What is the type of kendo?
The word "Kendo" originated from the ancient book "Wu Yue Chun Qiu" in the pre-Qin period of China. As early as the Han Dynasty, there was an exchange of weapons and smelting and casting technology between China and Japan. At the same time, China's two-handed saber technique, which comes down in one continuous line, was introduced to Japan in the Sui and Tang Dynasties through the official exchanges between Japanese envoys in the Sui and Tang Dynasties and Chinese mainland, as well as the non-governmental exchanges between the Korean Peninsula and mainland coastal areas and Japanese islands. The knife method introduced to Japan has been evolving in the years of the Japanese War. In the increasingly stable edo period in Japan, the basic forms of kendo protective gear and bamboo sword were made by imitating the style of Japanese armor, which laid the embryonic form of sports kendo in the future.
Generally speaking, kendo (けんどぅ) refers to modern kendo, also known as sports kendo. It is a martial arts and sports competition reformed in modern times to adapt to social development. The traditional ancient kendo, called fencing in Japanese, and (けんじゅつ), are the "real" mountain fighting techniques used by ancient Japanese warriors in battle.
Another important difference between kendo and fencing is that kendo is usually trained with a bamboo knife (Shi Na Yi), while Shancheng Dragon (かたな) is usually used in martial arts. Kendo, aikido, sword drawing and chopping are all branches of martial arts, which were born out of ancient kendo (fencing).
Rumors of origin
First, the period of Feiniao, Nara and Heian Dynasty —— The rumor about the origin of Japanese kendo initially established three stages of swordsmanship, namely "Heaven and Earth Man", which is said to have been done by "Japan", the son of King Jing of Japan at the beginning of the second century. This statement was recorded in the original Japanese books "Ancient Secretary" and "Japanese Secretary" completed 600 years later (7 12), but most of the contents in the books belong to legends similar to myths, so the contents are doubtful. By the middle of Quaternary, the Kunmo people in Luchangguo Kashima created a kind of "Excalibur", which is the famous "Kashima Taidao", and many schools of later generations came from this. At the end of the eighth century, doctors in Emperor Kanmu Palace established a martial arts hall, where martial artists practiced martial arts. From Emperor Kanmu to the emperor of the "Heian Dynasty", the "Sky Blue Competition" was held here on May 5th every year.
The rudiment of ancient kendo
Second, the end of the Heian Dynasty and the Kamakura era-the prototype of ancient Kendo reached 1 1 the beginning of the century in the middle of Heian. From the past battlefield actual combat experience, it is found that chopping is more advantageous than stabbing in immediate combat, and drawing the sword is also beneficial. So I changed the original three-foot double-edged straight knife, which was mainly based on stabbing and chopping, into a two-handed single-edged sword, which was mainly based on chopping and stabbing. From the middle and late period of Heian to the establishment of Kamakura shogunate, Japan's successive years of civil war objectively promoted the progress of ancient swordsmanship, and set off the first ancient swordsmen revolution, among which many famous swordsmen emerged. Among them, the representative figures were: Shiro Zhenxi's source was Korea, and swordsmanship was superior to the so-called "western first" teacher, recreating two positions of "yin and yang", namely "left and right", plus the original "left and right". Yuan Yijing (nicknamed Niu Ruowan), his father Minamotono Yoshitomo was killed by Ping Qingsheng in the rebellion, and his mother was captured as a concubine. The Book of Changes survived and was placed under house arrest in Ma 'an Temple, a mountain city, to study and practice martial arts. One day, in Houshan Valley, I met an alien who called himself "Tiangou" to teach fencing. The Book of Changes incorporated it into the use of Japanese Dao, which became the unified fencing of the source family. This swordsmanship became the famous "Eight Rivers in Beijing" or "Eight Rivers in Anma", and its tributaries have been passed down to this day. After the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate (1185-1333), as the first military regime based on the samurai class in Japan, it strongly advocated the role of military power and martial arts in social stability. During this period, fencing, archery and horseback riding were the three most important martial arts. The development of martial arts such as fencing is also deeply influenced by Zen. The combination of Zen's view of nature, life and death and philosophy of life with the life style of samurai class makes ancient fencing have unique philosophical connotation and educational function. During this period, with the development of fencing, many distinctive "martial arts schools" and "schools" gradually appeared. At the same time, sword skills and offensive and defensive weapons are also progressing and developing. In order to defend against powerful arrows on the battlefield, you must wear thick armor. Once in hand-to-hand combat, in order to deal with this kind of armor, a sword with a length of more than three feet or even four to five feet was tilted to the right or left, and the sword was cut obliquely from the upper part to the lower part, or swung obliquely from the lower part to the lower part, thus creating the configuration of "threat structure".
