On the top ten most famous ancient buildings in China?
After thousands of years of continuous formation, development, maturity and evolution, ancient architecture in China has become a unique architectural science in the world and a bright pearl in the treasure house of world architectural art. Its architectural style has different style characteristics, which can be described as varied, ever-changing and colorful.
1, the Forbidden City, the largest palace in the world.
The Forbidden City, also known as the Forbidden City, is located on the central axis of old Beijing. Is the royal family of Ming and Qing dynasties. Covering an area of 720,000 square meters, the building area is about 6.5438+0.5 million square meters, with 9,999 halls and a half. It is the largest palace in the world and the largest and most complete ancient architectural complex in China. The whole building complex is symmetrically arranged according to the central axis, with distinct levels and prominent main body. The Hall of Supreme Harmony, also known as the "Golden Throne Hall", is the place where emperors of Ming and Qing Dynasties held ceremonies. It is the largest of the three halls in the Forbidden City and the largest wooden palace in ancient China. The Forbidden City is the largest art museum in China, with a collection of more than 900,000 historical relics and artworks, including many rare treasures. There are countless stories in the Forbidden City, among which ChristianRandPhillips's story is the most famous. It is rumored that in the middle of Qianlong period, the Qing army returned to Xinjiang, and Zhao Hui, the general of Dingbian, captured a princess. This woman is born with beauty. What's more strange is that her body smells strange. Her name is ChristianRandPhillips. Emperor Qianlong loved her deeply and insisted on treating her as a princess. In order to win her favor, he built the Abaoyue Building in Xiyuan, where ChristianRandPhillips lived, and often visited her personally, hoping that she would obey. However, ChristianRandPhillips is strong-willed, unswerving, hiding a sharp knife, showing unyielding determination, and often crying because he misses his hometown. When Empress Dowager Cixi learned of this, she summoned ChristianRandPhillips and asked her, "What are your plans if you refuse to give up your ambition?" ChristianRandPhillips answered "only death", and the Queen Mother said, "Then I will die for you today." ChristianRandPhillips bowed to express her thanks, so she ordered ChristianRandPhillips to be hanged, while Emperor Qianlong stayed alone in the fasting palace. Empress Dowager Cixi executed ChristianRandPhillips not only to fulfill her honor, but also because Empress Dowager Cixi was worried that her son would be hurt by ChristianRandPhillips. It is also said that because ChristianRandPhillips was favored by Emperor Qianlong, Zhu Fei was jealous and slandered by Xiangtai, and the Queen Mother listened to slanders and harmed ChristianRandPhillips. After ChristianRandPhillips's death, Emperor Qianlong was very sad and finally sent his coffin to his hometown for burial.
The architecture of the Forbidden City embodies a strong cultural atmosphere. Because the ancients in China believed in the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, it can be divided into two parts. The south is the working area, that is, the outer court, and the north is the living area, that is, the inner court. Palace buildings outside the imperial dynasty are arranged on the central axis, symmetrical and orderly. According to the five elements, the south follows fire, which represents growth. It is masculine, and it is a place suitable for politics. From the water in the north, it belongs to yin, which means collection. This is a suitable place to live. Therefore, the huge city is divided into two parts: the outer court and the inner court. The vestibule is in the south and the backyard is in the north. The Southern Dynasties centered on the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Zhonghe and the Hall of Baohe, and were the main places where emperors held ceremonies, summoned ministers and exercised power. The imperial palace in the north, centered on Gan Qing Palace, Jiaotai Palace and Kunning Palace, is the place where the emperor and his concubines lived and the emperor handled daily affairs. After Li Ting, the emperor was in the middle and there were six palaces for concubines to live in. The five elements theory also holds that the yellow soil in the middle represents the country, so the roof of the Forbidden City is mostly yellow; Fire can produce earth, and fire is red, so the pillars of the palace are all red to show prosperity. The theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements permeates every corner of the Forbidden City, and the Forbidden City built on this basis has its specific meaning in orientation, orientation and even-odd use.
