What are the characteristics of Fritillaria Fritillaria?

Fritillaria Fritillaria, also known as Fritillaria Huangpi and Fritillaria Ili.

It is a perennial herb of Liliaceae.

It is distributed in Yining, Huocheng, Zhaosu, Nilek, Bole, Jinghe, Wenquan and Tianshan in Xinjiang.

It is also distributed in the Soviet Union and Central Asia.

It was planted in Yining and Beijing in the late 1950s, and now there are several species in Yili, Tacheng, Bole, Changji, Shihezi, Beijing, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Shaanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Henan and Jilin.

Bulbs are used as medicine, mainly containing sibelium.

According to analysis, its roots, stems, leaves, flowers, seeds and peels all contain alkaloids.

The taste is bitter, sweet and slightly cold.

Has the effects of clearing away heat, moistening lung, relieving cough and resolving phlegm.

Fritillaria Fritillaria has a long history of application. In addition to the direct crude drug formula, it is also prepared into dozens of traditional Chinese medicines. More than 30 years ago, a small amount was shipped to other places for sale, and now it has been exported at home and abroad.

In addition, there are 8 species of Fritillaria. Its bulbs can also be used as medicine.

I. Morphological characteristics

The plant height is 20-70 cm, and the stems are simple and upright, stout, smooth and hairless.

Bulbs are oval or round, consisting of 2-3 scales, with a diameter of 1.5-5.5 cm.

Lower leaves alternate, upper leaves nearly opposite, sessile, broadly lanceolate or oblong, 7- 13 cm long and 2.5-3.5 cm wide, with parallel veins, grayish green, tapering at the top and stalks at the base.

The flowers are terminal or axillary, bell-shaped, pale yellow, with 6 perianth in two rows, 3-4 cm long, with light brown squares and purple spots, 6 stamens, and a trigeminal style, with 1- 15 flowers per plant.

The capsule is oblong with six longitudinal wings, 2-3.5cm long and1.5-2.5cm in diameter, and each fruit has 100- 160 seeds.

The seeds are flat, winged, obovate and brown in seed coat (Figure 14-92).

Fig.14-92 Morphological diagram of Fritillaria.

1. Plant 2. fruit

Second, biological characteristics.

(A) growth and development habits

1. The periodic growth and development of Fritillaria Fritillaria germinates and emerges when the ground temperature rises by 3-5℃ every spring, and then quickly spreads its leaves to blossom and bear fruit.

In summer, shoots wither and new bulbs form underground.

After that, underground bulbs formed new regenerated buds at 8-22℃, which laid the foundation for new axillary buds. In winter dormancy period, the ground temperature mostly changes between -5-5℃.

In the second year, the buds germinated and unearthed.

The above-mentioned periodic life processes are mainly influenced by the periodic changes of environmental temperature conditions.

(1) aboveground life cycle

Fritillaria is cultivated in Yining Plain, Xinjiang, with an altitude of 770m m. The growth and temperature conditions change as follows: from late March to early April, the temperature is 5-10℃; Flowering from mid-April to late April, temperature10-15℃. Results From late April to early May, the temperature was 65438 03—65438 06℃. The seeds ripen in mid-June at a temperature of 20-22℃; The withering period is from mid-June to late June, and the temperature is 22-23℃.

The life cycle of aboveground parts in one year is about 90 days.

Fritillaria Fritillaria is cultivated in the mountainous area of Taibai County, Shaanxi Province, at an altitude of1700 m, and its growth and temperature conditions change as follows: from mid-March to late April, the ground temperature is 3-5℃; From early April to late April, the ground temperature is 5-10℃; From late April to mid-May, the ground temperature is10-13℃. Results From early May to early July, the ground temperature was 65438 05—65438 08℃. During the withering period from mid-June to early July, the ground temperature is15-18℃.

The annual life history of aboveground parts is 80-90 days.