Further development
Three. Muromachi period and Warring States period-further development of ancient swordsmanship The Warring States period, which lasted for a hundred years at the end of Muromachi shogunate, greatly promoted the development of ancient swordsmanship. After the matchlock was imported into Japan in 1544, the heavy armor lost its protective ability, so it was changed into a light armor that was conducive to advancing and retreating, and the size of the sword was shortened. From the regular sabre (the blade is downward and hung horizontally on the belt) to the blade is upward and inserted obliquely on the belt. Fencing also focuses on attacking the neck, throat, waist, armpits, thighs and joints of hands and feet. , can't be protected by armor. In this era, I studied swordsmanship and practiced "shape" with real swords, blade guides (knives without embedded blades when casting swords) and wooden knives. A great swordsman Shang Quan Yi Shi kept his promise. He invented a kind of bamboo more than three feet long, which was cut into four, eight, sixteen or thirty-two sections from the part where the handle was left to the tip of the knife, and then wrapped in a bag made of thick wood and cotton cloth to make a "bag bamboo knife" that could directly hit each other for practice, but it was not handed down until later generations by new negative currents, new currents and some parts.
Maturity of ancient kendo
Four. Edo Period —— The maturity and modernization of ancient kendo has transited from the Warring States Period through the Taoshan Period to the Edo Period, and swordsmen all over the world have come forth in large numbers, and the prosperity of martial art has reached its climax. The military policy of Tokugawa shogunate preserved and further developed the achievements of fencing development in Antu Taoshan era. Around 1764, Zhong Zang invented the sheath of face, trunk and small hand by imitating helmet, chest protector and cage hand, cut bamboo into four sections, added scalp, middle knot, silk, stalk skin and chaff to make bamboo knives, and then restricted the attack anywhere protected by the sheath. The practice and competition of fencing at that time was the embryonic form of modern "kendo". However, all factions still retain their original "style" swordsmanship, so the actual combat of real swords still needs to be supplemented by style practice. By the end of Tokugawa shogunate, there were more than 200 schools of fencing in the world. Zhou Zuo, a great swordsman, summed up "68 swordsmanship skills" on the basis of predecessors, and improved the use of Chinese and western protective equipment bamboo knives for daily practice, which marked the completeness and maturity of the ancient kendo system and added a strong artistic color to kendo. After the Meiji Restoration, warriors who abandoned governors to rule counties and lost their master's family became ronins. 1876, a ban was issued on ordinary people except the military and police, which made the original warriors have to switch to agriculture, industry and commerce for their livelihood, but because they were not good at these, they fell into a situation of food and clothing and poverty. As a result, fencing Dojo around the country gradually disappeared, and the inheritance and development of fencing were in trouble. When the Southwest War broke out in the Meiji decade, police stations gradually realized that fencing was still an important military force and the core of traditional national spirit such as Bushido, recruited swordsmen nationwide and organized "sword-drawing teams" to crusade against Saigō Takamori. In the twelfth year of Meiji, JCH officially engaged in fencing. In May of the same year, swordsmen from all over the country held fencing conferences, and for the first time formulated the method of "winning and losing three times", which was composed of straight shadow stream, pommel horse stream, Baoshan stream, standing stream and first-class stream.
