From the factory planting of tomatoes, this paper analyzes the reasons for high quality and high yield in Dutch greenhouses!
Most of the vegetables produced are mainly exported, which has created huge economic benefits for the Netherlands. Therefore, Dutch agricultural development represents the vane of global modern agricultural development.
Characteristics of Dutch agriculture
Specialization of production and service
Dutch tomato production and related services are highly specialized. A farm only produces one kind of vegetables. This specialized production mode is not only conducive to growers to accumulate experience and improve their skills, but also conducive to stabilizing and improving output and quality, promoting the development and utilization of professional facilities and equipment, realizing the mechanization and automation control of greenhouses, improving labor production efficiency and reducing production costs.
In addition, the Netherlands has a huge service system before, during and after delivery, which provides technical support for production, such as seedling raising, environmental regulation, nutrient solution preparation, pest control, labor dispatch and other aspects, and professional companies provide high-quality technical services.
Producers have deep cooperation with these enterprises, and there is no competitive relationship between enterprises serving producers, and they cooperate with each other to continuously improve the production technology level of Dutch tomatoes.
Energy utilization efficiency
Efficient energy utilization is another main feature of Dutch tomato production. Compared with Beijing, the climate in the Netherlands is not dominant. Low temperature and low sunshine in winter are not good for tomato production and will increase energy consumption.
Electricity consumption and carbon dioxide supply are two main aspects of energy consumption in tomato production. In terms of energy acquisition, there are two main sources, the first is self-production and the second is purchase.
Take westland, the largest multi-span greenhouse in the Netherlands, as an example. There are large natural gas supply stations in this area, and most manufacturers have energy supply systems that use natural gas to generate electricity. The unit is connected to the national power grid, and when the self-produced electricity is sufficient, the surplus can be sold to the country.
When the self-produced electricity is insufficient, it can be purchased from the country, and at the same time, it can generate carbon dioxide gas for plant growth. Greenhouse without energy supply system should be close to large energy-consuming enterprises (such as ports and factories). ) or a greenhouse with an energy supply system, and carbon dioxide gas is obtained through underground pipeline transportation.
Accuracy of cultivation techniques
Tomato production in the Netherlands is a concentrated expression of precision agriculture. Accurate control has been achieved from plant growth to environmental regulation. Through the establishment of plant growth model and the relationship model between growth and environment, the cultivation management is carried out through digital indicators.
For example, it is required to produce 1 ear tomatoes every 7 days on average, with a spacing of 25cm per ear and 5 fruits per ear. If these data are abnormal, they should be adjusted by adjusting the ambient temperature, humidity and EC value of the nutrient solution.
In addition, producers also keep close contact with research and extension institutions such as Vakhnin Genn University, which can transform the latest research results. With the continuous improvement of monitoring technology, cultivation management in the Netherlands is developing towards scientific regulation based on plant growth data (respiration rate, photosynthetic rate, etc.). ).
Technical characteristics of tomato production in Holland
Dutch tomato production is in a leading position in the world. The average annual yield of large fruit tomato can reach 75 kg/m2 without artificial light supplement, and it can reach more than 90 kg/m2 through artificial light supplement. Its specific production characteristics are as follows:
Variety selection
Excellent varieties are the guarantee of high yield. The selection principle of Dutch tomato varieties is a red fruit variety with strong growth potential, anti-premature aging, strong continuous fruit-bearing ability, uniform fruit size, low abnormal fruit rate, strong comprehensive stress resistance and good quality.
In production, most medium-sized fruits with single fruit weight 120- 150g are selected, and tomato varieties in each farm are relatively fixed. For example, the tomato variety "Baili" used in the "Triotomass" farm visited by the training group has been planted for 20 years, which has stable characters, resistance to premature aging, strong continuous fruit setting, uniform fruit maturity and high degree of commercialization.
Strong seedling cultivation
Seedlings are provided by professional nursery companies, producers place orders with nursery companies, and nursery companies determine varieties, sowing dates, seedling ages and other contents before they start to raise seedlings.
The sleeve grafting seedling raising technology is adopted to directly raise seedlings on rock wool blocks or coconut chaff blocks. When the seedlings mature, the plant height is about 50cm, 1 panicle blooms, 2 panicles bud, 1 branch has been completed. When planting, the rock wool blocks with seedlings can be directly placed on the open rock wool strips, saving time and effort.
soilless culture
Dutch tomato production adopts soilless culture technology, and the main culture medium is rock wool or coconut bran. Using soilless culture technology can effectively avoid the infection of external environment and soil pathogens and pests to crops, and there is no pollution risk of parasitic eggs, heavy metals and chemical harmful substances in soil planting.
Water and fertilizer integration technology is adopted, and closed nutrient solution circulation system is used for watering and fertilizing, so the resource utilization rate is extremely high, and the water consumption per tomato production 1kg can be controlled below 10kg. Rock wool strips are generally used for one year, and waste rock wool strips can be processed into building floor tiles.
Long-season cultivation
Dutch tomatoes only produce 65,438+0 crops every year. In order to avoid the influence of low temperature and low sunshine in winter, most farms raise seedlings in the low sunshine period in winter, sow in the first half of June, and pull out seedlings in the second half of1October. There are also a few farms that sow in the first half of 10 and pull out seedlings in the first half of September the following year. The average annual production time can reach more than 48 weeks, which is also the premise of high yield.
factory management
The production of Dutch tomato factory has a clear division of labor in plant supervision. According to the growth characteristics of tomato, plant regulation can be divided into vine hanging, leaf beating, seedling dropping and harvesting. All workload and work quality are counted by the employment management system. Operators are paid according to the workload. When there is a problem with the quality of work, the responsibility of the corresponding workers will be investigated according to the system records.
