Complete list of prosthesis details
Basic introduction Chinese name: Prosthetic nickname: Prosthetic application object: amputee's function: partial functional classification of replacing lost limbs, upper limb prosthesis, lower limb prosthesis, recent development, extended reading, prosthetic classification. Prosthetics can be classified according to structure, function, assembly time, amputation site, power source, and selected materials. But the most commonly used classification method is to classify upper limb prosthesis and lower limb prosthesis according to amputation site. Upper limb prosthesis is mainly made of aluminum plate, wood, leather, plastic and metal mechanical parts. A good prosthesis must be functional, comfortable and convenient to wear, light and durable, and its appearance is similar to that of a healthy limb. Among all the prostheses we use, there are many different classifications and names according to their uses, positions and control systems. Here is a brief introduction to commonly used and advanced prostheses. (1) Decorative upper limb prosthesis: This kind of prosthesis has no self-care function in work and life, and its main function is to make up the appearance of the upper limb and maintain the balance of the limb. Mainly used for upper arm amputation, shoulder amputation and shoulder strap amputation. (2) Tool hand: It is specially designed and manufactured for upper limb amputees, and mainly consists of two parts. One is an arm cylinder installed on the residual limb, which is fixed on the residual limb, and the end of the arm cylinder is provided with a tool adapter. Second, various labor tools and household appliances, such as hammers, screwdrivers, knives, multi-purpose hooks and other labor tools, toothbrushes, spoons and other household appliances. Through the connector, various tools and household appliances can be replaced at any time as needed, and the patient's working ability and self-care ability can be restored to a certain extent. However, the tool hand does not have the normal limb shape of human beings, and its application scope is very limited. (3) Traction type mechanical prosthetic hand: This kind of prosthetic hand is also called electric prosthetic hand and mechanical prosthetic hand, which is a substitute for human hand. This kind of artificial hand relies on the coordinated action of the user's own residual limb and healthy limb to drive the traction rope, manipulate and control the opening and holding of the artificial hand, and realize the action of grabbing and extracting objects. This kind of artificial hand is mainly suitable for disabled forearm and upper arm. Because of its simple structure, reliable performance, easy to master, convenient to use and low price, it is widely used in China. (4) electric prosthesis; Electric prosthesis is a kind of external dynamic prosthesis, which relies on a small electromechanical drive system to complete the predetermined movements of each joint of the prosthetic hand, so that the disabled can basically meet their own needs and participate in appropriate work. This prosthesis is suitable for people with forearm or even the whole arm defect. Electric prosthesis consists of three parts: electromechanical drive system, control system and shell. The electromechanical drive system is powered by a micro battery, and the control system is turned on and off by a touch pressure microswitch, which sends out control information to control the electromechanical drive system to complete the action. The shell is the shape of the whole prosthesis. (5) EMG prosthesis: EMG prosthesis is an external dynamic prosthesis directly controlled by the cranial nerve. It is the product of modern high-tech such as precision machinery, microelectronics technology, material science and physiological medicine. The control system of this kind of prosthesis is that the big brain dominates the contraction of limbs muscles to produce movement, which sends out EMG signals and transmits them to the skin surface. After receiving the signal, the control system drives the micro motor to act. Generally, it can complete three groups of movements: finger extension and flexion, wrist extension and flexion, and wrist rotation inside and outside. It has strong intuition and good bionic effect when used, which is the development direction of modern prosthesis and is suitable for the disabled with anterior hip joint defect. This is an advanced upper limb prosthesis in the world at present, which is completely driven by an external force source. Prosthetics are equipped with batteries to provide energy for their movement. By consciously contracting muscles, amputees can generate tiny potential differences on the skin surface of the residual limb, which can be used to control the opening, closing and rotation of the prosthesis. (6) Voice-activated prosthesis: Voice-activated prosthesis is an external dynamic prosthesis with language as the control signal. This kind of artificial limb is characterized by many human language signals, so it produces many movements, which makes it easier to meet the requirements of disabled people for self-care. Its advantage is that it is not limited by the amputee's degree of disability, amputation time and other factors, and it is especially suitable for the disabled who have amputated their upper arms, whole arms, or both arms, thighs and legs. However, its disadvantage is that it is easily limited by environmental factors and easily interfered by other people's language, because it is necessary to control the prosthesis with sound. Walking with lower limb prosthesis is the most basic function of human lower limb. Any plane amputation of lower limbs (except toes) will