The emergence and development of modern kendo
Meiji era, Taisho era and Showa era-the emergence and development of modern kendo. Meiji era 1895 (the 28th year of Meiji)-In the 28th year of Meiji, martial artists from all over the world held a martial arts festival at the Peace Shrine in Kyoto, rebuilt the martial arts hall and established the "Great Japan Martial Arts Society". 1August 905 (Meiji 38)-Kyoto Wushu Teachers' Training Institute was established 19 1 1 (Meiji 44)-The Wushu Teachers' Training Institute was renamed as a Wushu specialized school, and kendo became a regular course in old middle schools. 1920 (the eighth year of Taisho), referring to Kodokan's method of changing "jujitsu" into "judo", fencing and fencing were called "kendo" and gradually implemented. At the same time, the previous practice methods have been re-formulated and improved, so that kendo can be preserved and popularized. 1May 929 (Showa 4 years),1May 934 (Showa 9 years),1June 940 (Showa 15 years), "Emperor" after World War II, 1945 years. 1946 (Showa year 2 1) On August 25th, the development of kendo in social sports was restricted from 1946 (Showa year 21) to 1947 (Showa year 22), and the Great Japan Wushu Association started from. The All-Japan Athletic League was established on 1952 (Showa 27), 10 and 14, and the All-Japan Kendo League was established on 1953 (Showa 28), and the Ministry of Education lifted the kendo ban in social sports on 19. After the defeat of World War II, Japan was recognized as a cruel and horrible martial art by the Japanese land occupation army headquarters, so shooting and fencing practice were completely banned, and all the protective gear owned by ordinary people was confiscated and burned. Later, Mori Shunzao and others came forward to express their feelings, and retorted: "Kendo is not designed to learn the art of blade killing, as your Ministry thought, but contains a higher dimensional spiritual meaning: inheriting and learning the physical skills of attack and defense of Guliu, not only physical fitness, physical strength, health and longevity. It also includes metaphysical observation, understanding, judgment, breaking off diplomatic relations, thinking, self-denial and so on. " Is it against the free spirit of democracy? Besides, in this era of atomic weapons, it is ridiculous to be afraid of this kind of kendo and ban it. Isn't this a ridiculous thing, a superficial mistake? "After the above rebuttal, the Kendo prohibition order was stopped. Showa held the first national conference on the rights and interests of kendo athletes after the war in 24 years, and applied to the headquarters, but it was not officially approved, but it was not banned, so it was held in a state of "acquiescence".
All-Japan kendo alliance
1954 after the establishment of the all-Japan kendo alliance, it has made great contributions to the revival and modernization of kendo, and redefined the purpose of modern kendo in 1975, namely: "hone your body and mind and shape a strong spiritual force; Through correct and strict training, we can improve our own fencing, cultivate people's sense of etiquette and honor, make people learn to treat others sincerely, and improve the cultural quality of practitioners; In order to encourage practitioners to love the motherland and society and make extensive contributions to the progress of human society. "
Edit the equipment required for this paragraph.
First of all, the clothing of kendo (the jury pays great attention to clothing in every grade examination or sub-subject examination, because clothing is a part of the "ceremony" in kendo. Kendo clothing is divided into two parts: the upper part is kendo, and the lower part is Kun, which is generally made of indigo cotton. Followed by artifacts (kendo does not use a real sword, and the two switch to bamboo knives, but it symbolizes a real sword). Bamboo knife and wooden knife are one of the most basic instruments in kendo. Bamboo knives can be divided into different categories according to the shape and the distribution of center of gravity, such as "body extension", "ancient knife" and "actual combat", and their quality will also be different due to the factors of bamboo chips themselves. Wooden knives are generally only used for the practice of kendo shape, so that practitioners can understand the usage of knives and will not be used in actual combat. Finally, the protective gear of kendo (used to protect the body, especially the hitting part, which is very safe) consists of four parts, from top to bottom: face (male): protecting head, throat and shoulders (bucket): protecting chest and abdomen (KOTE): protecting the back of hand and fist (tare): protecting the lower body.
Kendo is a martial arts sport. When beginners learn, they need to show their swordsmanship with their physical strength. When the technology is mature, it will win with smart strategies. Therefore, teaching needs vary from person to person, and appropriate practice time and times should be given. However, the attitude of learning must be rigorous and serious in order to get substantive results. The way of training, for beginners, should start with the decomposition action, then reach the combo action through the click action, then gradually enter the chain practice, and then turn to intensive impact training. In the training room, if an individual is found to have movements that are not easy to learn, individual guidance will be given. This has evolved into a comprehensive exercise, in which counter-attacks are skillfully combined and used, and then extended to mutual confrontation to heart-to-heart attack and defense confrontation. Furthermore, when training, you should be clear-headed and constantly think and analyze what your opponent's next move will be. When you reach a certain level, you can see a picture of fighting your opponent in your mind. This is called meditation.