The Forbidden City is famous for its architectural art. At that time, "planners" gathered all skilled craftsmen to build the Forbidden City, which was also the highest level of architecture in China at that time. Architects methodically planned large-scale buildings and formed magnificent buildings with thick walls, doors and courtyards. The main hall is resplendent and magnificent, the harem is full of femininity, all kinds of roofs are as small as the scenery in front of the temple, and every decoration on the portal wall is full of whimsy. It's really tiring. According to historical records, when the Forbidden City was built,100000 craftsmen and millions of laborers were employed. The materials used were shipped from all over the country, as far away as Guangdong and Yunnan, and the preparation process lasted nearly 10 years. Take the wood used in the Forbidden City for example, most of it is transported to Beijing from the jungles of Sichuan, Guizhou and Hubei through natural rivers and artificially mined canals. The large stone carving weighing nearly 300 tons behind the Baohe Hall in the Forbidden City was mined from several hundred miles away and several feet deep. A writer once wrote: The cost of the Forbidden City is comparable to that of a big city. If it weren't for an empire with a vast territory and a large population, it would never be possible to build an imperial city that broke the world record. Some people even compare the architecture of the Forbidden City to an exciting movement, with overture, variation, climax, brilliance and finale.
2. The Pearl on the Roof of the World-Potala Palace
The world-famous Potala Palace stands on the Red Mountain in Lhasa, Tibet, with an altitude of more than 3,700 meters, covering a total area of more than 360,000 square meters and a total construction area of 1.3 million square meters. The main building is117m high and * * 13 floors, including palaces, Lingta halls, Buddhist temples, Jingtang halls and monasteries. "Potala" is a boat island, which is transliterated in Sanskrit and also translated as "Putuo Luo" or "Putuo", originally referring to the island where avalokitesvara lives. Potala Palace in Lhasa is commonly known as the Second Putuo Luoshan.
The Potala Palace is built on the hill, with overlapping buildings, magnificent halls, thick granite walls, thick piers, white grass collar with pine mushrooms, magnificent domes, huge gold-plated vases, buildings with strong decorative effects and red banners, which set each other off. Potala Palace is an outstanding representative of Tibetan architecture and the essence of ancient architecture in China. Potala Palace is a masterpiece of architectural creation. It is an integral structure made of stone and wood. The walls of the palace are all made of granite, and the thickest part is 5 meters. The foundation of the wall goes deep into the rock, and the outer wall is poured with iron juice to enhance the integrity and seismic capacity of the building. At the same time, it is decorated with jinding and jinlou, which skillfully solves the lightning protection problem of ancient high-rise buildings. For hundreds of years, the Potala Palace has withstood the test of lightning bombardment and earthquakes and still stands tall. Potala Palace is mainly composed of the White House in the east, the Red Palace in the middle and the White Monk House in the west. There is a towering white wall hanging Buddha in front of the Red Palace, which is used to hang large Buddhist tapestries during Buddhist festivals. Although many buildings were built in different periods, they all skillfully used the mountainous terrain, making the whole palace and temple buildings look very grand and harmonious, and reached a high level in the aesthetic achievements of architectural art.
The Red Palace is the main body of the whole building complex, and it is the Lingta Hall and various Buddhist temples of the Dalai Lama in past dynasties. Potala Palace is the most exquisite of the five Dalai Lama's Rosangacuo Lingta Hall. The Lingta is nearly 15 meters high, with a square dome base, which is divided into three parts: tower foundation, tower bottle and tower top. The body of the Fifth Dalai Lama was kept in a tower bottle filled with spices and safflower. The tower is wrapped in gold foil, with 3,724 kilograms of gold, and15,000 precious diamonds, rubies, emeralds, pearls and agates. The tower foundation is equipped with various utensils and sacrificial vessels. The West Hall is the enjoyment hall of the Lingta Hall of the Fifth Dalai Lama and the largest palace in the Red Palace. It consists of 48 large wooden pillars, more than 6 meters high. The building adopts the bucket arch structure commonly used in Han dynasty, and there are a large number of wood-carved Buddha statues, lions, elephants and other animals. During the construction and expansion of the Potala Palace in the17th century, outstanding Tibetan painters created tens of thousands of exquisite murals, and painted murals in halls, corridors and cloisters. These murals have diverse themes and rich contents, including historical stories of historical figures, Buddhist stories, and life contents such as architecture, folk customs, sports and entertainment. They are extremely precious works of art in Potala Palace.
