magnum is very clear;
There are three holes on the outside of the big hole, and a tube is added to the doorway;
Seen from both sides of occipital protuberance, the shape of "B" is like a river.
Note: ① Blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
② refers to supraorbital fissure of optic foramen.
③ sigmoid sinus sulcus.
Neonatal skull rhyme
Newborn skulls have characteristics, such as big head, big face and full cheeks.
There is an anterior fontanel between the frontal bone and the parietal bone, which is closed at about one and a half years old.
When you are crying and sick, you can see that the height changes obviously.
Diaphragm melody
The diaphragm has a circular dome that separates the abdomen from the chest from top to bottom;
Contraction decreases, inspiratory pressure increases, and diastolic expiratory pressure increases.
Tendon ① and muscle ② have three holes. Think about who wore them.
Note: ① Tendon: central tendon of diaphragm.
② Muscles: The peridiaphragmatic part is muscular.
2. Digestive system
Pharyngeal formula
The pharynx has three organs: nose, mouth and throat, and the front wall is open for eating and flowing;
Go through the tympanum and throat without worrying about swallowing and holding your breath.
Melody of esophagus and stomach
The esophagus has three sections: neck, chest and abdomen, and the three narrowness should be remembered;
The stomach resides in the left upper abdomen under the sword, and the second door bends two points and three points;
The cardia and pylorus are curved, and the pylorus of the stomach is at the bottom of the stomach;
Small curvature of gastric antrum is prone to ulcer, so timely diagnosis should not be delayed.
Small intestine melody
The small intestine is curved and long, coiled in the abdominal cavity;
Upper duodenum, middle and lower ileum;
The total length is about five meters, and there are still two or three vacancies.
Duodenal melody
Four parts descend and rise, and the right part covers the "C" shape of the pancreatic head;
There are nipples behind the descending part, and the openings of common bile duct and pancreatic duct are the same.
Melody of large intestine
The large intestine is surrounded by a frame, and jejunum and ileum are hidden in the frame;
There is intestinal fat prolapse in the colon bag, which has three characteristics in mind;
The cecum is located in the right iliac fossa, and the appendix root is connected with the cecum;
Mailan's at two o'clock, rising and falling to the rectum.
Appendix Song formula
The appendix end is not fixed, and the ileum can also go up and down;
The posterior lower part of cecum is more common, and the root of appendix is concentrated in the three zones.
Gan ge Fang
The liver is a digestive gland, located below the diaphragm;
It has three pipes in which bile is produced.
If you ask the highest point, five ribs lock the midline.
Melody of "H" sulcus under liver
Right posterior inferior cavity anterior gallbladder, left posterior vein anterior liver garden;
In the transverse direction of the hepatic portal, there are arterial nerves and hepatic ducts passing through;
The lower part is divided into four leaves, the left and right leaves and the tail shape.
Pancreatic melody
The head of the pancreas leads to the junction of the body and tail, which is gray-red and soft;
The positive pancreatic duct leads to the pancreatic head, and the internal and external secretion functions are complete.
3. Respiratory system
External nasal rhyme
The external nose is especially conical, and there are two holes under the tip of the root back;
If you have difficulty breathing, you will pat your nose on both sides.
The nasal root is in the upper part, with little fat and loose skin;
The tip of nose and alar are covered with sebum, and rosacea is cherry red.
Melody of the opening of nasal cavity side wall
The lacrimal duct is open at the bottom, and the nose is full of tears;
The middle frontal sinus, maxillary sinus and ethmoid sinus should not be left behind;
It is the only one in the posterior ethmoid sinus group located in the superior nasal meatus and sphenoid sinus recess.
Throat song formula
The arytenoid epiglottis of the nail ring is marked with adhesive at the Adam's apple;
The function of cricothyroid joint and laryngeal muscle in both groups were normal;
The laryngeal cavity is divided into three parts: anterior, middle and inferior, and the mucosa is connected with the pharynx.
