Why is autumn rain and cold ...?
China lunar calendar divides a year into four seasons, 24 solar terms and 72 climaxes. Five days is an hour, three hours is a breath, six breaths is an instant, and four hours is a year. Qi is the solar term and time is the season. People often say that there are four seasons and eight festivals. Here, time is the season, and four seasons are four seasons. Book of Rites: "There are four seasons in the sky, spring, autumn, winter and summer." Section 8: Ancient beginning of spring, Long Summer; Beginning of autumn, beginning of winter, vernal equinox, autumnal equinox, summer solstice and winter solstice are eight festivals. Zuo zhuan. "Xi Gongwu": "Where we divide, arrive, open and close, we must write clouds and events to prepare for the past." Confucius's Ying Da Shu: "Every spring and autumn equinox, winter and summer, long summer, beginning of spring is open, beginning of winter and beginning of autumn are closed. On these eight festivals, you must go to Taiwan Province and write down all the clouds and things you see. " Solar terms: Starting from slight cold, every 30-degree increase in temples is another solar term. There are twelve solar terms: slight cold, beginning of spring, fright, long summer, awn seed, slight summer heat, beginning of autumn, Bailu, cold dew, beginning of winter and heavy snow. Together with the twelve qi, it is called twenty-four solar terms.
I. Twenty-four solar terms
Beginning of spring: The solar calendar starts every year when the sun reaches 3 15 around February 4th. China used to regard beginning of spring as a solar term that began in spring. "The Seventy-two Seasons of the Moon Order": "The first month festival, the establishment, and the beginning are also ... beginning of autumn and Changxia are the same." Beginning of spring is a solar term, the beginning and beginning of the first month. Beginning of spring is the beginning of spring.
Rain: It starts every year around February 19 in the solar calendar when the sun reaches 330. "The Seventy-two Seasons of the Month": "In the first month, water comes from the sky, and beginning of spring belongs to wood. However, those who are born in wood must have water, so the beginning of spring is rain. " Rain is a neutral atmosphere in February. After the rain, the rainfall in most parts of China gradually increased.
Surprisingly, it starts when the sun reaches 345 every year around March 6 in the Gregorian calendar. "Seventy-two Changes of the Moon Order": "February Festival ... everything is shocked and shocked, so it is said that it is a sting." Sting is the solar term in February. When the weather gets warmer and there is spring thunder, hibernating animals will be unearthed. Most parts of China have entered the spring ploughing season. There is an agricultural proverb in central China that says, "Spring ploughing will not stop after the Frightening Festival."
Vernal equinox: Every year, the solar calendar starts around 2 1 and the sun reaches 0 (vernal equinox) of the yellow meridian. "seventy-two waiting episodes of the moon order": "in mid-February, it is divided into half days, which is ninety and a half days, so it is called the vernal equinox." In other words, the vernal equinox divides the ninety days of spring into two halves. "Spring and autumn are full of dew. Yin and yang go in and out: "the vernal equinox, yin and yang are also half-phase, so it is cold and summer day and night." The vernal equinox is mid-air in February. On this day, the direct sunlight on the equator is almost as long as day and night, and then the position of direct sunlight moves northward, and the days in the northern hemisphere are long and the nights are short. Astronomy stipulates that spring begins in the northern hemisphere, and winter crops in most parts of China enter the spring growth stage. There is a farmer's proverb in Central China: "Wheat starts at the vernal equinox, and every moment is worth a thousand dollars." On the vernal equinox, the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. From the vernal equinox to the autumnal equinox, the rising and setting direction of the sun gradually shifted from due east and due west to northeast and northwest.
Qingming: Every year around April 5th in the Gregorian calendar, when the sun reaches 15. The Seventy-Two Seasons of the Month: "March Festival ... At this time, everything is clean and clear." Qingming is the solar term in March. In most parts of China, the climate is warm and the vegetation is lush, which changes the cold and yellow scene in winter. The first day of this solar term is Tomb-Sweeping Day, and there is a custom of going for an outing to sweep graves.
Grain Rain: Every year around April 20th, the Gregorian calendar, when the sun reaches 30, it starts. Seventy-two seasons of the month: "In mid-March, after the rain, the soil and paste pulsated. Now it's raining, and its valley is in the water ... At this time, the grain is also from top to bottom. " Grain Rain is in the middle of March. Before and after Grain Rain, the weather was generally warmer and the rainfall was more than before. This is an important season for sowing and emergence of spring-sown crops in northern China. There is an agricultural proverb "Before and after Grain Rain, point melons and plant beans".