(2) underground life

Fritillaria Fritillaria is cultivated in the mountainous area of Taibai County, Shaanxi Province, at an altitude of1700 m, and the changes of bud regeneration activity and environmental temperature conditions are as follows: from mid-June to mid-July, the ground temperature is 8-20℃; The differentiation period of young leaves is from mid-July to late July, and the ground temperature is 19-22℃. The flower bud differentiation period is from mid-July to mid-August, and the ground temperature is 2 1-22℃. The primordial growth period of axillary buds is 10 from mid-August to late June, and the ground temperature is 5-2 1℃. Dormancy period: 10 year1from late October to mid-March of the following year, the ground temperature is -5-5℃.

The annual life cycle of the underground part is 270-280 days.

2. Formation and Growth of Regenerated Buds The aerial parts of Fritillaria are regenerated year by year. Under normal circumstances, the whole life course of each regenerated bud is three years.

The axillary bud primordium was laid in the first year, differentiated into regenerated buds in the second year, and germinated and unearthed in the third year.

From mid-June to early July every year, before and after the overground part withered, the regenerated buds began to differentiate and laid 1 ~ 2 new axillary buds. After the regeneration bud differentiation was completed in mid-August, the axillary bud primordium was further increased, and after the end of 10, the bud activity was extremely slow and entered the winter dormancy period.

In early April of the following year, the regenerated buds germinated and unearthed.

3. Bulb regeneration

Fritillaria Fritillaria is a new structure with combined axes.

Flower seedlings develop from terminal buds and regenerate from (one or two) axillary buds after death.

When the regenerated buds germinate, the bud leaves thicken and gradually form fleshy scales. At the same time, due to the growth of new organs, the nutrients of the mother bulb are constantly consumed and become empty and dry, and the leaves are completely replaced by new bulbs when they are dry.

(2) Seed dormancy characteristics

Generally harvested Iberian seeds are mature in appearance, but in fact, the embryos in the seeds are very small, and their length is only115 of the total length of the seeds, which is invisible to the naked eye.

Before germination, the embryo length in the seed can reach about 7 mm, while the embryo length in the newly mature seed is only 0.5 mm.

At the same time, this young embryo is just a mass of cells, and it does not differentiate into cotyledons, radicles and other parts, so it belongs to the proembryo stage.

The characteristics of immature embryos of Fritillaria are one of the main reasons why the seeds of this plant have a long dormancy period and are not easy to germinate.

Iberian seeds need a post-ripening process to complete the growth and differentiation of embryos after harvest, which requires a certain temperature, humidity and sufficient oxygen, and maintaining a certain "temperature" condition is an important factor.

Fruit ripens early, seeds are sown in summer, and the temperature is high, then the temperature gradually drops. Therefore, the development of seed embryo needs a high temperature first, and the embryo will have a low temperature stage when it grows up, otherwise it will not emerge, which is the genetic characteristic of Iberia's long-term adaptation to natural conditions.

(3) Environmental requirements

Fritillaria Fritillaria is distributed in the northwest of Xinjiang and the middle and upper reaches of the Ili River, with an altitude of 1000- 1880 m. The climate is cool in Leng Xia in winter, with an annual average temperature of about 2℃, an average temperature of 6- 15℃ during plant growth, and an annual precipitation of about 500 mm. The soil is mountainous brown calcium soil or chernozem.

After the introduction of Fritillaria as a domestic variety, with the changes of plain climate and soil conditions for many years, the requirements for environmental conditions have also changed year by year.

1. temperature

Fritillaria Fritillaria has long been wild in mountainous areas and likes cool and humid climate.

After being introduced as a domestic species, it is cold-resistant, afraid of waterlogging and high temperature-resistant.

Above-ground stems and leaves were frozen at -3℃ and underground bulbs were not damaged at-10℃.

Plants grow well at 5-20℃ during the growing period, and grow poorly when it exceeds 25℃.

Seeds can spend the summer in the field within 1-5 years, and will age after 5 years, and bulbs will rot easily in hot summer.