The middle cavity is the narrowest, the lower cavity is loose, and edema and obstruction are very dangerous;
Accurately grasp the cricothyroid ligament and cut it in time without delay.
Melody of epiglottic cartilage
The epiglottis is leaflike to prevent food from entering the throat cavity;
Don't talk and laugh when eating, or you will suffer if you bump into the trachea by mistake.
Bronchial melody
The left and right main bronchi have their own characteristics to remember;
The left branch is slender and the right branch is thick and short, and foreign bodies fall into the right side.
4. Urinary system
Melody of kidney shape and position
Shaped like a broad bean, with a flat surface and a figure of eight beside the spine;
The renal pedicle with intra-abdominal pressure, as well as the adjacent organs and pipes are fixed;
Left kidney flat chest eleven, right lower half vertebra twelve;
The hilum of the kidney is probably facing a lumbar vertebra, and it hurts to buckle in the diseased kidney area.
Renal sinus melody
There is a room in the renal hilum, hidden in various structures;
Dynamic and static renal pelvis, large and small renal calices, lymphatic nerves and fat.
Formula of kidney capsule
Fiber shirt and fat coat with thick and firm fascia cover.
Melody of renal blood circulation
Characteristics of renal blood circulation: high pressure and rapid circulation;
Because the ball is short, thick and thin, it is not difficult to filter out the original urine;
Two-stage capillary network, filtering first and then sucking is more perfect.
Ureteral melody
The ureter is thin and long, from the upper part of the renal pelvis to the lower part;
Three external stenoses should be remembered, starting from passing through the ilium and passing through the bladder;
It's easy to stay when a stone falls. Please drink Paishi soup quickly.
Bladder melody
The bladder is conical in appearance, and the top and bottom are generally bulging;
The inner triangle has characteristics and is prone to tuberculosis.
Urethral melody
Male urethra is long and narrow, while female urethra is short and straight.
5. Reproductive system
Male urethral songs
Male urethra has its own characteristics, pubic bone is bent;
The forward curvature of pubic bone can disappear, but the downward curvature of pubic bone remains unchanged.
Inside and outside the membrane, three stenosis risks;
Stones are easy to stay when they fall. Don't puncture the catheter.
Melody of testis and ovary
Testicles are oblate and oval with two edges at both ends;
Hormone secretion maintains sexual characteristics, spermatogenesis and oviposition delay.
Accessory melody
Ovarian fallopian tubes, all called accessories;
If you suffer, both of you suffer.
Prostate melody
Prostate lives under the bladder, and its shape is very important.
Five-leaf isthmus around urethra, anterior, posterior, left and right middle lobe;
Old people have difficulty urinating, check it first;
Touch the anterior wall of rectum carefully, and the prostatic groove changes.
Uterine melody
The front of bladder, the back of rectum and the middle of uterus;
It is normal for the center of the inverted pear-shaped basin to bend forward;
Upper and lower bottom necks and triangular cavities of the spindle neck tube;
Ovule tube is connected with vagina, and ovule tube is arranged on both sides of ovary.
6. Vascular system
Heart and position song
The heart is located between the thoracic mediastinum, and two-thirds is on the left side;
When injecting drugs into the heart, the left sternum is between the four ribs.
Structural melody of the heart
One room and eleven doors, welcoming;
Please guess what it is. How many doors are there in each house?
Song of external carotid artery
Tongue and face are on nails, behind ears and in front of pillows;
Mandibular and temporal muscles have two terminal branches, and 7 branches should be completely remembered.
Abdominal aortic melody
Subdiaphragmatic abdominal cavity, twelve chests, intestine and kidney, upper waist for a lifetime;
Kidney and spermatic cord level waist two, mesentery lower waist three.
Melody of palmar artery arch
The ulna and radius are anastomosed with two arches, and the composition of each arch should be clearly remembered;
The shallow arch is shallow at the radial metacarpal end, and the deep arch is deep at the radial metacarpal end.