Edit this paragraph.
In the second year of Heisei (1990)/April, 2000, the first-class qualification owner obtained the second-class qualification above the second level in middle school, the third-class qualification above 6+0 years, the fourth-class qualification above the third-class qualification above 6+08 years, and the fifth-class qualification above the third-class qualification above the fourth-class qualification above four years and above twenty-five years, and the seventh-class qualification above five years and above thirty years. A priest with good judgment has six qualifications, and a fan with good guidance has eight qualifications. He is of noble character, proficient in fencing and skilled, and is over 55 years old.
Edit the basic name of this section of kendo.
Basic game
MenUCHI, Kote -UCHI, Duouchi, Moon, Swing, Tongcheng Mountain, Taiyatari.
Facial attack method
NOBI- door, rubbing face (surname-door), hitting face by hand (KOTE- door), stabbing face (moon-door), hitting face with one hand (KATATE- door), retreating face (HIKI- door), rubbing face (door -SURIAGE- door), door -SURIAGI-DO, door-.
Abdominal attack
HARAI-do, stomach -DO, hand to stomach (KOTE), stomach to stomach (door -DO), abdomen to stomach (HIKI-DO) and stomach to stomach to face (DO-UCHIOTOSHI-MEN).
Hand attack method
Halai -KOTE, De -KOTE, Suriaji -KOTE, Tsukiji -KOTE, Hickey -KOTE, KOTE- Suriari-Men, Kote-Kote-Kote. KOTE Nuki Gate; KOTE- Kaicheng-Kote; KOTE inner bridge door.
Inflammation of throat
Moro month, patch month, UTSU month, next month, next month, next month.
Edit the effective hitting position and judgment in this paragraph.
The effective hitting parts of kendo are face (including front, left and right sides), throat, abdomen (left and right abdomen) and hands (left and right wrists), which are all key parts of the body. Judgment and determination: the determination of the so-called effective strike should be based on the consistency of momentum, spacing, timing, strike position, strike intensity and other conditions. How to appreciate and watch kendo is actually just a means for the two sides to meet in front of the card; This is a heart-to-heart battle. Therefore, we can appreciate and watch kendo from two aspects: external technology and internal psychology. Technically, the movements are sharp and graceful, and the momentum and spirit are full, showing a strong and powerful performance. Psychologically speaking, we can see the wisdom and practice of the swordsman by looking at whether the swordsman's mood is calm or impetuous, whether he can have keen and correct judgment in the battle, and how to take appropriate countermeasures, such as the tactical application of "preemptive strike", "waiting for an opportunity" or "winning by counterattack".
Edit common kendo phrases in this paragraph.
(Comparison between China and Japan)
common language
Ashi (ぁし) foot, foot Ashi sabaki gait, sliding step Ayumi ashi gait, sliding step (alternating legs) Bokken wooden knife Bokuto wooden knife Wu Daoliang. Chaku za, Warrior Road, Sit down (front seat, Seiza) Dochika Ma, upper side of Chigawa LeatherLoops, close-range Chu Dan Nokamae, middle section with knife, Dan position Debana waza refers to the opponent's action (first first? ) making chest/waist protective gear Dogu generally refers to protective gear (Men, Kote, Do, etc. ) Dojo Dojo Domo arigato gozaimasu Thank you, and I am very grateful to Dotatsu for his (effective) footwork in playing Fumi komi ashi. Gedan no kame is down there with a knife. Hai () Yes, what a pair of pants in Hakama uniform. ) Harai waza sweeps each other's bamboo knives out of the middle. Hasso no kamae's guard position is perpendicular to shinaihold. Hikiwaza retreats. Himo rope (Men Himo, Do Himo, Hiraki ashi moves to both sides) Isokuito Nomaai hits the distance Jigeiko step by step, and practices freely (generally referring to fighting with free skills). Jodan no kamae holds a knife in the upper section, while Jogeburi stretches and wields a knife from a very high place to a very low place. Joseki Higher place Kaeshi waza refers to the skill of skillfully using the opponent's attack power to fight back (first? Kakari geiko's continuous practice (generally referring to certain routines: Men, Kote-Men, Men-Hiki-Men, Continue to do) Kamae (te) posture (usually an order with a knife in the middle) Diety (God) Kata Kendo-shaped Tatsu Yamashiro Shancheng (Taidao) Katsugi Waza's bamboo knife technique Keiko practiced the tip ki moMentum of Keikogi Excercise jacket Kensen bamboo knife, and the spiritual Kiai shouted (men, Kote, do, Tsuki, etc.) Kihon foundation Kiri began the classic practice of kendo. Male, Yu Sa-male * 9, male, Yu Sa-male * 9, male) ko(こ)Koda chi Kota chi kote wrist Kyu primary male head, protective pad male in helmet buton metal strip male gane stared at Metsuke and looked at Mokuso thoughtfully. Meditate (while sitting in the front seat) Mune's chest Nanane Buriside to Side Suburi Nakayui's leather rope Danny Waza's two-step skill Nuki waza's skill of dodging opponent's attack (first? ) o Also close the knife Oji waza defense skill Okii Dali right foot forward footwork (sliding step) Onegaishiimasu Please pay more attention to Rei bow Sakigawa bamboo tip leather cover Sandan waza three-step skill Yu Sa me. N-sided attack on the main seat of Men Seiza Seme destroys the position of the other bamboo knife in the middle with his own bamboo knife. Seretsu, the teacher of Sensei, the predecessor of Senpai, stood in the team. Line up Shiai competition Shiai jo competition venue Shikake waza attack skills bamboo knife Shizentai natural state, normal standing posture Sho Men's team spirit Shomen positive, middle men play Sonkyo formal squatting posture Suburi generally refers to omitting to wield the knife Suki (refers to the unguarded place: the door is wide open? Suriage waza destroys the opponent's knife position and attacks. Ty's body collided with Terley's body. Tare put the protective gear Tenogui headscarf in the surname bag. Tenoochi technology prevented Shinai from attacking outwards. The round object on Tancetuba bamboo knife can protect hands. The Tsuba rubber sleeve on the Tsuba dome bamboo knife is the handle of Tsuka bamboo knife. Where there is a knife, Yueshu's throat protector (integrated with human beings), the skill of attacking the throat, the bamboo knife of the crane, and the fighters who hold Yukiko attack the parts that the opponent deliberately leaks. Uchiotoshi waza shoots down his opponent's bamboo knife. Wakino Kamae and shinai are in the back guard position, and Waza skill Yame prevents Zanshin from understanding the surrounding environment and the current situation of his opponents. )
Competition clause
Ari (Men/Kote/Do/Tsuki) score; Like men, Ali! Njo extended Gogi (referee's room) to discuss Hansoku's foul (1/ 2 points). Hantai's penalty Hikiwake tied Ibang 1 points. Ibang gachi 1 points won the game. Nihonme (for the second point) started Shimpan referee Shimpan shunin, Shimpan cho's competition director. Shobu begins, Shobu ari ends, and the winner scores points (the referee raises his hand on the winner's side). Vacare separated Duan Liyang's moral ancestors, effectively attacking the first player of Senpu team, the second player of Jihuo team, the third player of China-Kenya team, the fourth player of Fuzheng team and the fifth player of Dazheng team. Gi (みぎ) Right Hidari (ひだり) Left Mae Forward Atoh Backward Ichi1Ni2San3Shi (Yon) 4Go5Roku 6Shichi (Nana) 7Hachi8kyU9Ju10.
Edit the kendo shape of this paragraph
Learning the shape of kendo can increase the understanding of the basic comprehensive theory of kendo. The principles of sword use include how to correctly use Taidao's concept, grip, posture, posture, body distance, fighting skills, correct hitting time, consistency of qi and sword body, three-killing method, momentum and breathing, etc. The above is the only way to learn kendo from simple to complex. In addition, if you know the establishment and development process of kendo practice, you can learn something about Bushido, its spirit and the exercise methods of ancient warriors, and you can also learn about mental exercise by going up a flight of stairs. Furthermore, the shape of kendo is the most basic technique in kendo techniques, in other words, it includes correct hitting, dexterous movements, learning to control distance and momentum, and correcting bad habits.