Step 2: Moisture

Before emergence, there are mother bulbs to supply the required water, which is not strict with soil moisture, and sufficient water is needed from emergence to the whole growth period.

If you don't water in case of drought, it will cause serious water loss and reduce production.

Too much rain or accumulated water will cause serious bulb rot and loss.

In the growing period, 30-36% soil water content can meet the water needed for the growth of Fritillaria, and too much water is unfavorable for the growth of plants.

lamplight

Seed propagation 1-2-year-old seedlings prefer to live in the shade and are afraid of strong sunlight.

Mature bulbs need sufficient light from emergence to the whole growth period, and insufficient light leads to slow growth and affects bulb yield.

In summer (June-September), crops should be interplanted properly, shading should be strengthened, direct sunlight should be reduced, and ground temperature should be avoided, so as to help bulbs spend the summer safely in soil.

4. Land

The requirements for soil are not too strict, but it is suitable for loose and fertile sandy loam with good drainage.

Arid and barren soil, waterlogged depressions and clay all grow poorly.

Generally, the depth of soil layer should be above 40cm, and the pH value of soil should be between 6.5 and 8.5.

Third, cultivation techniques.

Land selection and land preparation

Choose an environment with high altitude and cool climate, and the northern plain can also be planted.

It is advisable to choose sandy loam with slightly higher terrain, deep soil layer, convenient irrigation and drainage, rich humus and loose fertility for cultivation.

Low-lying and sticky soil is not suitable for planting.

After selecting the land, clean up the surface first, and clean up the stubble of previous crops or weeds.

Then apply sufficient base fertilizer, with 3000-4000 kg of decomposed manure or compost, 80-100 kg of decomposed cake fertilizer and 25-30 kg of calcium superphosphate per mu.

Spread the fertilizer evenly on the soil surface, then turn it into the soil, rake, level, ridge or ridge.

The flat ridge is 50-60 cm wide, 20-25 cm high and 25-30 cm wide; The width of the flat border is 1.3-2.5m, depending on the specific situation.

(2) Breeding methods

1. Seed propagation

The advantage of seed propagation is not only high propagation coefficient, but also the bulb is not easy to deform.

In the cultivation of Italian females, to develop production rapidly and in a large area, it is impossible to meet the needs of developing production by digging wild bulbs as breeding materials.

We must first establish "farming", use seeds to raise seedlings to obtain seed stems, expand the area and develop production.

(1) seed treatment

Autumn sowing can naturally complete the dormancy and post-ripening stages of seeds in soil, and seeds can be left untreated.

Spring sowing must be treated with seeds, otherwise seedlings will not emerge in that year.

The method is to soak the seeds for 1-2 days until they fully absorb water, mix them with wet sand 2-3 times as much as the seeds, put them in the place of 5-10- 15 days, keep the soil moist frequently, and sow after 3 months.

(2) sowing date

There are spring sowing and autumn sowing.

Spring sowing is thawed in March, and seedlings can emerge about one week after sowing. 65438+ 10 was sown in autumn, and seedlings emerged from late March to early April of the following year.

Sowing in autumn can't be too late, otherwise the temperature condition of embryo maturity can't be reached, and seedlings can't emerge in the next spring.

Sowing period should be based on local climatic conditions, local conditions, timely sowing.

Compared with autumn sowing, spring sowing has higher germination rate, neat emergence, stout seedlings, large bulbs and high yield.

(3) Sowing method

Seedbeds are generally used to raise seedlings, and the size of seedbeds is not limited.

Xinjiang generally has a ridge width of 2.5m and a length of 10m, while Beijing has a flat width of1.3m..

After harrowing, scrape the topsoil to a thickness of 1- 1.5 cm for later use. Then evenly spread seeds on the border, and cover the seeds with spare soil with a thickness of 1- 1.5 cm. If the transplanter grows for one year, the sowing amount per mu is 14-65438. For the rice transplanter that has grown for two years, the sowing amount per mu is about 7 kg.

