World Cultural Heritage—The Historical Influence and Cultural Code of Nanjing Min Tombs

The biggest feature of the Ming Tomb is that it changed the entrance, platform, square wall, and off-road vehicle layout of the Tang and Song Dynasty mausoleum systems, and created the front, rear, and rear layout of the main building of the mausoleum. The basic layout of the mausoleum is a Shinto, which deeply influenced the construction regulations of the Ming and Qing tombs for more than 500 years. The main form of traditional Chinese funeral is burial, that is, the deceased is placed in a coffin and then buried in a cave. The place where it is buried is called a tomb or tomb, that is, a tomb without a tomb is buried; on the other hand, the place where the coffin is buried is made of earth into a mound, which is called a tomb or tomb, that is, the one with the highest soil is called a tomb. From this point of view, the tomb in the cemetery should be flat, but the tomb is high. There is a certain difference between the two. Relatively speaking, the area around the tomb is called the trillion realm. In fact, these are special considerations for ordinary people and emperors. The tombs of Qin Xiahou and Han, so it is called Shanling. In other words, the emperor's mausoleum was called Shanling in the Qin Dynasty, and Ling in the Han Dynasty, so Shanling later became the special name for the emperor's mausoleum. There is a saying that the collapse of mountains and mausoleums means the death of kings and emperors. The emperor died, the princes died, the officials died, the scholars died, and the common people died. It is not difficult to see from this that authoritarianism with Chinese characteristics has really come to fruition. Not only are there great inequalities between people when you are alive, but you still have to pay attention to 369 and so on even after you die. With the gradual strengthening of China's autocratic monarchy, this hierarchy and its emphasis have become more and more entrenched in traditional society. Ordinary people, that is, common people, are villains in the eyes of rulers. When a villain dies, he must be buried with him. At worst, they will build a small mound, which is often called a grave. The emperor is different. He is the largest adult in the world. There are generally two types of burial methods. One is to use a mountain instead of a grave, that is, dig a grave halfway up the mountain at the southern foot, and then bury the dead emperor solemnly; the second is to use a ridge of soil as a grave, that is, dig a grave on the flat ground, and then bury the emperor. According to the understanding of most people in modern times, when a person dies, everything becomes empty. It's a big deal at a certain time of year to pay homage to the dead. Rich people burn more paper money, and even some gold, silver and ladies. After burning, the sacrificial activities are almost over. However, in recent years, while offering sacrifices to the deceased, some civil servants and wealthy businessmen in the south often spend a lot of money to build private residences, which become more and more luxurious as they are built, probably to tell the world that their status is different and their status is special. , just like the ancient emperors. In fact, there are still many special features in the funeral and sacrifice of the emperor, the largest person in the world in history. In other words, it has extremely strict regulations and is showing a trend of escalation. The tomb system of ancient Chinese emperors was not established until the Qin and Han Dynasties. Cai Yong, a scholar of the Eastern Han Dynasty, once wrote: The ancestral hall system, in ancient times, believed that people lived in the monarch's house, with a court in the front, a bedroom in the back, and finally a temple in the front like a court and a bedroom in the back

Tempur is mainly Tibetan, with Zhao Mu among them; the bedroom has clothes, a few sticks and elephant-like objects. It is always called the palace. The sacrifices are only performed after leaving the tomb, starting from the side of the tomb , so the Han Dynasty did not want to change it. Therefore, this tomb is called the sleeping palace. It contains daily necessities, clothes, and elephant-like objects, which means the ancient sleeping palace. The official history of the Han Dynasty also says: There were no tomb sacrifices in ancient times. All tombs in the Han Dynasty had gardens. This is what Qin did. It is said that in ancient times, the ancestral hall was built in front of the temple, with the sleeping palace behind it, so the elephant man was in front of the temple, and the sleeping palace was behind it. Yue Ling has a recommendation th

