Key points of geography college entrance examination in China

Physical geography includes the earth in the universe, the material movement and energy exchange in the natural environment, the integrity and difference of the natural environment, and the influence of the natural environment on human activities, which are the focus and difficulty of geography review in senior three. In the review of three knowledge plates (physical geography, human geography and regional geography) of senior high school geography, students generally think that physical geography is the most difficult. For liberal arts students, physical geography is the "science" in liberal arts, the "bottleneck" in learning, and the "hardest hit" in losing points in exams. How to optimize the review process, improve efficiency, improve geographical thinking ability and test-taking ability is a common concern of senior three teachers and students. I think we can start from the following two aspects. Strategic decision-making-accuracy 1. Studying the geography test questions of the college entrance examination and grasping the real questions over the years, especially the test questions of the college entrance examination in the past three years, will help students accurately grasp the trend of the college entrance examination proposition and lock in the review focus. It is suggested that students summarize the knowledge points in the college entrance examination in recent three years in a special way, such as the distribution of knowledge points in the college entrance examination papers in recent three years: holistic Hainan (2008): analysis of sediment size under different vegetation and the same rainfall intensity.

Chongqing (2008): What are the types of natural belts?

Hainan (2009): What are the types of natural belts?

Anhui (20 10): the integrity and difference of geographical environment Shandong (2008): the determination of vertical natural zones in mountainous areas?

Ningxia (2008): What is the expression of the law of latitude regional differentiation?

Geography of Shanghai (2008): the regional differentiation law from equator to poles (the difference of cherry blossom opening time)?

Beijing (2009): What is the vertical variation of precipitation in mountainous areas and mountainous natural zones?

Geography of Shanghai (2009): Regional differences of geographical environment (regional differentiation law of geographical environment in South America-regional differentiation law from coastal to inland, vertical regional differentiation law)

National New Curriculum Standard Volume (20 10): According to the snow line, this paper analyzes the characteristics of terrain distribution, the reasons for the difference between snow period and snowfall, and the reasons for the serious snowmelt erosion in hilly areas.

Fujian (20 10): the change trend of snow line height and its reasons?