(1) rattan
Dutch tomatoes are generally cultivated by hanging vines with high seedlings. On the one hand, it is convenient for workers to thresh leaves and pick fruits, on the other hand, it also improves the ventilation and light transmission conditions at the bottom, which is conducive to achieving high yield. The growing point of tomato can be more than 3.5 meters. With the continuous growth of tomatoes, seedlings should be dropped once a week to ensure that the height of tomato plants is maintained at a certain level, and tomato seedlings can grow to 10- 12 meters all year round.
The pruning method is multi-stem pruning. Take tomatoes in "TomatoWorld" farm as an example. The initial density is 1.7 plants /m2, and it increases to 2.7 plants /m2 after four weeks, and to 3.6 plants /m2 after 12 weeks. The work of hanging vines and branching is limited every year, so it is combined with the work of dropping seedlings.
(2) Around the seedlings (harrowing and flower thinning)
The inside of the stem can be slightly damaged around the seedlings, thus promoting flowering and fruiting (reproductive growth). At the same time, it is necessary to remove all the lateral buds and branches from the axils of leaves to avoid nutrient consumption and mutual shielding between plants, and finally remove the redundant flowers and branches before flowering.
The rake should be removed from the flat base at ordinary times to reduce mechanical damage and promote wound healing, and try to avoid touching the stems and leaves of plants with hands, pay attention to disinfection and prevent infection of germs. The order of operation is to pack seedlings first, then fork, and finally sparse flowers. Take "Triotomass" tomato farm as an example, the average working speed of this type of work is 1200 plants/hour.
(3) seedling dropping
Sowing is a routine work in tomato production. Dutch tomato bears 1 ear every week, and the plant grows 25 cm tall. Seedlings are dropped by hook or rope, and the whole operation is carried out on the rail car. When dropping seedlings, attention should be paid to avoid twisting the stems and vines to ensure that the horizontal height of the growing points is consistent. Taking tomatoes in Triotomass farm as an example, the average working speed of this type of work is 1800 plants/hour.
(4) threshing
Like seedling dropping, leaf beating is a routine work, which is carried out once a week and 2-3 leaves are knocked out at a time to improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the middle and lower parts of plants and reduce nutrient loss.
Stripping the leaves from the petiole with a special threshing knife can reduce the mechanical damage caused by threshing, promote the rapid healing of wounds and reduce the probability of disease infection.
The knocked leaves are directly placed on the ground at the bottom of the cultivation tank, and are collected and treated after the growth. Take tomatoes in Triotomass farm as an example, the average working speed of this type of work is 900 plants/hour.
(5) Harvest
The harvesting of Dutch tomatoes is carried out by workers on a special harvester, and the harvesting and boxing are completed once, once a week, once a week, once a week, once a week, once a year. When harvesting, it should be noted that scissors should be harvested close to the base of the fruit stalk, and at the same time, attention should be paid to removing abnormal fruits and diseased fruits from the ear and putting them into the recycling box in time. When packaging, the fruit stalks should be placed outward to avoid mutual damage.
After harvesting, the truck is directly hung on the automatic running track and transported to the warehouse for post-packaging. Take tomato in Triotomass farm as an example, the average working speed of this type of work is 355kg/ hour.
environmental control
(1) lighting
According to the growth model, the minimum light needed to maintain plant growth is accurately calculated for light management. When natural light is insufficient, artificial light sources are used to supplement light, and high-pressure sodium lamps are widely used, with high cost performance. For example, the energy required to maintain the growth of each ear of fruit is 80J/cm㎡2/ day, and the energy required to maintain the growth of a plant with 7 ears of fruit is 100J/cm ㎡.
After calculation, the total energy required is 80× 7+ 100 = 660J/cm ㎡, and 10000lx illumination for 20 hours is about 720J/cm ㎡. Therefore, in general, when artificial supplementary light is used on cloudy days, the light intensity should reach 12500lx to meet the requirements of tomato growth.
(2) Temperature
The environmental control of tomato production in the Netherlands takes temperature as the core and adopts variable temperature management technology. At the initial stage of colonization, it was 20℃ during the day and 65438 09℃ at night; After flowering and fruiting, the highest temperature during the day is 22-24℃, and the temperature at night is 17- 18℃ in the first half of the night and 18- 19℃ in the second half of the night. On cloudy days, the temperature difference should be appropriately increased, with the maximum temperature of 26℃ during the day and 16- 17℃ at night. Adopt computer control system to adjust automatically.
(3) Air humidity
By adjusting the air humidity, the normal growth of plants can be maintained and the occurrence of pests and diseases can be controlled. Air humidity is controlled at 75%-80% during the day and 85%-90% at night.
(4) Carbon dioxide
In Dutch tomato production, the concentration of carbon dioxide in greenhouse is generally above 800ppm, so it is necessary to supplement carbon dioxide. The main source is the combustion of natural gas and industrial by-products.
control of insect
In terms of pests and diseases, adhere to the concept of source control and comprehensive prevention and control, give full play to the advantages of natural control and ecological control on the basis of accurately controlling temperature and humidity and building beneficial insect ecosystem, and formulate the best prevention and control strategy through regular monitoring and early warning to achieve the purpose of effectively preventing and controlling pests and diseases, reducing yield loss and ensuring product safety.