So, if the emperor dies, how to regulate the temples dedicated to his old man? The temple corresponds to the dynasty, and the bed corresponds to the bed. From this perspective, there were at least two places in the capitals of the Qin and Han Dynasties where emperors were worshipped: one was a temple with the emperor's tablet, and the other bedroom contained the emperor's relics during his lifetime. This dormitory system changed during the reign of Qin Shihuang: the dormitory remained in the capital, and the dormitory was moved to the mausoleum next to the emperor. Once this regulation was formulated, it was followed until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Nowadays, whether in Nanjing or Beijing, we all know that the Ancestral Temple of the Ming and Qing dynasties was located in the city, and the sacrificial ceremonies of the emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties and the burial of Empress Ma or the empress were built outside the city from the beginning. In the mausoleum. Since the tombs were moved out of the capital, along with the tombs of the emperors, the tombs have become more and more popular. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the ancient imperial tomb system in my country was generally established. Imperial tombs have two distinctive characteristics: First, the tombs are square or bucket-shaped, that is, a square cone with a small top and a large bottom, or more accurately, a flat top and a bottom. If the tops are cut off, people simply call them square tops. Once the business system was established, it became a symbol of the patents and privileges of the imperial family.

Generally, nobles and commoners are not allowed to use it, so they can only use cones as tombs. This rule was followed by the tombs of the Han and Tang Dynasties and continued until the Song Dynasty. Secondly, the orientation of Qin and Han mausoleums is eastward. Some people think that it was probably influenced by the customs of the ancient Qin and Chu people. But the rule that the imperial mausoleum faces east from the west changed in the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty. In the second year of the Central Plains, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty Liu Xiu died and was buried in Yuanling. Zhuang ascended the throne and became Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty in history. In the second year, which was the first year of Yongping, according to regulations, the court held the Yuan Dynasty, and Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty accepted the worship of all ministers. After it was over, Liu Zhuang recalled his father's voice and smile when he was alive, and couldn't help but feel sad. In order to express his grief for his father, Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty decided to move Yuan Yihui back to the original tomb of Emperor Guangwu. At that time, the imperial meeting was dominated by imperial power, and the emperor faced south. The orientation system for worshiping the tomb of the First Emperor was to sit west and face east. In the same place, different directions of the yin and yang rituals will inevitably lead to confusion, so from then on, the direction of China's capital, imperial palaces and mausoleums in Beijing was changed to face south. This is another change in the tomb system of historical emperors. On the upper side, it is still a square covered bucket style, but changed to a square wall with doors on all sides. The sleeping hall is built next to the mausoleum, facing north and south. As a result, the regulations on tombs in Qin and Han Dynasties continued to change in general. After his death, the tomb No. - in front of Zhaoling was divided into three parts: first, there was the Shen You Hall built on the top of the tomb door, which was used for the tomb owner's spiritual place to entertain; second, the sacrificial hall built by people, and It is called the bedroom or palace; this is the Jian'anfang uterus, also known as the Summer Palace. Later, other mausoleums canceled the Fuge Temple, built special halls directly in front of the mausoleum, and built a dormitory at the foot of the mountain. This started the system of upper and lower palaces, and later people also followed suit. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang began to reform the mausoleum system of the Tang and Song Dynasties. It was first used in the construction of imperial mausoleums and later formally established in the construction of Xiaoling Mausoleums. He abolished the upper and lower palace system and changed it to the front and back quarters, or the front and rear circles. He imitated the Ming palace model and established the three-hospital system of Wuwenfangmen, Xiaoling Hall, Fangcheng and Baoding. Three-dimensional layout