Seedbed management: after sowing, cover with grass to keep moisture, and then flood with small water once.

When 1/3 seedlings are unearthed in the following spring, the plastic film shall be removed in time.

At the same time, it is necessary to build a shed for shade, the height of the shed is 0.8- 1m, and the covering materials are Vitex negundo, straw, reed, etc. So that the shading degree is about 30%.

Pull up the grass often, and be careful not to loosen the seedlings.

In case of drought, water should be done in time, and the soil should always be moist. When watering, don't flush with water to prevent seedlings from being buried in mud, resulting in lack of seedlings.

It is suitable for topdressing at seedling stage, using decomposed dilute human excrement and urine combined with watering, and pouring a small amount of water into the border.

Generally, it will be transplanted after 1-2 years, and the seedlings will be dumped in Beijing in early June. At this time, grass can be spread on the seedbed for moisturizing and sun protection, and transplanted when the weather turns cold in August-September. In Yining, Xinjiang, shellfish seedlings are thrown in the middle and late June and generally transplanted in July.

Method of digging seed stems: Select a sieve with appropriate aperture, shovel about 2-3 cm of soil from the border, gently knead it, put it into the sieve, and remove impurities from the sieve to obtain seed stems.

For every 1 kg of seeds, 8-9 kg of stems can be harvested every year.

(4) transplant method

Divided into flat ridge planting, paving planting and flat ridge planting.

The row spacing of flat ridge strips is 10cm, and the ditch depth is 3cm. The stems are planted in the ditch with a spacing of about 3cm, and the soil is about 3cm thick.

Seed dosage per mu: annual seed stem 9-10 kg; Biennial seed stems are 35-40kg.

Micro-planting on the ridge: scrape the topsoil on the ridge to a thickness of 3cm for later use, and then spread the seed stems evenly on the ridge with a spacing of about 3.5×3.5cm, covering the soil with a thickness of about 3cm.

Seed dosage per mu: annual seed stem18-20kg; The biennial seed stems are 70-80kg.

Planted in flat strips, ditching according to the row spacing 18-20 cm, with the ditch depth of 3cm, planting the seed stems in the ditch according to the plant spacing of about 3cm, and covering the soil with the thickness of 3cm.

Seed dosage per mu: 7-8 kg annual seed stem; The biennial seed stems are 25-30 kg.

2. Bulb propagation

Bulb propagation uses underground bulbs as propagation materials.

Fast growth and high yield.

It is found in the experiment that some plants grow two seedlings from one bulb, and naturally grow two bulbs in the next year, while others grow one to dozens of small bulbs around a big bulb.

Bulbs with a diameter of 2-3 cm are generally used as propagation materials, which grow vigorously and have high yield.

As a propagation material, old bulbs have weak growth ability and low yield.

(1) planting period

In Yining, Xinjiang, it is usually planted in mid-June.

This period is the mature period of Fritillaria seeds, and it is also the period with the highest concentration of nutrients in underground bulbs.

The old roots of bulbs wither and fall off, and bulbs enter dormancy, which is the most suitable period for planting.

(2) Breeding methods

Divided into slices, slices, bulb discs, heart buds and bulbs for reproduction.

Segmental propagation: each bulb consists of 2-3 scales.

Break the scales by hand, one with a heart bud and the other without a heart bud can be planted.

The scales with heart buds have strong reproductive ability, fast growth and high yield.

Scales without heart buds are dried and made into commodities.

Slice propagation: cut 2-4 pieces from top to bottom with a knife, each piece should have a certain rooting point, otherwise the germination rate will be low.

Propagation by cutting the root disc: it is transverse cut from the base of the bulb, and the thickness is about 0.4-0.5 cm. The bulb disc at the lower part is used as the propagation material, and the scales at the upper part are dried and made into commodities.

Propagation of heart buds: gently break the scales with your hands, pay attention to the buds as propagation materials, and keep the heart buds rooted to a certain extent. The broken scales are dried and made into commodities.