Long summer: Every year, around May 6th in the Gregorian calendar, the sun begins when it reaches 45 degrees of the Yellow Meridian. China used to take the long summer in long summer as the solar term. Ji Jie: "On the April Festival, I borrowed the word (beginning of spring) to see spring. Summer is fake, and everything is fake at this time. " Fake, big meaning. Family: "Wang has a family on vacation." Clearly marked: "Fake, great." Long summer is the solar term in April and the beginning of summer. At this time, crops are growing vigorously and field management is becoming increasingly busy. Wheat began to head, and the agricultural proverb "Long summer wheat yi tooth".
Xiaoman: Every year around May 2 1 in the Gregorian calendar, when the sun reaches 60 degrees of the Yellow Meridian. "seventy-two waiting episodes of the monthly order": "in mid-April, the little ones are full, and the little ones are full." In mid-April, the summer grain in northern China is gradually full, and the summer sowing in southern China enters the summer harvest season.
Ear seed: It starts every year when the sun reaches 75 degrees of the yellow meridian around June 6 in the solar calendar. "seventy-two waiting episodes of the moon order": "the may festival means that there are mang seeds to marry." Mans seeds mean that some crops with awns begin to mature. Species refers to seeds, which means that crops with awns have produced seeds. Mango is the solar term in May, when the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China will enter the rainy Huangmei season. In agricultural production, I am busy harvesting and sowing in summer.
Summer solstice: Every year around June 22nd in Gregorian calendar, when the sun reaches 90 (summer solstice). "The Seventy-Two Seasons of the Moon Order": "Mid-May ... summer is fake, everything is so fake and extreme." Cui Lingen's "Three Rites and Righteousness" in The Fine Interpretation of Han Academy: "Summer is China, and there are three meanings: one is the extreme qi, the other is the beginning, and the third is the north of tomorrow. Therefore, it is called. " It has three meanings: first, the yang is extremely extreme; second, the yin has just come; third, the sun has ended in the north. The solstice in summer is mid-air in May. At this time, the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Cancer, which is the longest day in the northern hemisphere. Later, the position of direct sunlight moved south and the days became shorter. Because the sun still radiates more heat to the ground than the ground radiates to the air, the temperature will continue to rise in a short time. Astronomy stipulates that the summer solstice is the beginning of summer in the northern hemisphere. At this time, crops grow vigorously, weeds and pests grow and spread rapidly, and field management needs to be strengthened. There is an agricultural proverb in Central China that says, "Grass in cotton fields is better than poisonous snake bites in summer solstice."
Slight summer heat: It starts around July 7th of the solar calendar every year when the sun reaches the longitude of 105. "Seventy-two Seasons of the Month": "June Festival ... it is hot in summer, and the heat is also divided into different sizes. It is small at the beginning of the month and big in the middle of the month, but the heat is still small today." Slight summer heat is the solar term in June, not the hottest time. At this time, it is around the early autumn (the early autumn is between summer and 2 1 ~ 30 days later, and the light summer solstice is between summer and future 15 ~ 30 days later), and most parts of China enter the hottest period of the year. In agricultural production, I am busy with the field management of summer and autumn crops.
Summer heat: The solar calendar starts every year around July 23rd when the sun reaches 120. "Seventy-two Hou Ji Jie": "In mid-June, see the light summer." "Tong Wei. Filial piety helps the gods: "Fifteen days after the summer, the bucket refers to the middle of June (summer calendar). Those small and big ones are divided into sizes when they are hot. They are small at the beginning and big after reading them. " The heat is in mid-June, that is, around midsummer. Most parts of China are often the hottest period in a year, and there is more rain in flood season. There is a saying that "a little heat will drown mice", which is also the period when the growth rate of warm crops is the most open.
Beginning of autumn: Every year around August 8th in Gregorian calendar, when the sun reaches 135. China used to take beginning of autumn as the solar term that began in autumn. Seventy-two Seasons of the Moon: "In July Festival, you can see spring through the word (beginning of spring). In autumn, things gather at this time. " Beginning of autumn is the solar term in July, and crops begin to stop growing. As the agricultural proverb says, "You will reap what you sow in autumn", and then the temperature begins to drop.
Summer heat: The solar calendar starts around August 23rd every year when the sun reaches the longitude of 150. Hou Jijie: "In mid-July, the place stops and the summer ends here." Summer is hot in mid-July. Since then, the temperature in most parts of China has gradually decreased. After the summer heat, the temperature gradually drops, generally only about half a degree per hour. From the summer heat to the summer heat, the temperature drops less than 3 degrees. After the heat, it can drop by about 2 degrees, so it is an obvious turning point and a sign of cold climate.