When the Ming Tomb was built, it was flexible and changeable. The innermost part of the Baoding is roughly equivalent to the imperial city in the Ming Tombs, and the square tower in front of the Baoding is equivalent to the brick city of the Ming Tombs. It turns out that the brick city of the Ming Tombs had city gates and Amin towers in the southeast, northwest and all sides. Now there is only Amin Pagoda to the south of the Minling Tombs, which is greatly reduced in scope, and it means that the Ming Tombs of Zhu Yuanzhang are wrapped in it, which embodies the main spirit of the Brick City of the Ming Tombs. The outermost ring of the city wall of the Ming Tomb is equivalent to the earthen city of the Ming Dynasty mausoleum. These changes may make the construction of Minling Tombs more reasonable, the layout more rigorous, and the scale larger. If we have a bird's eye view from the air, the overall appearance of Minling Tomb is the layout of an inner city and an outer city. The inner city of Minling Gongling District is surrounded by red walls, and its shape is typical of sleeping in the front and back. The first and second yards are the front part, and the third yard is the back part. From Wuwenfang Gate to the main entrance of Xiangdian, on both sides of the main entrance are the clothing hall, holy treasury, and imperial kitchen. The first one enters the courtyard; the second one enters the courtyard, from the main entrance of Xiangdian to Xiangdian, that is, Xiaoling Palace, including the left and right side halls. The center of the mausoleum sacrificial activities; the third entrance of the quadrangle, from the inner red gate to Baoding, including Yuhe and Dashi Bridge, Fangcheng Minglou and Baocheng. Guo's external department extends from the east and west sides of Dajin Gate. Today, the red wall no longer exists, but traces of the connection can still be seen. The wall is approximately 1.5 meters thick and 4 meters high. This outer city wall surrounds the Ming Tomb and is more than 2,600 meters deep. According to records, the red wall of the cemetery surrounds the mountain for 45 miles, which is equivalent to 2/3 of the length of the Nanjing City Wall, and covers almost half of Zhongshan Mountain. It can be seen that the scope of the Mingling Mausoleum is huge! Judging from the specific individual buildings, although the ground buildings in the Ming tombs have been almost destroyed, we can still see the splendor and grandeur of the Ming tombs from the existing monuments, as well as the superb technology of architecture and sculpture at that time. For example, according to relevant historical records, the original roof of Dajinmen was a single-eave roof with yellow glazed tiles and green glazed tiles and rafters. Instead of fighting under the eaves, there is a stone overhang. The structure is simple and solid, with double leaves of cinnabar, solemn and gorgeous. The current Golden Gate is 26.66 meters wide, 8.35 meters deep and 5.24 meters high. Accordingly, we can still see its majestic appearance back then. Let's talk about the stele pavilion. Its building plane is square, 26.86 meters wide and 26.86 meters deep, and is commonly known as the Sifang City. Create a coupon door on each side. Since the roof of the pavilion does not exist, its structure and shape cannot be verified. However, the Minling Holy Virtue Monument standing in the pavilion is extremely huge. The stele is 8.78 meters high and is divided into three parts: the turtle base, the stele body, and the stele forehead. The inscription is engraved in regular script, with a total of 2,746 words. The calligraphy is beautiful and the carving is neat; there are nine dragons engraved on the forehead of the stele. The carvings are exquisite and ornate.

This is the largest existing ancient monument in Nanjing and has precious historical and artistic value. Although Xiaodian was destroyed in the third year of the Qing Dynasty, its specific shape no longer exists. However, based on the existing foundation of the Xiaodian Hall and the shape of the En Hall of Changling in the Ming Dynasty, it can be roughly inferred that the Xiaodian Hall is a building nine wide and five deep, with the most noble double-eaves roof form. The pillars supporting the main hall are nanmu pillars decorated with golden dragons. Changling Hall has double eaves and nine couplets, which are ten feet high, ten feet wide and three feet wide. Its appearance is noble, its white stone pillars are threefold. His Highness's Stone Xumizuo has three floors and is 3.03 meters high. Today, there are still some stone carvings on the platform, such as cicada's head, front and rear treads, stone columns, railings and handrails. Although