Melody of superficial veins of limbs
Radius head ruler is expensive in the middle of elbow, so blood is often collected and infused;
Emergency rescue is hidden, and the front of the medial malleolus should be remembered clearly;
There are five names of Yin Da branches, which have become shareholders of Crackhole.
Abdominal circumflex iliac and * * *, and medial and lateral femur.
Song of portal vein drainage organs
Abdominal esophagus, large intestine, stomach, spleen, pancreas and gallbladder.
Lymphatic dry pine prescription
The lymphatic system has nine branches, and it is excellent to see three or three;
There are three chylothorax, one in the left and right waist trunk and the other in the intestine trunk.
The neck trunk is placed under the longitudinal lock of the branch, and the angles of the veins on both sides are the same.
Melody of thoracic duct
Chest catheter is the key point, chylothorax rises from the waist;
After passing through the artery hiatus, it enters between the chest and the heart;
Finally, it was injected into Cape Jing Zuo to collect six lymphatic trunks.
Capillary melody
Widely distributed among tissues, the two ends of arteries and veins are connected;
Endothelial cells form the tube wall, which is covered with a thin basement membrane;
Tissue and cells are linked together, and the exchange of substances is very convenient.
Melody accompanied by histological differentiation of capillaries
The characteristics of blood vessels and arteries are the most obvious on the section;
The vein wall is thin, the lumen is large, and the artery wall is small and round.
7. Sensory organs
Melody of eyeball wall
There are three layers inside and outside the spherical wall, with transparent cornea and white sclera;
The tunica media is brown-black and rich in blood vessels, and it is called iris ciliary vein;
Intima, also called retina, has a multi-layer structure;
Cone-rod bipolar ganglion cells, the cone has strong light and weak rods.
Song formula of room water
Aqueous humor comes from ciliary process, and the posterior chamber and anterior chamber must pass through;
The angle of the anterior chamber enters the venous sinus, which stabilizes the pressure and refracts and nourishes the eyeball.
Refraction system melody
There are four refractive systems, the corneal cavity is crystal glass;
The distance lens is thin and tight, the near lens is thick and the ciliary muscle contracts.
Fundus melody
The color orange is really bright, and the nipple is concave like a disk;
Blood vessels branch from this, and the static-dynamic ratio is two to three;
The nipple lacks optic cells, and normal physiology is a blind spot;
The nipple is 3: 5 on the temporal side, and the vision is in the macula.
drum music
Remember the name and structure of the six walls of the middle ear tympanum;
Back and forth, up and down, outside and inside, remember carefully in order;
Pharyngeal sinus tympanum cover, medial labyrinth of bone plate tympanic membrane;
Otitis media is contagious, that is, early treatment is careless.
Inner ear melody
The inner ear labyrinth hides the temporal rock and cochlear vestibular semicircular canal;
Auditory cochlear spiral organ, vestibular linear semi-regular rotation.
8. Nervous system
Melody at the end of spinal cord
Where is the end of the spinal cord, male, female, two children, three children;
The bottom of the cisterna terminalis climbs to the back of sacrum and coccyx.
Spinal cord melody
The two pillars are large and the lower part is conical;
The anterior and posterior roots in the groove form a ponytail downward.
Melody of spinal cord cross section
The gray outside the white bag is in the middle, and the gray part is like a butterfly;
After the anterior horn movement, the sensory lateral angle is sympathetic to the waist and chest;
Anterior and posterior cable conduction bundles connecting ascending and descending cervical segments;
Inside and outside the thin wedge of the back line, it feels fine and the touch is relatively fixed;
The front-end cable is the pressure and movement of up and down, hot and cold contact.
Melody of spinal cord segment corresponding to spine
The neck section is one or four, and the neck and chest section are one higher;
The lower chest is three years high and two years high, and the waist is flat and chest is eleven;
Lumbosacral tail, thorax and duodenum are the basis of localization diagnosis.
Melody of brain stem connecting brain roots
There are three or four midbrain and five or eight pons;
Nine to twelve pairs, check the medulla oblongata.
