What is the orientation, layout and style of Lijiang?
The 2nd1plenary meeting of UNESCO World Heritage Committee in Naples, Italy,1997,65438+February, was included in the World Heritage List according to the selection criteria of cultural heritage C(II)(IV).
No.: 200-0 17 Evaluation by the World Heritage Committee:
Old Town of Lijiang, with its rugged terrain and ingenious combination of economy and strategy, truly perfectly preserves and reproduces its simple style. After baptism, countless dynasties combined with the cultural characteristics of various ethnic groups to build famous ancient cities. Lijiang also has a crisscross, exquisite and unique ancient water supply system, which is still playing a role today.
● Overview:
Old Town of Lijiang is located in Lijiang, Old Town of Lijiang, Yunnan Province, southwest of China, also known as Dayan Town. It is located in the middle of Lijiang dam. It is not only an ancient city with a famous historical and cultural wall, but also is said to be like a wooden fortification because the hereditary ruler of Lijiang is surnamed Mu and the frame is "sleepy". The Naxi people in Lijiang, an ancient city, are called "solid knowledge", "solid granary" and "knowledge market". We can see that Old Town of Lijiang is a granary of land distribution, and Old Town of Lijiang was founded in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty. (/kloc-late 3rd century). The ancient city is located in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, with an altitude of 2400 meters. What is downtown? An ancient city with an area of 3.8 square kilometers and more than 6,200 households and 25,000 people has always been famous for its fairs and existing residents. Among them, Naxi people account for the vast majority of the total population, and 30% of the residents are engaged in traditional handicrafts and commercial activities, mainly bronze and silverware, fur, leather, textile and brewing.
Lijiang Courtyard in the old street area is paved with red breccia, which is not muddy in rainy season and does not fly ash in dry season, and has natural stone patterns.
Elegant, the whole city environment complements each other. Sifang street, located in the center of the ancient city, is the representative of Lijiang ancient street.
In the ancient town of Yu He Valley in Old Town of Lijiang, a bridge with a density of 354.93 square kilometers was built. Bridges have various shapes, such as Suocui Bridge, Dashiqiao Bridge, Qianqiao Bridge, Nanmen Bridge, Saddle Bridge and Renshou Bridge. Built in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (A.D. 14- 19), the most distinctive one is located on the east side of the stone bridge in Sifang Street.
Mufu was originally the yamen of the hereditary toast in Lijiang, an ancient city. It was founded in the Yuan Dynasty (A.D.1271368), rebuilt in 1998, and later renamed as the Ancient City Museum. The shogunate covers an area of 46 mu, which is the size of the House of Representatives 162. The plaque in the emperor is 1 1, which reflects the family history of wood ups and downs.
Wufenglou, located in the city of Fusi, was built in the 29th year of Wanli of Ming Dynasty (A.D. 160 1), with a height of 20 meters. Because its architectural form resembles a flying phoenix, it is named "Five Peaks". There are all kinds of exquisite patterns on the ceiling. The architectural style of Wufenglou combines the treasures of Han, Tibetan and Naxi nationalities, the ancient architecture of China and typical examples.
Baisha Folk House is located 8 kilometers north of Old Town of Lijiang, which was once the political, economic and cultural center of Lijiang during the Song and Yuan Dynasties (10 to14th century). Baisha residential building is located on a north-south central axis, with a trapezoidal square as the center, and the fountain is introduced from the north of the square.
This lane leads from the square to all directions, which is very unique. The formation and development of Baisha residential buildings and the layout of Old Town of Lijiang later laid the foundation.
Shuhe River is located in the buildings around Lijiang, four kilometers northwest. The residential buildings in the old city are patchwork, and the layout and shape are similar to those in Old Town of Lijiang, Sifang Street and small markets in Old Town of Lijiang. Qinglong river, the largest stone arch bridge in Lijiang, crossed Qinglong Bridge from the center of the complex in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1368- 1644).
Old Town of Lijiang, an ancient town with a long history, is natural. The urban layout is patchy, with the style of mountains and the charm of rivers and lakes. Lijiang's folk houses combine the essence of Han, Bai, Yi and Tibetan nationalities, and have a unique Naxi style, which is a rare cultural and historical heritage for studying China's architecture and history. The rich national traditional culture, including Old Town of Lijiang, embodies the prosperity and development of Naxi people and is an important historical material for studying the development of human culture.
Old Town of Lijiang is a famous historical and cultural city with high value and overall value. It embodies the local history and culture, national customs and styles, and reflects the essential characteristics of social progress. The flowing urban space, dynamic water system, unified style architecture, moderate scale residential buildings, friendly and pleasant space environment and unique folk art content make it different from other historical and cultural cities in China. Ancient urban architecture is unforgettable, natural, practical and straightforward, which is well compatible with valuable qualities, reflecting the creative spirit and progressive significance of human beings under specific historical conditions. Old Town of Lijiang is a traditional ethnic residential area with great significance. Its existence provides valuable information for the history of human urban construction, historical development and human race research. It is a precious cultural heritage, and it is also the reason why China and the world's treasures have joined the World Heritage List.