Millennium: Starting from the longitude of the sun around September 8th of the Gregorian calendar 165. Seventy-two Seasons of the Moon: "August Festival ... Yin Qi is getting heavier and heavier, white and revealing." The Millennium is the solar term in August. At this time, the weather in most parts of China is getting colder, the temperature drops obviously, it is cooler at night and there is more dew in the morning.
Autumnal equinox: The sun reaches 180 every year around September 23rd in Gregorian calendar (autumnal equinox). "Seventy-two Hou Ji Jie": "See the vernal equinox in mid-August." . "Spring and autumn are full of dew. Yin and yang go in and out: "The autumn equinox, Yin and Yang are also half-phase, so it is cold and summer day and night." The autumnal equinox is mid-air in August. Like the vernal equinox, the sun shines directly at the equator, and day and night are almost the same length. Since then, direct sunlight has moved further south, and the days in the northern hemisphere have become shorter and the nights have become longer. Astronomy stipulates that autumn begins in the northern hemisphere. Autumn harvest and autumn planting are practiced in northern China. During the period from the vernal equinox to the autumnal equinox, the sun rises in the east due north and sets in the west due north. Only at the vernal equinox and autumnal equinox does the sun rise in the east and set in the west. After that, the sun rises in the southeast and sets in the southwest before the vernal equinox.
Cold dew: Every year, the solar calendar is around 65438+10.8, and the sun reaches 195. "Seventy-two Hou Ji Jie": "September Festival, dew cold, will be condensed." Cold dew is the solar term in September. At this time, the weather in most parts of our country is cool, and autumn harvest and autumn planting. Cold dew means that the temperature is very low, the dew is very cold, and it will frost. Therefore, there is a saying that "one autumn rain is cool and three white dew is frost".
First frost: Every year, the solar calendar1starts when the sun reaches about 2 10 on October 23rd. "The moon is seventy-two waiting for Ji Jie": "In mid-September, the gas is static and condensed, and the dew is like frost." The frost in early September is neutral, and the first frost generally appears in the Yellow River basin around the first frost. In different parts of China, the first frost appears on different dates. Generally, it is early in the north and late in the south, and late in the mountains. Its appearance is greatly influenced by geographical conditions and topography. South China has entered the busy season of autumn harvest and autumn planting.
Beginning of winter: Every year around Gregorian calendar165438+1October 7th, when the sun reaches 225. China used to take beginning of winter as the solar term in beginning of winter. "The Seventy-two Seasons of the Month": "October Festival, seeing spring through words (beginning of spring). In winter, in the end, everything is collected. " Beginning of winter is a solar term in October, and winter begins, which means that the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River will be frozen soon.
Xiaoxue: Every year, around Gregorian calendar165438+1October 22nd, when the sun reaches 240 degrees. "Seventy-two Hou Ji Jie": "In mid-October, it rained and was cold and thin, so it condensed into snow. The words of the villain are not prosperous. " Light snow is in mid-air in October. At this time, the Yellow River basin generally began to snow and the land began to freeze. There is a saying in agricultural proverbs that "the land is sealed by light snow and the river is sealed by heavy snow".
Heavy snow: every year around February 7th of 65438+ Gregorian calendar, when the sun reaches 255. "Seventy-two Hou Ji Jie": "November Festival, the greatest is prosperous. At this point, the snow is full. " Heavy snow is a solar term of 1 1 month. There is snow in the Yellow River basin, and the rivers begin to freeze. Even in the years with high temperature, the land will freeze when encountering heavy snow, so there is a saying in agricultural proverbs that "heavy snow will not seal the land, but it will last for three to five days".
Winter solstice: every year around 65438+February 22nd in Gregorian calendar, when the sun reaches 270 (winter solstice). "Seventy-two Hou Ji Jie": "In mid-November, it was extremely angry." "Tong Wei. "Filial piety helps the gods": "On the fifteenth day after heavy snow, fingers are pointed, which is the solstice of winter, in the middle of November (summer calendar). The cathode starts from the sun, grows south and grows south. " Du Fu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem "From winter to sunrise, the sun comes again", which means that the cathode comes before the sun. The winter solstice is 1 1 mid-air. On this day, the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Capricorn, and the daytime in the northern hemisphere is the shortest. After that, the direct sunlight position moved northward, and the days became longer. Because the heat radiated by the sun to the ground is still less than that radiated to the air, the temperature will continue to drop in a short time. Astronomy stipulates that the winter solstice is the beginning of winter in the northern hemisphere.