3. Summer Palace, the bedroom of Empress Dowager Cixi
The Summer Palace is a royal garden and palace in the Qing Dynasty. Before Qianlong succeeded to the throne, four large royal gardens had been built in the western suburbs of Beijing. The four gardens from Haidian to Xiangshan are self-contained and have no organic connection with each other. The "Wengshanbo" in the middle became a vacant area. Qianlong decided to build Qingyi Garden in Wengshan with huge amount of money, connecting the four gardens on both sides with this as the center, and forming a royal garden area 20 kilometers long from Tsinghua campus to Xiangshan. The Summer Palace, formerly known as Qingyi Garden, was built in the 15th year of Qing Qianlong (1750) and completed in 15. It is the last of the famous "Three Mountains and Five Gardens" in Beijing in the Qing Dynasty (Xiangshan Jingyi Garden, Yuquan Mountain Jingming Garden, Wanshou Mountain Qingyi Garden, Yuanmingyuan Garden and Changchun Garden). Xianfeng decade (1860) was burned by the British and French invaders. Reconstruction began in the 12th year of Guangxu (1886), and it was renamed the Summer Palace in the 14th year of Guangxu. At the end of the twenty-first year of Guangxu, the Empress Dowager Cixi funded the navy to build it. In the 26th year of Guangxu, it was destroyed by Eight-Nation Alliance and resumed the following year. The whole park can be divided into palace area and garden forest area.
The Summer Palace is mainly composed of Wanshou Mountain and Kunming Lake, and the water surface accounts for three quarters of the whole garden. It condenses the essence of national garden art. The most ingenious and distinctive design is her 728-meter-long promenade, and the paintings in the promenade have high artistic value. In addition, she also played the role of organically linking all the scenic spots in the garden, which set off the overall beauty of the garden. Kunming Lake is the largest lake in the royal gardens of Qing Dynasty. There is a long dike in the lake-Xidi, which runs from northwest to south. The west levee and its branches divide the lake into three waters of different sizes, and there is an island in the middle of the lake in each water area. These three islands stand on the lake, symbolizing the three sacred mountains in the East China Sea-Penglai, the abbot and Yingzhou in the ancient legend of China. Due to the separation of islands and dikes, the lake is layered, avoiding monotony. The west dike is not a wide dike and has no practical effect. However, the designer insisted on breaking the flat embankment artificially and building "Six Bridges on the West Dike" on the embankment to form a beautiful "Six Bridges on the Willow". The scenery is no less than that of Su Causeway in Hangzhou West Lake, and Yudai Bridge is the most beautiful of the six bridges. To the south of Kunming Lake is an island specially preserved when the garden was built. People also call it Longwang Temple, and connect it with the east bank of the lake with a 17-hole bridge. Seventeen-hole Bridge, Longwang Temple and Xidi decorate Kunming Lake, and skillfully use the borrowing scenery technique of China garden art to bring the distant Xishan and Yuquan Mountain into the sight of tourists. The lakes and mountains complement each other and are beautiful. The south slope of Wanshou Mountain (namely Qian Shan) is adjacent to Kunming Lake and connected with mountains, forming a very pleasant natural environment. The lakes, mountains, islands, dikes and their buildings here are in harmony with the scenery outside the park, forming a continuous and embroidered landscape picture. Qian Shan is very close to the main entrance of the park and the living area of the emperor and empress. It is very convenient to visit and return. The south overlooks the Kunming Lake area, so the main buildings of the park are gathered here. Accordingly, gardeners have adopted a focused approach in the architectural layout of Qian Shan. There is a group of central buildings with large volume and rich image in the middle. From the shore of the lake to the top of the mountain, magnificent halls and platforms cover the hillside, forming a longitudinal central axis running through the front mountain. This group of large-scale buildings includes the main buildings of the park-Paiyun Hall where the emperor and empress held celebrations and Foxiang Pavilion, a Buddhist temple.