Jiangsu province (20 10): after such sorting and analysis, we can draw the following conclusions: ① this topic often takes natural zones as the starting point, comprehensively investigates the non-zonal distribution of natural geographical elements and its main influencing factors, as well as the laws of vertical zonality of mountains (the number and baseband of natural zones with different slopes in different mountains or the same mountain, the height of the same natural zone in different slopes in mountains, the height of snow line, etc.). ). Differences can be the focus of reviewing this topic. (3) The integrity will take hot spots as the background, and the climate abnormal events such as El Niñ o and La Niñ a, as well as the impact of large-scale engineering construction on the environment can be taken as the starting point of the proposition. 2. The outline is the program and guide for college entrance examination review. In the review process, we should pay attention to: ① make clear the requirements of the outline for the scope of knowledge; (2) Clarify the requirements of the syllabus for ability; (3) Clarify the changes of the outline in recent years; (4) Seriously study the sample questions in the syllabus. Review process-science 1. Consolidate the "double bases" and form the skeleton of physical geography knowledge (1). Consolidate the "double-base" college entrance examination with ability, but ability comes from knowledge. Although the knowledge points examined in the college entrance examination are only a part of all knowledge points, this limited content is only the extraction of subject content, but this extraction has great uncertainty, and the college entrance examination questions are changing every year. Therefore, geography preparation should lay a solid foundation. In the process of laying a solid foundation, you should know what it is and why. We can change the way of review from the acquisition of conclusive knowledge to the analysis of knowledge formation, realize the foresight of learning results by exploring the learning process, and cultivate the ability of thinking and knowledge transfer. The first is to analyze the situation of knowledge formation. Situational materials include text and various charts. Students can draw conclusions by analyzing various situational materials, so as to discover their own knowledge, such as observing and analyzing charts, understanding "reason" according to "maps", statistically analyzing geographical data, and saying "reason" by "numbers", thus forming distinctive, accurate and profound knowledge on the basis of enriching perceptual knowledge. The second is to analyze the process of knowledge formation. For example, the earth movement, atmospheric movement, the formation and change of atmospheric circulation, etc. Students form organized knowledge with clear thinking and clear causality in the process of analyzing and summarizing concepts, principles and laws from simple to complex. In this way, in the process of exploring the formation of knowledge, we not only consolidated the "double basics", experienced the learning process, mastered the learning methods, but also cultivated the ability of logical thinking. This also lays a foundation for establishing the connection clues between knowledge and forming the knowledge skeleton of natural geography. (2) Establishing the connection clue between knowledge is the processing and reorganization of knowledge. It is necessary to master the internal connection between knowledge and clarify the way and direction of connection so that it can be extracted and used when encountering new problems. Under the new guiding ideology, old knowledge has become "organized" new knowledge through reorganization, induction, connection and migration. For example, the close or comparative relationship of spatial distribution, such as the distribution of continents, plates, volcanoes and seismic zones, young folded mountains, young plateaus, some non-ferrous metals, ancient plateaus, main plains and rivers related to alluvial plains. The causal relationship between geographical things is as follows: the uneven distribution of solar radiation on the earth-the distribution of pressure zone and wind zone-the distribution of ocean currents-the distribution of climate types-the distribution of vegetation-the distribution of natural zones. The parallel relationship between geographical things, such as: all kinds of external forces and factors (such as factors affecting climate) jointly or jointly affect the same geographical thing. The primary and secondary subordinate relations between geographical things, such as external forces and their weathering, erosion, handling and accumulation; Natural resources and their land resources, air resources, water resources, mineral resources, etc. The relationship between the size and inclusion of geographical things, such as: the total galaxy-galaxy-solar system-earth-moon system and other planetary systems; Water on the earth-ocean water and land water-surface water (rivers, lakes, glaciers), groundwater (diving, confined water) and so on. (3) The skeleton knowledge that constitutes the knowledge of physical geography is systematic and related, just like a tree with lush leaves and criss-crossing roots. Building a network can integrate scattered and isolated knowledge systems, which is not only conducive to the cultivation of students' knowledge transfer ability, but also enables students to grasp this part of knowledge from a macro perspective. 2. Deeply understand the basic principles and laws of physical geography (1) Mastering the basic concepts of geography is the basis of learning geography well, the key to mastering the laws of geography and the premise of correctly answering geographical questions. To establish the knowledge structure of physical geography, we should master the basic concepts of physical geography and establish a concept group system. We should not only understand their connotations, but also understand their differences and connections. Such as geological process and geological structure, growth boundary and extinction boundary, natural resources and energy, hydrological characteristics and water system characteristics. (2) Pay attention to the induction of geographical principles and laws. For example, by analyzing the ocean current systems in the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean, according to the distribution and causes of ocean currents, it can be concluded that: ① every ocean has a complete ocean current system; (2) Except for the northern Indian Ocean, the ocean currents in tropical and subtropical waters in the northern hemisphere flow clockwise, while those in the southern hemisphere flow counterclockwise; ③ The circulation systems are warm in the west and cold in the east. The above conclusion is a general law obtained through the analysis of the three major ocean currents. Another example is the general idea and method of analyzing the causes of seawater salinity: ① If the latitudes of the two places are different, the salinity is high in the area near the Tropic of Cancer and high in the area far from the Tropic of Cancer. Low degree; ? (2) If the latitudes of the two places are the same, the salinity of the cold current flowing through this area is low and the salinity of the warm current flowing through this area is high; The salinity of the area where river runoff flows in is low; (3) The sea area with large amount of ice or less melting ice at high latitudes has high salinity, while the sea area with small amount of ice or large melting ice has low salinity. (3) Emphasizing the practical application of basic principles and laws and integrating theory with practice are the basic principles of geography review. In the review, we should apply the basic principles and laws we have learned to practice, so as to explain social and natural phenomena, improve our ability to analyze and solve problems, and analyze and solve related practical problems from multiple angles and levels. To review the knowledge of physical geography, we must first understand the laws of motion, such as earth movement, atmospheric movement, water cycle, biological cycle, crustal material cycle, crustal change law and so on. , and clearly "why move, how to move"; Secondly, we should master the distribution law and closely combine it with natural phenomena, such as the temporal and spatial distribution law of noon sun height, the length of day and night, the temporal and spatial distribution law of precipitation, the distribution law of climate types, the distribution law of natural zones, the distribution law of volcanoes and seismic zones, etc. We should be clear about "why this distribution" and "how to distribute it". We should look at these laws of motion and distribution from the point of view of connection. For example, the movement of the direct point of the sun is related to the change of the height of the sun at noon, the length of day and night, and also to the climate. Take the review of "thermodynamic cycle" as an example to illustrate this review idea and method. Using the basic principle of thermal cycle, draw the relevant thermal cycle map, and correctly explain the relevant geographical phenomena in real life according to the map: draw the thermal cycle map between cities and suburbs, further analyze the influence of thermal cycle on the layout of urban industries (industries with air pollution), or explain the causes of "urban rain island"; Draw a schematic diagram of the thermal circulation of the mountain valley wind and analyze the reasons for the rainy night in the valley or basin. Based on the basic principles and laws of thermal circulation, this paper analyzes the causes of the formation of three-circle circulation and its influence on climate, and analyzes the causes of the formation of cyclones and anticyclones and their influence on weather. 3. Correctly handle the relationship among physical geography, human geography and regional geography. Most geographical topics are based on regional geography, natural geography, human geography and the relationship between man and land and sustainable development. Therefore, in reviewing, we should organically combine natural geography with human geography and regional geography, so as to get twice the result with half the effort. For example, the climatic points of all continents in the world are combined with atmospheric units: the formation reasons, characteristics comparison and distribution areas of three monsoon climates in Asia; The reasons for the symmetrical distribution of African climate zones along the equator and the influence of non-zonal factors on African climate; The distribution areas of temperate maritime climate and Mediterranean climate and the reasons why they are widely distributed in Europe and rarely or not distributed in other continents; The main types and distribution areas of North American climate, and the influence of topography on North American climate; The influence of Andes on the formation and distribution of climate types in South America: the characteristics and causes of semi-circular distribution of climate types in Australia: the climate characteristics and causes of Antarctica. Every senior three student is a seed with infinite hope. Everything is possible before the college entrance examination papers are issued. The key depends on how you think and do it now, and whether you can breed hope into a legend. I wish the students good results in the college entrance examination next year!