Slight cold: Every year around 65438+10.6, when the sun reaches 285 degrees of the yellow meridian. "Seventy-two Hou Ji Jie": "On the December Festival, the cold is still small at the beginning of the month, so it is cloudy at half a month." Slight cold is the solar term of1February, and most areas of China enter the severe winter around March 9.
Great cold: Every year around the Gregorian calendar 65438+1October 20th, when the sun reaches 300 degrees of the yellow meridian. "Moon Order 72 Waiting for Ji Jie": "Mid-December, before the solution (slight cold)." "Give time to pass the exam. The weather quoted "Three Rites and Righteousness": "Great cold is the middle, and the upper form is slight cold, so it is called great cold ... extremely cold, so it is great cold." The great cold is in the middle of1February, which is the coldest period in most parts of China in a year.
The second part, seventy-two Hou
In ancient China, the calendar of events in the Yellow River Basin was divided into five days, three days, twenty-four days and seventy-two days. Each climate corresponds to a climate phenomenon, which is called "climate response", indicating the general situation of climate and climate change in a year. There should be two kinds of weather in 72 years: one is biological weather, and there are animals, such as geese coming, cicadas singing and earthworms coming out. There are also plants, such as peach blossoms, Pingshisheng, and Henaiden. The other is abiotic climate, such as water freezing, thunder, wet soil, intense heat and so on. , the content is very extensive. However, there are also some observation errors that are not in line with scientific facts, such as eagles turning into pigeons and birds turning into clams when entering the water. The origin of Seventy-two Stages is very early, which has been completely established in the pre-Qin ancient book Yizhoushu and played a certain role in agricultural activities. Because the time unit of climate is small and the climate varies greatly between years and regions, it is difficult to be widely used. Now, it is listed according to the seventy-two dates contained in "Nong Sang Tong Ji" for your leisure after dinner.
Spring:
Beginning of spring: First, the east wind thawed. The second time, the stinger began to tremble. In the third season, fish throw ice. Rain: First, Rex sacrificed the fish. The second Hou, Hou Yanbei. The third time, the vegetation germinated.
Jing Zhe: First of all, China. The second time, pale Geng Ming. The third time, the eagle became a pigeon. Equinox: The mysterious bird arrives for the first time. The second time, Renai made a sound. Third, start the electricity.
Qingming: First, Tong Shihua. The second time, the vole became an owl. In the third season, rainbows began to appear. Grain Rain: First, Ping was born. The second time, the pigeon fluttered its wings and wanted to fly. The third hou, Dai Sheng fell in mulberry.
Summer:
Changxia: First time, huh. The second time, the earthworm came out. The third Hou, Wang Guasheng. Xiaoman: First of all, bitter vegetable show. The second time, the grass died. Third Hou, Mai.
Mango: First of all, mantis was born. The second time, the birds began to sing. Third, the tongue is silent. Summer solstice: For the first time, antlers are released. The second time, it started to ring. Third, Pinellia ternata was born.
Xiaoshu: First, it's warm and windy. The second time, the cricket lived on the wall. In the third season, the eagle began to be loyal. Summer heat: At first, rotten grass was a firefly. The second time, the soil was wet and hot. Third, when it rains heavily.
Autumn:
Beginning of autumn: First, a cool breeze came. The second time, the Millennium fell. The third time, the cicada is singing. Summer: First, eagles are sacrificial birds. The second time, heaven and earth began to sink. Third, He Naideng.
Peace and prosperity: First, Hongyan is coming. The second time, the mysterious bird returned. Third, birds raise shame. Autumnal Equinox: At first, the thunder stopped. The second time, the stinger is a bad household. The third time, the water began to dry up.
Lu Han: First of all, the guests of Hongyan. In the second season, sparrows entered the water and became clams. The third time, the chrysanthemum blooms yellow. Chushuang: First of all, jackals are sacrificial animals. The second time, the vegetation is yellow. The third time, the stinger is salty.
Winter:
Beginning of winter: First, the water began to freeze. The second time, the ground began to freeze. In the third season, the pheasant entered the flood as a stork. Xiaoxue: At first, the rainbow disappeared. The second time, the weather rose. Third, shelter becomes winter.
Snow: At first, owls didn't sing. The second time, the tiger began to pay. The third time, Li stood up. Solstice of winter: For the first time, earthworms tie knots. The second time, Elk Horn Dafa. Third, the spring moves.
Han provided: Xianhou, a native of Yanbei. The second time, magpies began to build nests. In the third season, pheasants began to hatch. Great cold: for the first time, chickens began to milk. The second time, the bird was seriously ill. Third, the abdomen is strong.