Edit the rules of this kendo competition
Chapter I: General Provisions
* Site requirements: the site should be wooden boards; The playing field shall be square or rectangular with a width of 9-1 1m (including the width of ground wire); Draw a cross in the center of the venue, and draw two "starting lines" on both sides of the cross, which is equal to the cross distance; There should be a space 1.5m wide outside the competition venue; The grounding wire should be 5-10cm wide and white; * Bamboo Sword Requirements: The bamboo sword in the competition can only be made of bamboo or fiber approved by the Japan Kendo Federation. Secondly, it should be noted that nothing can be hidden in the sword except Sakigawa (the thing that fixes the tip of the sword) and Chigiri (the iron piece that connects four bamboos). The specifications of bamboo swords conform to the regulations of the General Association. If the sword is round, its diameter cannot exceed 9 cm. Size: Adult male 39(A/AA/AAA) and female 38 (A/AA/AAA); * kendo equipment requirements: kendo equipment should include "face", "small hand", "trunk" and "hanging"; * Kendo clothing requirements: Kendo clothing should include: coat and cassock; ; The name bag should be placed outside the hanging; Participants should wear red/white cloth with a length of 70cm and a width of 5cm at the intersection of trunk ropes to show both sides of the competition.
Chapter II: Competition Rules
* Competition time: A regular competition should be 5 minutes, and overtime is 3 minutes. Time will be suspended when the referee declares the result valid and suspends the game. * How to decide the winner: Most competitions are divided into three points, but sometimes due to time, it may be 1 points. In the 3-point match, whoever gets 2 points first will win; In addition, if one side gets one point first and the other side doesn't get it later, the one who gets one point wins; If the two sides fail to draw within the legal time, the one who scores first in overtime will be the winner. If there is no overtime, the outcome will be decided by the referee; Or draw lots; Or declare a draw. In the team competition, the team with more winners is the winner. If the number of winners is equal, the team with more points wins. If the scores are the same, each side will send a representative to decide the outcome. If the game is played by Kaczynuki, when the two sides fight, the winner can continue to play the next game with the other side until one team can beat all the opponents of the other side first, which is the winner. * Start, end and pause of the game: The referee announces the start, pause, continuation and pause of the game. Any referee can announce that the game is suspended, and then the referee will announce that it will continue. If the player cannot continue the competition due to accidents or other principles, the player can raise his hand to indicate the referee, tell the reason and ask for a time-out. Yame: When the referee calls a time-out, the competitors should return to the starting line and wait for the referee's instructions. Gogi: This is the language used by the referee to pause the game and discuss how to make a decision. Players need to return to two sitting positions (sonkyo) on the sidelines. Wakare: This is a term used by judges to tell competitors to part when they are fighting for too long. Competitors should immediately separate and give up the middle position. Effective punching: hit the effective hitting point accurately with the effective hitting part of the bamboo sword under airtight conditions, and punch effectively with the residual heart after hitting. Score: for a purpose (there is also a saying of a book/a point/a branch). * The part where the bamboo sword is used to hit: it should be the blade hit by something, probably from the tip of the sword to the middle knot. * Effective hitting points: face [position from left temple to right temple], small hand [front of glove], left and right sides of trunk [excluding heart position], stabbing [throat]. If the opponent stays in the middle of the attack, the attack will have no effect. When the opponent is in the middle stage, hitting the opponent's left hand is not an effective punch. When a competitor punches an effective punch, the referee will call out the name of the effective part and raise a flag. At this point, the competitor should return to the center of the field and stand in the middle position until the referee announces the score and continues the game.
Chapter III: Prohibited Acts
1. Participants are not allowed to take illegal drugs; 2. Participants shall not insult referees or opponents; 3. Use non-designated electrical appliances; * If a competitor violates 1, 2 or 3, the competitor will win immediately, and the competitor's score is equal to zero; 4. Walk out of the stadium during the game; 5. The bamboo sword fell during the competition; 6. Suspend the game without sufficient reasons; 7. intentionally hitting each other's feet; 8. Intentionally/unfairly driving the opponent out of the venue; 9. Put your hand on or grab the other person's arm; 10. Grab your opponent or your own blade with your hands; 1 1. Hold the opponent's sword with your arm; 12. Intentionally hitting the other side on the head; 13. Pretend after falling; 14. Deliberately wasting game time; 15. Conduct unfair attacks; * If the competitor violates 4- 15, the score will generally be reduced; 16. Violate other rules specially stipulated in different competitions.