The evolution of industrialization in China.
The development of strategic emerging industries in China is rooted in the national conditions of industry and science and technology in China. Compared with developed countries or emerging countries, the difference is huge. This constitutes a unique starting point for studying the development path of strategic emerging industries in China. Only by understanding the basic starting point of the development of strategic emerging industries in China, can we design a specific path that conforms to the reality and strategic emerging industries in China.
Developing strategic emerging industries is an important part of China's industrialization process. Historically, the development of strategic emerging industries has continued the road of industrialization, which is a re-development on the basis of existing industrialization achievements. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the development path of strategic emerging industries, and deeply investigate the process of industrialization development in China. Judging from the characteristics of the development path, China's industrialization has roughly experienced four stages: the initial stage, the restart stage, the leap-forward stage and the transformation stage. These four stages have their own development characteristics, and they have made unique contributions to China's industrialization in different stages.
1) The early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China and the early days of industrialization
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), China embarked on the road of socialist construction. But at the same time, compared with the major countries in the world in the same period, China's industrial base is very weak. Of the gross national economic output value of 1949, the industrial output value only accounts for10%; Among the manufacturing output value, the industrial output value using machines only accounts for 27%. 1956 after the completion of socialist transformation, China began to systematically build socialist industries under the background of completely imitating the Soviet model. Although the industrial base in China is very weak and the internal and external environment was not stable before 1978, people of all ethnic groups in China still overcame all difficulties and made a series of breakthroughs, initially establishing a modern industrial system, which laid a solid foundation for further industrial development in the future.
At present, the path characteristics of China's industrial development are import substitution strategy and heavy industry priority development strategy. Among them, the import substitution strategy is an industrial development model generally chosen by developing countries, aiming at ensuring the complete development of industrial chain and protecting the development of domestic infant industries by restricting the import of industrial products. However, China's import substitution strategy is not only related to economic development, but also related to the international political environment at that time. The one-sided foreign policy made China learn from the Soviet Union in an all-round way, which objectively restricted the development of China's foreign trade. The monopoly position of the Soviet Union in China's importing countries aggravated the dependence and risk of foreign economy.
It is precisely because of the comprehensive study of Soviet experience that China began to give priority to the development of heavy industry with state-owned enterprises as the carrier. In the early days of the People's Republic of China, China concentrated social resources through the planned economic system. Although a relatively complete industrial system was built soon, the disadvantages of the planned economy that constrained supply and innovation soon emerged. The overall administrative intervention in the allocation of factors has caused the lack of economic vitality in China, and the growth of supply lags far behind the development of demand, and the shortage has become the normal state of the economy. On the other hand, the contradiction between the scarcity of capital goods and the demands of industrial development has also led to the comprehensive control of wages, interest rates and exchange rates, and the people's living standards have not been significantly improved for a long time, and social contradictions have been accumulating. In terms of industrial production, the state-owned economy has an overwhelming advantage, but due to low production efficiency and lack of core technology, it is difficult to ensure the quality of China's industrial products while expanding its scale. If China can only produce crude steel, refined steel still needs to be imported. On the one hand, this has caused a large backlog of domestic steel products, on the other hand, it has caused a large number of imports.
From 1949- 1978, this paper summarizes the path characteristics of China's industrial development: giving priority to the development of heavy industry and import substitution under the catch-up strategy. This path choice has caused our country to build a complete industrial system, but at the same time, we can't master the core production technology, the national economic structure is seriously unbalanced, the resource allocation efficiency is low, and many industrial production problems need to be solved urgently.
2) The restart stage of industrialization after the reform and opening up.
Reform and opening-up have made China adjust its development strategy in an all-round way. China's industrial production has also been rapidly restored, initially achieving the coordinated development of light and heavy industries. Especially in this period, the development strategy of gradual reform was determined, starting with expanding the autonomy of state-owned enterprises, implementing "two-step tax reform", gradually transforming the original economic system, and gradually enhancing economic vitality.
On the one hand, in terms of economic structure, China implements the eight-character policy of "adjustment, reform, rectification and improvement" and strives to change the serious imbalance between light industry and heavy industry, agriculture and industry, consumption and accumulation in the past. From 1978 to 1982, the total output value of China's light industry grew at an average annual rate of 14%, and its proportion in the total industrial output value increased from 43. 1% to 50.2%. At the same time, the accumulation rate in national income distribution dropped from 36.5% to 28.8%; The proportion of consumption increased from 63.5% to 7 1.2%.