For example, the foundation of Xiaoling Hall was built with a large drum-mirror style column base, which originated in Nanjing. It may be the basin cover column base used in official buildings that were popular before and after, and the popular among Jiangsu and Zhejiang folk. It is developed on the basis of Gucheng column base. It was applied to the royal buildings of the Ming Dynasty and later spread to Beijing with the relocation of the capital, almost becoming the only style of column base for royal and official buildings in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Another striking feature of the architectural style of the Ming Tomb is the extensive use of brick arches. A series of large-scale buildings in Ming tombs, such as Dajin Gate, Beiting, Xiang Hall, Linggong Gate, and the Linggu Temple Wuliang Store built in the early stage of Xiaoling, all use brick arch coupons on the top of the door. This architectural style has a long history in China, but it is rare to see such extensive use and construction of such large arched buildings. In particular, the Gongling Gate on Fangcheng Minglou is what modern people think of as an arched tunnel, with a depth of 34.22 meters from north to south and 54 steps inside. It's really high, deep and spectacular. An arched roof with a large span and exquisite structure like the Linggong Gate is unprecedented in traditional Chinese temple architecture. Therefore, the masonry architecture of Ming tombs is a successful example of the application of large-span brick arch technology in temple construction in the history of Chinese architecture. Let's talk about architectural style. The stone statues on the Shinto that people see today are all masterpieces of stone carvings from the early Ming Dynasty. In terms of carving techniques, we pay attention to the combination of realism, realism and simplicity, with smooth lines and fine details. We even sculpted the faintly visible earrings on the elephants, and the numerous mane fronts on the hawthorn and unicorn backs. This is from a micro perspective. If we focus on the macroscopic view, it is not difficult to see that the stone carvings on the Shinto are of various styles, with thick, solemn and simple shapes. They win with height, and their stone statues and pillars are masterpieces. To sum up, the stone carvings on the Shinto of Xiaoling Mausoleum in the Ming Dynasty combine the overall grandeur with the local delicacy. They represent the highest level of Chinese stone carving art at that time and profoundly influenced the later royal architecture and garden plastic arts of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The design, layout and construction of Ming Tomb are integrated with traditional Chinese culture and Feng Shui theory, focusing on the unity of nature and solemnity, permeating the unity of heaven, earth and man and the return of soul to Beidou. As we said before, in China at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, there were two main schools of Feng Shui: one was the Fujian school, also known as the Qi-regulating method or the ancestral hall method; the other was the Jiangxi school, also called the Luantou method or the situation method. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the Jiangxi School or Luantou School, which was highly regarded by the powerful and new rich, focused on site selection and shape selection. The Luantou School pays attention to five steps in site selection and shape selection: looking for dragons, examining sand, observing water, tapping acupoints, and orienting. Among them, the most critical ones are probably dragon hunting and acupuncture. To find a dragon is to find a real dragon. In the early Ming Dynasty, people who were proficient in Feng Shui pointed out that in the east of Kunlun Mountain, the ancestor of China's mountains, there were three dry dragons in the poem. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Jiang De, the right minister, clearly told the emperor: There are three dry dragons in China. In the middle, the dry and vigorous air is in the middle, forming Feng and Si Zuling; the Nanwang Banner in Nanjing became the Xiaoling Tomb of Zhongshan; the Beiwang Banner in Beijing became the tomb of Tianshou Mountain. From this point of view, there is no big problem with the feng shui between Zhu Yuanzhang and Zhu Yuanzhang, who established his capital in Nanjing and was buried in Nanjing. Let's take a look at Chasha, Guanshui and acupuncture back then. It is said that the excavation of the tomb was completed in the eighth year of Hongwu, that is, Zhu Yuanzhang, Liu Ji and others. I chose Dulong Mansion in Purple Mountain to visit Mount Everest. What do you think? What is the basis? There is no record in the history books of that year, but the Feng Shui theory of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties seems to have solved the mystery of history for today:

Behind the Dulong Mansion where Ming Baocheng’s tomb is located, there are mountains surrounding the vault on the left and right. . As for the water of shrimps mentioned in Feng Shui, we can still see that it is a river under the Sage Bridge in front of Baocheng, the ancestor of Ming Dynasty. Some people also call it Baochengyu River. In Feng Shui, water and wind are so important. Guo Pu's book "Kanyu Manxing" says that in Feng Shui, getting water comes first, and hiding wind comes second. Riding on the wind will cause the Qi to disperse, while water will stop it. The ancients gathered but not gathered, and walked but stopped, so it was called Feng Shui. Traditional society generally believes that there is a dragon spirit or a king on the Purple Mountain. People are even more convinced: there are elves floating on the rocks in the clouds. Between red and purple, people talk about the spirit of the king, and the dragon sheds its skin and hides. Wu Yin, Jiufeng Temple. Some people say that there was a surge of black energy in Xiaoling, which rushed into the bullfight for more than a hundred days.

Dai got up at night and saw it. Naturally thieves are rampant and alarms are everywhere. In the afternoon, King Zhu He paid tribute to the mausoleum. The man who had been dead for three hundred years paid his salary, took root, and dug a tunnel several feet under the mausoleum. Those who know it are hurting the veins of the earth and venting the king's wrath.