bring difficulties to people's walking. Poor walking posture will also bring great interference to a person's overall aesthetic feeling. Therefore, the basic purpose of lower limb prosthesis is to restore the normal walking posture of people as much as possible. At present, lower limb prostheses can be divided into several types according to the different amputation planes of lower limbs: ankle prosthesis, calf prosthesis, thigh prosthesis and hip amputation prosthesis. No matter which plane is amputated, the prosthesis can support the body to walk. (1) Hip amputation prosthesis: It is suitable for patients with hip amputation or patients with short thigh stump. (2) Ankle prosthesis: suitable for patients with ankle amputation. (3) The foam decorative sleeve of thigh prosthesis has lifelike appearance, full contact cavity, advanced joint design and perfect gait. (4) Recent Development of Leg Prosthetics Internationally, with the progress of society and science and technology, prosthetic technology has been developing from low-level simplicity to advanced complexity. In order to improve the practical performance of artificial limbs, people make use of all existing contemporary science and technology to manufacture artificial limbs with better performance, and adopt more advanced technologies and materials to make them have more perfect performance. Since 1990s, artificial limb technology has been developing in the high-tech direction that is more accurate, more comfortable and more in line with personal requirements. China's prosthetic technology has also made some achievements in the research and development of new structures, new materials and new technologies. For example, the myoelectric prosthetic hand began in the 1960s, and now a series of practical myoelectric controlled prostheses have been formed. In the 1990s, the lower limb with hydraulic system was developed, and the composite lower limb sports prosthesis was developed, and the electrorheological fluid intelligent lower limb prosthesis was studied. Tsinghua University studied an intelligent artificial limb with swing phase control, and used EMG signals to identify human motion images of road conditions. At present, China has begun to produce some titanium alloy connectors and joints, and the quality is close to the international level; In addition, the development of simple prostheses for amputees in remote areas has also been successful. But generally speaking, there are few new technology products in China, and there is still a big gap between China and developed countries in terms of specifications, varieties, performance and quality. The most important thing is the lack of long-term national development planning and key high-tech investment. Prosthetic assembly needs experts with professional knowledge and ability to apply and develop these products, and a high-level and high-level R&D team should be built. In the popularization and application of high-tech prosthetic products, we should focus on the development of "fist products" with good performance and high quality, which can replace imported prostheses, boldly learn from and introduce new structures, new materials and new technologies from abroad, with a plan, division of labor, selectivity and emphasis. The research and development of "Three Innovations" in prosthetic industry in China should focus on narrowing the gap between production technology and service quality, and strive to catch up with the international level. Give priority to updating prosthetic products that are in great demand and generally affordable for disabled people, and focus on developing special high-tech prosthetic products that are widely used, convenient for centralized production and quick-acting; Complete the development and production of various joints and connectors of skeletal lower limb system, and make its modern prosthetic products completely localized; In the development of prosthetic high-tech products, new materials such as titanium alloy, carbon fiber composite, silicone rubber and thermoplastic plate have made breakthroughs, and some products have reached the international pace, which has promoted the upgrading of the industrial structure of the prosthetic industry. Further reading 1, Zhang Xiaoyu. New structure, new material and new technology in modern artificial limb J. China Clinical Rehabilitation, June 2002, 65438+ 10, Vol.6, No.20: 1989-299 12, Jin, Zhang Jichuan. Research and Development of Rehabilitation Engineering J. Modern Rehabilitation, 2000,4 (5): 643-645: 3, Wang Rencheng, Huang Changhua, Yang Nianfeng, etc. Real-time detection of human motion images at low cost. Modern Rehabilitation, 2000,4 (5): 662 4. Zhang Genglin, Bao Shi Jin, Zhang Yuguang. Development of human lower limb prosthesis. Journal of Jiamusi University, September 2002, Volume 20, No.3: 347-35 15, edited by China Prosthetics Association. Prosthetics and Orthopedics [M]. Beijing: China Prosthetics Association, 2000( 1, 2) 6. Zhang Xiaoyu, editor. Lower limb prosthetics [M]. Beijing:. 1997.7, edited by Seiji Zemura. Translated by Sun Guofeng. Prosthetics [M]. Beijing: China Social Publishing House, 1988. 8. Editor of Seiji Zemura. Translated by Xiao Amputation prosthetics [M]. Taiwan Province Province: Private Shu Ren Rende Medical Vocational School, 65438. Zhang. Prosthetic components and lower limb prostheses [M]. Germany: Otto Bok Prosthetics and Orthopedics Industry Co., Ltd., 1997/1998. 10, edited by Wang Qihua and Sun Bo. Clinical anatomy series, limbs volume [M]. Beijing: People's Health Publishing House,1991.1,Shen Hong et al. Manual of mechanical engineering [M]. Beijing: Machinery Industry Press, 1982. Yi Tong Ka Ahmed Qurei 12. Orthopedics [M].