(1) Old Town of Lijiang, China
Lijiang, an ancient city with a long history, is a mountain city with quaint natural scenery, rivers and lakes. As a minority city with a long history, it has been built into the essence of Han, Bai, Yi and Tibetan nationalities from the overall layout of the city and because of its unique style. 1986, as a national historical and cultural city, China municipal government confirmed the status of Old Town of Lijiang, China.
(B) Old Town of Lijiang, fully embodies the achievements of China's ancient urban construction.
Different from any city, Old Town of Lijiang is a replica of the Central Plains urban agglomeration with three healthy borders and nine latitudes and nine tracks. The irregular road network of the city, the layout of the ancient city has no strict walls, and three mountains are connected into a river screen; The source of the Three Rivers runs through the city, and the tap water system adopts "meridians" and "songs". Quiet street layout, narrow architecture and patchwork design are extremely rare in the existing ancient city art in China, which were recreated by Naxi ancestors according to national traditions and environment.
(3) Old Town of Lijiang, a residential area, is a folk house with distinctive features and styles in China.
As a type of town, architecture itself is the physical and chemical form of social life. Compared with residential buildings, official government office buildings, halls and other buildings can better reflect the economy, culture, customs and religious beliefs of a country or region. The layout, structure and modeling of houses in Old Town of Lijiang organically combine the fine traditions of ancient buildings in the Central Plains according to their own specific conditions and traditional lifestyles, such as houses of Bai and Tibetan people, earthquake wells, sun and rain, ventilation and decoration, and so on.
Innovation and development have formed a distinct and unique style, which is clearly manifested in the lack of unity in the courtyard, which constitutes the body, poor wisdom, modesty, nature and simple creativity, and has also had a great impact on the development of Monassi nationality in a certain area for a long time. Lijiang folk houses study the architectural history of China, and cultural history is a very important heritage.
(4) Old Town of Lijiang is an application of organic unity of natural beauty and artificial beauty, art and economy.
Old Town of Lijiang is a well-preserved ancient city. Relying on the organic unity of the construction of Sanshan ancient city and nature, there are many tile houses in the ancient city, surrounded by green mountains and green waters, close to the ancient city and closely surrounded. The vivid and concise style and exquisite and elegant decoration of urban houses are the crystallization of Naxi culture and technology. The art of profound understanding, which covers the life of Naxi people in the ancient city, embodies the wisdom of the people, is the product of the exchange and integration of local nationalities, cultures and technologies, and is an important part of China's precious architectural heritage.
(5) Old Town of Lijiang is rich in traditional national culture, which embodies the prosperous Naxi people.
Old Town of Lijiang has a history of more than 800 years. It has gradually become the economic and cultural center of northwest Yunnan, providing good environmental conditions for the development of national culture. A nation has created a splendid culture, inhabited by Naxi and other ethnic minorities. Whether it is ancient city streets, square arches, water, bridges or residential buildings, plaques and stone inscriptions related to the threshold of decorative courtyards, they all permeate the cultural literacy and aesthetic taste of Naxi people, fully embody the connotation, artistic conception and charm of local ethnic religion, aesthetics, literature and culture, and show the profound and rich contents of history and culture. Especially the Dongba culture with rich connotation, the traditional culture and art of Baisha mural left a brilliant chapter in the history of human civilization.
(6) The authenticity of Old Town of Lijiang's form.
The overall layout of the houses in the old city of Old Town of Lijiang, as well as the well-preserved ancient features, roads and water supply systems in terms of building decoration materials, construction technology and environment, have been preserved to maintain the status quo. Five-flower stone pavement, stone arch bridge, wooden bridge and Sifang street commercial plaza have been retained. Living is still repaired and built with traditional technologies and materials. The local government of this ancient city has the utmost protection, and all construction activities are controlled and directed by the rock power grid. Old Town of Lijiang was created by people, and the scenery will continue to be created. As a reconciled resident, a part of the ancient city has deviated from the original form and structure of the "new building" and is being gradually demolished or rectified to ensure that the city itself has artistic or historical value or can be fully promoted.
Old Town of Lijiang, a famous historical and cultural city with comprehensive value and overall value, can only be protected if it is included in the World Heritage List, and it can be circulated for a long time and give full play to its world significance.
● Cultural heritage value:
1, Lijiang street, ancient street, built on the mountain, red breccia (Wuhuashi). Fly ash used in rainy season is not muddy or dry. The patterns on the stone are natural and elegant, with delicate textures, which complement each other. The whole urban environment. Sifang Street is an ancient street representing Lijiang, located in the center of the ancient city. It is not only the geese in the ancient town, but also the center of the market and business center in northwest Yunnan. Sifang Street is a staircase of about 65,438+000 square meters, paved with five flowers and five stones, and there are many shops on both sides of the street. The unique commanding height of the three-story gatehouse in Xike Palace Square. Xijiang River, Dongjiang River. The height difference of the main stream of the movable door washes the street. Four main streets: Guangyi Street, Qiyi Street, Wuyi Street and Xinhua Street extend from the four corners of Sifang Street, and many streets branch out from the four streets, extending in all directions like cobwebs, forming a cautious and open pattern with Sifang Street as the center and streets extending upward.
