In which dynasty did artificial irrigation begin?

The development history of irrigation system in China is 1. 1. In the slave society of irrigation system, the agricultural production mode is well field system. The drainage and irrigation canals arranged on the mine field are called trench shirts. Legend has it that Goushan appeared around the 20th century BC, when Dayu was harnessing water. Due to the productivity level at that time, the scale was generally small. By the Zhou Dynasty, farmland ploughing had formed a system. At that time, according to their different functions and the size of cultivated land under their control, they were generally divided into three levels: method, ditch, drainage, deletion and drainage, which played the roles of water diversion, water delivery, water distribution, irrigation and drainage from farmland respectively, forming a irrigation and drainage farmland water conservancy system. In addition to the form of water diversion from rivers, artificial reservoirs appeared at that time, that is, small reservoirs formed by artificial dikes around natural lakes and swamps, which can store river water and natural precipitation and improve irrigation guarantee rate. 1.2 Large-scale Irrigation Since the Warring States Period, irrigation and water conservancy construction has flourished. Large-scale canal system projects have replaced gullies, and water conservancy engineering technology has also developed rapidly. Typical irrigation projects include Dujiangyan, Zhengbaiqu and Karejing. The world-famous Dujiangyan project adopts the dam-free diversion canal system, and the canal head project is mainly composed of fish mouth, treasure bottle mouth and flying sand weir, which is a rare and excellent example of ancient irrigation canal system. At the end of the Warring States Period, Baiqi Canal in Yicheng, Hubei Province was a series irrigation project with broken canals, which diverted water from Mangshui, a tributary of Hanshui River, and connected scattered broken ponds and canal systems in series, thus improving the irrigation guarantee rate. The largest water conservancy project in Guanzhong was built by Zheng in the first year of Qin Shihuang (246 BC). . . .

Therefore, this dynasty can be traced back to the slavery society in the period of Three Emperors and Five Emperors before Zhixia! The following is a supplement

2 Ancient water irrigation

2. Development of irrigation in1week period

The earliest irrigation in China originated before the Zhou Dynasty. According to the General History of China, "According to ancient records, Yu (Dayu) and Boyi (Boyi) knew how to use rivers and wells to irrigate farmland and gardens". By the Zhou Dynasty, due to the implementation of the well-field system, the well-field system was quite developed and complete. In BC 1300, the prototype hieroglyphics of the word "well" were found in Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins, indicating that there was equipment for digging wells to get water at that time. The words "true", "true" and "true" also reflect that there was a simple technology to irrigate fields with tap water and digging wells.

2.2 Qin Zhengguo Canal was the largest diversion irrigation project in ancient China.

The Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period and the Qin Dynasty were the key periods of agricultural development before feudalism in China. Due to the progress of production relations and the wide application of iron production tools, the production capacity has been greatly improved, which provides sufficient conditions for the establishment of large-scale irrigation projects. About the first year of Wang Zheng (246 BC), it took the State of Qin 65,438+00 years to build the Zheng Guoqu on the advice of Zheng Guo, a water conservancy engineer sent by South Korea. According to historical records? "Hequ Jing" records: "Chinese people's interest in Qin made them want to stop, unwilling to cede land to the east. Instead, let the water conservancy engineers talk about Qin, and use the water cut off from the mouth of Zhongshan as a canal and inject it into the northern Shandong for more than 300 miles, hoping to irrigate the fields. ..... Canal, filling gaps with water, irrigating more than 40,000 brine fields, and collecting one hour per mu. Therefore, Guanzhong is fertile and there is no bad year. Qin Fuqiang, who died as a vassal, was called ". This is one of the three major water conservancy projects in ancient China. At that time, the water conservancy projects in the six countries were mainly transportation and flood control, and the irrigation scale was not large.

2.3 The Han and Tang Dynasties were the heyday of irrigation development in Guanzhong.

The Han and Tang dynasties were the heyday of water conservancy irrigation development in Shaanxi, especially in Guanzhong, and both irrigation area and irrigation area were unprecedented in history. During the Qin Dynasty, Zheng Guoqu was only built beside the Jinghe River. Since the Han Dynasty, four rivers including Guanzhong, Weihe, Luo Qian and Qian Qian have been developed successively, and a national canal has been built on the Weihe River. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Weihe River diverted from Meixian to the northeast and crossed the Qishui River. At this point, Xingping entered the Menglong Canal to irrigate farmland in Meixian, Fufeng, Wugong and Xingping. Coupled with the later expansion and repair of water conservancy projects, the irrigation area in Guanzhong reached 3.84hm2 in Tang Dynasty, and in the sixth year of Yuan Guang in Han Dynasty (BC 129), the famous water conservancy engineer Xu Bo was ordered to build a canal with a total length of 150 kilometers, starting from Chang 'an and leading the Weihe River into the Yellow River through Lintong, Weinan, hua county, Huayin and Tongguan. This not only solved the transportation problem of grain and other materials in the capital Chang 'an, but also solved the emergency irrigation problem of some crops. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also opened a canal from Zhengxian County (now Chengcheng County), crossed Shang Yan Mountain (now Tielian Mountain), diverted Luoshui to irrigate heavy springs (now southeast pucheng county), and dumped more than 10,000 old brine fields. The Han Dynasty also built six auxiliary canals and white canals on the basis of Zheng Guoqu, which further expanded the irrigation area. Other small and medium-sized water conservancy projects have also developed. In the Tang dynasty, on the basis of previous water conservancy projects, it continued to develop and expand, and water was diverted from Longmen to irrigate farmland in Hancheng area. According to relevant historical records, the irrigation area in Guanzhong at that time had reached more than 333,000 hm2 (5 million mu).

2.4 Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing witnessed the rise and fall of irrigation.

After the Song Dynasty, due to the gradual decline of feudal society, although some measures have been taken in water conservancy irrigation, some irrigation projects have been built or rebuilt, and irrigation technology has also developed, on the whole, large-scale irrigation projects have not been built, and some old projects have gradually declined. Zheng Baiqu is a microcosm. After the Song Dynasty, Baiqukou was restored and Fengli Canal was opened many times. Wang Shi Canal was opened in Yuan Dynasty, Hongqu weir was built in Ming Dynasty, and Guanghui Canal and Tongji Canal were opened. However, the irrigation area gradually decreased until the Qing Dynasty abandoned Jingxing to draw water, and the irrigation area was only 1.300 hectares.