The river in Houhu meanders on the north slope of Wanshou Mountain, which is at the foot of Houshan Mountain. The gardener skillfully used the cramped environment of the north bank of Hebei and the palace wall to build a rockery barrier on the north bank, which matched with the real mountains on the south bank to create a landscape of two mountains and one water. The water surface of the river is wide and narrow, and it is released at harvest time. After boating, the lake gives people the interest of returning to the mountains and water, and becomes an excellent still water scene in the park. The landscape of the back mountain is very different from that of the front mountain. It is a natural environment full of wild interest, with lush trees, winding mountain roads and quiet scenery. Except for the Buddhist temple "Sumeru Spiritual World" in the middle, most of the buildings are concentrated in several self-contained places, forming exquisite small gardens with the surrounding environment. They can be flexibly arranged according to the terrain, either at the top of the mountain, on the hillside or near the water surface. On both sides of the central part of Houhu Lake are the ruins of "Buying Street" built in imitation of the Jiangnan River Market during the Qianlong period. The buildings in Houshan are incomplete except for the humorous garden and Jiqingxuan, which were completely rebuilt during Guangxu period. The scale of that year can only be vaguely identified from the broken walls.
4. Taoist Temple-Yongle Palace
Yongle Palace was built in the Yuan Dynasty, and it took more than *** 1 10 years to build this grand Taoist palace-style building complex. In particular, the walls inside the palace are covered with carefully drawn murals, which are rare in the world for their high artistic value and quantity. When you come to Shanxi, you must not miss the opportunity to enjoy the murals of the Yuan Dynasty in Yongle Palace. Yongle Palace is a typical architectural style of the Yuan Dynasty, with thick bucket arches staggered layer by layer and few carvings around it. Compared with Ming and Qing architecture, it is more concise and clear. The south and north of several halls are the central axis, which are arranged in turn.
Yongle Palace was built in the Yuan Dynasty, and the original site was in Yongle Town, Yongji County, hence the name. According to legend, this is the hometown of Lv Dongbin. In the late 1950s, due to the construction of Sanmenxia Water Control Project on the Yellow River, Yongle Town became the location of the reservoir. In order not to hide these cultural relics, after careful planning, all the murals of more than 960 square meters in the palace were demolished and transported to the new site of Ruicheng, which is now Yongle Palace. Yongle Palace is sparsely laid out, with the central axis from south to north being Shanmen, Longhu Hall, Sanqing Hall, Chunyang Hall and Chongyang Hall respectively. Yongle Palace is one of the earliest Taoist temples in existence, and it is also the most intact architectural complex in Yuan Dynasty. World-famous mural art is preserved in the palace, especially Sanqing Hall and Chunyang Hall.
Sanqing Hall, also known as Wuji Hall, is the main building of Yongle Palace, which is dedicated to Sanqing (Shangqing, Taiqing and Yuqing) statues, hence the name. The four walls of temples and shrines are covered with colorful paintings. With rich imagination and smooth lines, the painters drew nearly 300 portraits of the gods on duty in the Yuan Dynasty, that is, the image of the gods dedicated to the ancestor of Taoism, Yuanshi Tianzun. Centered on the main statue of the Eight Emperors, it is surrounded by statues of Golden Boy, Jade Girl, Tianding, Lux, Dijun, Su Xing, Zuo Fu, Youbi, etc. The statues are covered with auspicious clouds and auspicious heads, which is a fairyland atmosphere. So many figures, with their patchwork, different expressions, extremely changeable composition and unified artistic effect, are considered by experts to be the most wonderful murals in existence.