Propagation of bulbs: Generally, wild bulbs are dug for planting, and small bulbs separated from mature bulbs (Taneda) can also be used for planting.

After the seeds are sliced, sliced, cut into bulbs, and treated with heart buds, plant ash is used to sow the seeds, and plant ash is gently turned twice to cover the wound without affecting the survival rate.

The treated seeds should not be stored for a long time, but should be planted with the treatment.

In the above-mentioned propagation method, by propagating with heart buds and bulb blocks, the emergence rate is high, the growth is fast and the yield is high.

The propagation of heart buds, slices and root-cutting discs has not been used in large-scale production because of its strong technology.

(3) Planting method

Divided into flat ridge planting, paving planting and flat ridge planting.

Planted in flat ridges and strips, scrape off 6-7 cm thick topsoil and set aside for later use. Topsoil is planted on a flat ridge with a row spacing of 5× 10cm, and then sprayed with 80% dichlorvos 1: 2000 times or 90% trichlorfon1:1000-1500 times.

Plant 80- 100 kilograms of scales or bulbs with heart buds per mu (the amount of seeds depends on the size of the stem).

Flat ridge planting: (The method of scraping the soil is the same as above) Spread the seeds evenly on the ridge surface with a spacing of about 5×5cm, then spray pesticides (the method is the same as above) and cover the soil with 6-7 cm.

Plant scales or bulbs with heart buds are per mu 150-200 kg.

Flat border planting: ditch spacing is 23-25cm, and ditch depth is 6-7cm. Plant the seeds in the ditch with a spacing of about 5 cm and a covering of 6-7 cm.

Plant 70-80 kilograms of scales or bulbs with heart buds per mu.

When planting stems, the heart buds are facing up, so that the seedlings are neat and consistent.

After planting, new roots and buds usually grow in 15-20 days.

(4) establish a field.

To develop Fritillaria production, we must first establish "farming", cultivate, select improved varieties and expand production.

Selecting disease-free stem segments as seeds for planting.

Flat ridge strip planting and flat ridge strip planting can be used.

Flat ridge strip planting is planted on the ridge surface according to the plant row spacing 10× 10cm, and the soil is covered by 7- 10 cm.

Planted flat strips in the ditch according to the row spacing of 10×25cm, covered with soil of 7- 10 cm.

Plant100-150kg of wild stems per mu or 600-800kg of big bulbs at home.

(3) Site management

1.

Before the emergence of Fritillaria in early spring, the drainage ditch between ridges should be dredged, and the ridge surface should be raked to increase soil moisture, so that Fritillaria can emerge in order.

Loosening soil and clearing weeds.

Weeds must be eliminated, and weeds will remain in the ground forever.

Loosen the soil once every time you water it.

Because of the high density of shellfish seedlings, hoes should not be used to loosen the soil, but ditchers can be used to loosen the soil and keep it loose frequently, which is beneficial to the growth of Fritillaria.

3. Top dressing

Fritillaria is a fertilizer-loving plant. In addition to applying sufficient base fertilizer during soil preparation, topdressing should also be carried out during the growth period of Fritillaria.

Apply 40-50kg of decomposed cake fertilizer, 8-10kg of urea or 8-10kg of compound fertilizer and 500-1000g of dilute human excrement per mu, and apply the above fertilizers in stages.

Phosphate fertilizer should be applied to "Dantian" to make its seeds full and bumper.

4. Irrigation and drainage

Fritillaria Fritillaria is suitable for growing in wet soil.

Generally, plants are watered 4-5 times during the growing period, and 1-2 times after returning to seedlings.

In case of water accumulation, it should be drained in time, otherwise it will cause underground bulbs to rot.

Picking buds

Except "Dantian", buds should be picked at bud stage to reduce nutrient consumption, concentrate nutrients on bulb growth and improve Fritillaria yield.