There are 354 old bridges in Yu He Ancient Town of Lijiang River, with an average density of 93 bridges per square kilometer. Form covered bridges (own), stone arch bridges, stone bridges and wooden bridges. There are also famous Suocui Bridge, Dashiqiao Bridge, Qianqiao Bridge, Nanmen Bridge, Saddle Bridge and Renshou Bridge, all of which were built in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Shiqiao ancient city was first built at the east bridge of Sifang street 100 meters, and was converted into a river course in the Ming Dynasty. Looking at the reflection of Yulong Snow Mountain from the bridge, it is also called Yingxue Bridge. The bridge is a two-hole stone arch bridge, and the arch ring plate is supported by rock puzzles. The bridge is10m long and nearly 4m wide. The bridge deck is paved with traditional five-flower stones, and the slope is gentle, which promotes cross-strait exchanges.
Yuan Yu Shengming's Mufu Mufu was originally a hereditary chieftain Mufu in Lijiang. In preparation for the war and turmoil, the ancient city was rebuilt in the House Museum in the spring of 1998.
The maintenance and reconstruction of the shogunate covers an area of 46 mu, sitting west to east, along the central axis of Zhongyi Square, Yimen, Wanjuan Building of the former Chamber of Commerce, Taoist Temple built according to the terrain, Guangbi Building, Meilou Building, Sanqing Hall, annex hall, attic, stage, street building, courtyard, corridor, palace platform, scale 162. The official's son hangs a memorial tablet given by 1 1 on behalf of the emperor, which reads "Serve the country faithfully". Some people also say that "Mufu is a solidified Lijiang ancient music and a contemporary creation epic".
Wufenglou Fusi Wufenglou (formerly known as Fayunjian), located at the northern end of Heilongtan Park, was founded in the 29th year of Wanli period of Ming Dynasty (A.D. 160 1), and 1983 was announced as a key cultural relic protection unit in Yunnan Province. There is a 20-meter-high Monsanto toll structure, the base of which is in the shape of a Triassic Asian-shaped tower with an octagonal shell. One * * has three twenty-four cornices, which are shaped like the instrument of the phoenix spreading its wings, and are called the Five Peaks Pagoda. The whole building * * * has 32 pillars, which fall to the ground in four columns, and the height of each column is12m. The barrel frame technology is built in the column part, and F is the real top-notch gold. The ceiling is painted with Tai Chi, Flying God King and Dragon, Phoenix and Bird patterns, with smooth lines, bright colors and unique architectural style. It is a national treasure of Han, Tibetan and Naxi, and a typical example of ancient architecture in China.
5. Baisha Baisha Residential Building This residential building is located in Dayan Ancient Town, 8 kilometers away from the political, economic and cultural center of Lijiang during the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Baisha residential building is located in the center of a north-south main axis, with a trapezoidal square, and four lanes lead from the square to the residential pavement in all directions. The square streets, fresh air and residential communities introduced from the north laid the foundation for the unique formation and development of Baisha residential buildings.
Shuhe Ancient Town Shuhe is located 4 kilometers northwest of Lijiang. The residential building in the ancient city, Shuhe ancient town in Lijiang, is surrounded by mountains and waters. There is a small market around the residential building, and there is a pool of spring water on the street, called Jiuding Longtan, also known as Longquan. Shuhe Village in the center of qinglong river spans the Ming Dynasty through Qinglong Bridge. Qinglong Bridge is 4m high, 4m wide and 23m long. It is the largest stone arch bridge in Lijiang. The bridge is 32 meters long and 27 meters wide, and its square shape is similar to Old Town of Lijiang Sifang Street, leading to Xishui Street.
● What does Old Town of Lijiang see?
First climb the Range Rover and you can see the situation of the ancient city. The ancient city skillfully uses the terrain, west of Lion Mountain, north of Xiangshan Mountain and Jinhongshan Mountain, backed by northwest to southeast, far away from the cold of snow-capped mountains, connected with the southeast heater, hiding wind and gathering gas, which is the best geographical proximity.
An ancient city with impressive hydrology faces the river. This ancient city makes full use of spring water to divide Daiyu River into three parts, three parts into nine parts, and then into countless canals. The river lane near the main street is adjacent to the canal, and the ancient city is clean and full of vitality.
Starting with the tickets, you can enjoy the construction of the ancient city. The buildings in the ancient city are full of ancient quadrangles. The building is simple, rough, beautiful and harmonious, and the courtyard layout and house details are rich and delicate. Residents like to plant seasonal flowers to form man and nature.
Fourth, the bridge market, you can list the layout of the ancient city. The layout of the ancient city is free and flexible, eclectic, and the houses, markets, roads and water supply systems are well organized and correctly configured. Together with stones, stone bridges, wooden bridges, flowers and birds, chess and calligraphy, and folk customs, it gives birth to endless charm and the unique charm of the ancient city.