Quadrant and knee melody
Look up, listen down, look out and listen in;
Audio-visual reflection, we must remember clearly.
Inner capsule song Fang
The internal capsule is not a capsule, and the transportation hub is just right;
Between the bean tail and the mound, the projection fibers gather in many directions;
The horizontal part is angular and located in the middle of the front and rear knees.
Song formula of median nerve
The median nerve belongs to the brachial plexus and extends laterally from the palmaris longus tendon.
The surface injury here, thenar atrophy into "ape claw" shape.
Rhythm of hand nerve distribution
Three and a half fingers in the middle of the palm and one and a half fingers on the ulnar side;
The back of the hand is semi-radial, and the middle encroaches on three and a half fingers.
Intercostal nerve distribution formula
Two flat sternum and four nipples, about six pairs of xiphoid processes;
Eight pairs of oblique rib arches, ten pairs of umbilical wheel flat;
Twelve go deep into the interior, and two T-grooves are distributed.
Forearm muscle innervation melody
The radial nerve is not difficult to remember, and it is all extensor brachialis radialis;
The ulnar nerve is also very simple, with one and a half flexors in the anterior wall;
Known as flexor carpi ulnaris, the depth of flexor digitorum is half;
The rest of the median nerve canal.
Intraspinal tract melody
Upper and lower neurons, cortical excitement passed down;
After passing through the hind foot of the internal capsule, the lower part of the cone crosses the edge;
Descending anterior spinal cord and terminating anterior horn neurons;
Before crossing, the affected side was paralyzed, and after crossing, the affected side was paralyzed;
It is not difficult to locate and diagnose the upper injury with paralysis and the lower injury with softness.
Rhyme of cranial nerve names
One sniffing and two seeing three moving eyes, four sliding, five forks and six abduction;
Seven faces, eight ears, nine tongues and pharynx, and twelve complete sublinguals.
The natural melody of cranial nerves
One, two, eight pairs of natural sense, moving tongue and sliding;
The surface of trigeminal nerve of tongue and pharynx is vagus nerve, and the sensory movement is completely mixed.
Melody of cranial nerves entering and leaving the skull
The optic canal has an olfactory sieve plate hole, and the eyes in the supraorbital fissure slide and expand;
In the pulse point, the throat is closed, and the inner ear and sublingual tube smell;
There are also eggs in the maxilla and mandible, and you should remember them clearly.
Song formula of brain-brain communication
One olfactory bulb is under the forehead and the other is in the brain.
Three eyes are in the fossa between feet, and the pulley is below the lower mound;
There are three forks on both sides of the bridge belly, and the bridge extends in the ditch to listen;
From the posterior sulcus of olive to the bottom, glossopharyngeal vagaries accessory nerve;
Between the cone and the olive, the hypoglossal nerve can be clearly seen.
Sympathetic nerve functional melody
Angry, stare big eyes;
Rapid heartbeat and heavy breathing;
Slow gastrointestinal peristalsis, free defecation;
The blood vessels of skeleton contract, which relaxes the blood vessels of skeletal muscle;
Sweating all over the body, sticky saliva, strength comes from liver glycogen;
Pregnant women are too excited, and contractions are prone to miscarriage.
Tongue Taste and Nerve Distribution Melody
The root of the tongue is bitter, the tip of the tongue is sweet, and it tastes sour and salty;
The face is pointed, the tongue and pharynx are common, and the trigeminal canal is common.
Melody of tetralogy of Fallot
Keywords pulmonary artery stenosis, aortic crossing,
Membrane defect, large right ventricle.
Pelvic floor fascia and muscle melody
One in the pelvic floor fascia, one in every two gaps;
Urogenital septum and pelvic septum, sitting in a straight nest, with deep and shallow gaps.
One muscle and two membranes, with urinary septum before and after.
The urethral diaphragm is clamped up and down, and the pelvic diaphragm is clamped up and down.