According to the experiment, picking flower buds can increase the yield by about 1 1%.

interplant

Fritillaria Fritillaria has a short growth period.

In order to make rational use of land and increase income.

It also creates shading conditions for Fritillaria, reduces ground temperature, reduces bulb rot in high temperature season and improves Fritillaria yield.

Other crops can be intercropped beside the drainage ditch and on the field ridge.

In Yining, Xinjiang, leguminous plants are usually planted in early and middle May.

Such as soybeans, peas, white lentils, psoralea corylifolia and other crops.

According to the experiment, in the shaded area of crops, the yield can be increased by about 9.5%.

(4) Pests and diseases and their control

1. Bronze Scarab

(Anomala cuprea Hope)

From April to June, 5438+ 10 was seriously damaged.

Larvae bite the underground bulb, resulting in hollow bulb, which seriously affects the yield of Fritillaria.

Prevention and control methods: the applied livestock manure should be fully decomposed; At the peak of adults, light sources such as black lights are used to trap and kill them; When planting Fritillaria, the stem was sprayed with 80% dichlorvos 2000 times or 90% trichlorfon 1000 times, and then covered with soil, and the effect was good. During the hazard period, 80% dichlorvos 2000 times or 50% phoxim EC 1000 times were used for rhizosphere irrigation.

2. Yellow Land Tiger

(Little Tiger)

Bite seedlings in spring.

Prevention and control methods: digging, breaking soil, making border, loosening soil, etc. Find, catch and eliminate pests in time; In the hazardous period, 90% trichlorfon lg and wheat bran 1kg were mixed into poison bait, which was scattered in the field in the evening to trap and kill; Irrigate rhizosphere with 90% trichlorfon 1000 times solution or 50% phoxim EC 1000 times solution.

3. Seed flies

(Delia sp. )

Larvae damage aging bulbs from April to September.

Prevention and control methods: use decomposed manure, and prohibit raw manure; Spraying livestock manure with 80% dichlorvos 2000 times or 90% trichlorfon 1000 times; Composting at high temperature to kill eggs and flies in feces; During the damage period, use 80% dichlorvos 1.5-2 kg or 90% trichlorfon 3 kg per mu, combined with watering, and water the roots with small water.

Step 4 rot

When summer is hot and humid, the aged bulbs tend to rot.

Prevention and control methods: strengthen field management and keep the soil loose; Pay attention to drainage; Spin.

5. Gray mold

Botrytis elliptica ) Cook

It occurs in high temperature and high humidity season and is harmful to leaves.

Prevention and control methods: implement crop rotation; Apply more organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and less nitrogen fertilizer; The Bordeaux mixture of 1∶ 1∶ 100 was sprayed in the middle of April, once every 10- 15 days, for 3-4 consecutive times.

Or spray 50% thiophanate 1000 times, once every 10 day for 2-3 consecutive times.

Fourth, harvesting and processing.

Grasping the harvest time of Fritillaria is an important link to improve the yield of Fritillaria.

Early and late harvesting will directly affect the yield and quality.

Early harvest, although the alkaloid content is high and the commodity quality is good, the yield is low.

After harvesting too late, the nutritional components of underground bulbs have begun to change, the bulbs are loose, the powder quality is poor, and the yield is also declining.

Cultivated in Yining, Xinjiang, it is usually harvested in the middle and late June.

At this time, the stems and leaves on the ground have withered, new bulbs have grown and matured, and the yield is high (table 14-80).

Seeds can be harvested after breeding for 3-4 years, and bulbs can be harvested after breeding for 1-2 years.

Dig out bulbs, remove dirt, size them, and dry them in the sun for medicine.

Harvest 300-500 Jin of fresh Fritillaria per mu.

The ratio of fresh to dry is 3.5∶ 1.

Table14-80 Comparison Table of Fritillaria. Total alkaloid content and yield in different harvest periods.

Note: Alkaloids in this table are determined by Institute of Pharmacology, China Academy of Medical Sciences.