On the other hand, a series of economic system reforms have been implemented. With regard to the reform of state-owned enterprises, 1979, in July, the State Council promulgated five documents, including "Several Provisions on Expanding the Operational Autonomy of State-owned Industrial Enterprises". The autonomy of enterprises has expanded, enterprises have become independent stakeholders, and the enthusiasm for production has been greatly improved. In terms of price reform,1September 1987, the State Council issued the Regulations on Price Management in People's Republic of China (PRC), which clearly defined the three current national price forms, namely state price, state-guided price and market-regulated price, further expanding the independent pricing power of enterprises. In terms of investment and financing system, the central government carried out the reform of "changing appropriation into loan" and established the State-owned Assets Administration Bureau. The investment and financing system of national construction projects was changed from appropriation to loan, and the state no longer invested funds in newly-built enterprises, and the investment and financing system of enterprises was further standardized. In addition, in order to meet the financing needs of enterprises, 1986 and 1987 set up stock counter trading markets in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively. On this basis, the two places set up standardized stock exchanges in 1990 and 19965438 respectively.
Under the correct guidance of a series of major policies, China's economic development achieved recovery results in the 1980s. From 1978 to 1990, the average year-on-year growth rate of GDP in China reached 9.28%, and that of industry reached 10.36%. By 1990, the output of cotton cloth, coal and cement in China ranks first in the world, the output of steel and electricity is fourth in the world, and the output of crude oil is fifth in the world.
The path characteristics of China's industrial development in this period are the coordinated development of industrial structure and the internal reform to promote the recovery and development of industrialization. ( www.guayunfan.com )
3) The leap stage of China's industrialization under the export-oriented strategy.
In the 1990s, especially after 1992 Deng Xiaoping's southern tour speech, China established the development strategy of opening to the outside world in an all-round way, and the special economic zones such as Shenzhen and Zhuhai flourished. While remarkable achievements have been made in the reform pilot, China has also established the road of industrialization development in Socialism with Chinese characteristics and unswervingly promoted reform and opening up. On this basis, China's industrialization has entered a stage of rapid development.
In the choice of industrialization development path, China actively draws lessons from the successful experiences of Japan and South Korea, that is, it adopts an export-oriented development strategy, gives full play to China's comparative advantages in labor and resource costs, and absorbs the successful experiences and advanced technologies of developed countries through economic exchanges, thus gaining the strategic advantage of "taking the lead".
The 1990s was the period when China's economy began to take off in an all-round way. From 199 1 to 2000, the average year-on-year growth rate of China's GDP reached 10.45%, the average growth rate of industrial output reached 13.96%, and the average growth rate of total foreign trade denominated in US dollars was 15.52%, of which the average growth rate of total exports was.
During this period, China's industrial development path was characterized by the expansion of foreign trade and investment driven by cost advantage, and China's development strategy was adjusted to an export-oriented economy. Although this period has also experienced challenges such as deflation and the Asian financial crisis, it is generally in a stage of rapid growth. In particular, a series of reforms, including tax system, banking system and capital market, have greatly supplemented the shortcomings of the components of China's market economy, further expanded the autonomy of enterprises, comprehensively improved economic vitality, and initially formed a relatively complete market economy.
4) China's industrial transformation stage under the background of information technology prosperity.
China successfully joined the WTO in February 2006, marking a new era of China's opening to the outside world. The significance of joining WTO lies in consolidating China's foreign trade advantages, further facilitating the entry and exit of capital through the internationalization of relevant systems, and accelerating the pace of industrialization in China. The existing strategy of expanding foreign trade and investment to promote economic development has been further consolidated, and its manifestations have gradually changed. Among them, small and medium-sized enterprises gradually began to establish brand awareness, and the proportion of high-tech products in foreign trade gradually increased; In the field of investment, real estate has gradually become the main target of investment and a pillar industry of the national economy. Foreign capital also continues to flow in the form of foreign direct investment, and its investment share in China is constantly expanding. In 2002, the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed that China should take a "new industrialization road" and begin to pay attention to improving the total factor productivity of industry. In 2009, the State Council put forward the development of strategic emerging industries, and in 20 15, it further put forward the planning of manufacturing industry in 2025, and China's industrialization entered the transformation stage.
From the end of 20th century to the beginning of 20th century, an upsurge of information technology was set off all over the world. After nearly 30 years of development, China's private economy has accumulated a certain strength, and the consumption power of residents has gradually increased. At this time, China's information industry has the market and basic technology foundation, and it has developed rapidly under the impetus of the world development trend, which has promoted the development of logistics, commerce, software development and other related industries, and an industrial chain with the Internet as the technical core has gradually formed.