5. The first royal cemetery in China-Qin Shihuang Mausoleum.
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located at the northern foot of Mount Li, 30 kilometers east of Xi, with Mount Li in the south and Weishui in the north. Surrounded by towering peaks, the tall mausoleum and Mount Li are integrated, with beautiful scenery and unique environment. The mausoleum of Qin Shihuang was built in 246 BC, when Qin Shihuang ascended the throne. It took 38 years to use corvees and capture more than 720,000 people. This omnipotent monarch not only left great achievements to future generations, but also left this mysterious royal cemetery. The organizational system of the cemetery is similar to that of the capital, and the mausoleum is zigzag with double walls inside and outside. At present, the large-scale ground buildings that have been proved are the base sites of the sleeping hall, the convenience hall and the official residence of the garden temple. There is also a feng shui legend where the Qin Mausoleum is located. Mount Li is famous for its unique hot springs and scenery. At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Youwang and his concubine Jia Cong staged a historical tragedy here, which led to the rise of a vassal in the bonfire drama and ruined the Western Zhou Dynasty. According to legend, Qin Shihuang met the goddess in Lishan before his death and wanted to play the goddess in the tour. In a rage, the goddess spat on his face, and Qin Shihuang soon developed sores. Although this is a fairy tale, it can be vaguely seen that Qin Shihuang and Mount Li seem to have some fate. His cemetery is also next to Lishan Mountain.
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the largest and best preserved cemetery among the tombs of ancient emperors. After Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, Mount Li was built as a mausoleum. After the Six Kingdoms, more than 700,000 civilian workers were recruited to manage Mount Li and dig it into a large and deep underground palace. There are countless treasures in the palace. Artisans make anti-theft devices, with mercury as the river and sea, astronomy on the top and geography on the bottom, and mermaid cream as the ever-burning lamp. The construction of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum inherited and developed the imperial cemetery system of the previous generation, and laid the architectural pattern of the feudal imperial cemetery in China. Its kingdom on the ground is simulated underground, it regards death as life, and it is a symbol of the supremacy of feudal kingship. The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was sealed and rammed, forming a three-step ladder at the bottom of the bucket, with an area of 250,000 square meters and a height of115m. However, after more than 2000 years of wind and rain erosion and man-made destruction, the existing closed soil bottom area is 120000 square meters, with a height of 87 meters and a total area of 56.25 square kilometers. There are many grave pits around the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, which are rich in connotation and unprecedented in scale. In addition to the well-known burial pits of terracotta warriors and bronze chariots and horses, more than 600 large stone armor pits, hundreds of figurine pits and tombs have been discovered recently. Over the past decades, more than 654.38 million pieces of cultural relics have been unearthed from the archaeological work of the Qinling Mountains. With the progress of archaeological work, there will definitely be greater and unexpected discoveries. The ground buildings of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum are mainly distributed between the inner and outer walls on the north side and northwest side of the fence. At present, there are three ground buildings on the north side of the paddock, and the one near the paddock is large in scale and exquisite in shape, which seems to be the sleeping hall for the cemetery sacrifice. There are two groups of large-scale buildings in the north of the sleeping hall, which are also sleeping halls. A ground complex was also found between the inner and outer walls in the fertile northwest. According to the three groups of houses cleaned up at present, it seems to be a palace building. There are several groups of unexplored ground buildings on the north and south sides and west side of the palace building site. This area seems to be a new building complex. Two burial pits and a tomb were found on the east side of the fence. These burial pits and tombs are located in the east of the outer wall. The outer wall is 400 meters away from the outer wall 1225 meters to the west, which are the three famous burial pits of terracotta warriors and horses.
The center of the underground palace of the mausoleum is the place where the coffin of Qin Shihuang is placed, and there are more than 400 burial pits and tombs around the mausoleum. The main burial pits are bronze chariots, horse pits, rare birds and animals pits, stable pits and terracotta warriors and horses pits. A group of painted bronze chariots and horses unearthed in 1980 are the largest, most gorgeous, most lifelike and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses found in China so far, and are known as "the crown of bronze". The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in China. It is the crystallization of the hard work and wisdom of the working people in China. It is a treasure house of history and culture. Among the nearly 100 imperial tombs in China, it is famous for its large scale and rich tombs. 196 1 was announced by the people of China as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units. 1987 has been listed in the world cultural heritage protection list by UNESCO and has become the wealth of all mankind.
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