Introduction to the pattern behind the RMB

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, five editions of RMB were issued. The designs of each denomination are different

Nearly a hundred types, let's narrow the scope a bit

History Review of the first edition of RMB

Introduction to the first edition of RMB

The RMB was issued when the People's Bank of China was established on December 1, 1948. The RMB used from the time of issuance to the end of circulation on May 10, 1955 was the first set of RMB.

The first set of RMB was issued on the basis of unifying the currencies of various revolutionary base areas. Issuing a unified currency went through a tortuous process. The currency of the revolutionary base areas was produced when the revolutionary base areas were divided and blockaded by the enemy during the war. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the people's governments of various liberated areas began the work of unifying the currency. For example, the Central China Liberated Area issued a unified Central China currency, and recovered and unified a variety of local currencies with different names and market values ​​originally issued by various anti-Japanese base areas established by the New Fourth Army. Other liberated areas have also adopted similar measures to unify their currency. However, before the work of unifying the currency in the liberated areas was completed, the Kuomintang reactionaries launched a full-scale civil war. Many places in the liberated areas were occupied by the Kuomintang troops, and the work of unifying the currency in the liberated areas had to be temporarily stopped. In the summer of 1947, the war in the liberated areas entered the stage of the People's Liberation Army's victorious counterattack. With the cooperation of the people of the liberated areas, the field troops of the People's Liberation Army achieved major victories one after another. Each liberated area further consolidated and developed, and the North, Northwest, and East China liberated areas gradually As a whole, trade links and material exchanges between the liberated areas are developing day by day. However, the currencies in various places are not unified, and the price comparisons in the commodity market are not fixed, which has become a major obstacle to economic development and trade, and has brought great difficulties to the mobile operations of the field army. Therefore, there is an urgent need to change the situation of multiple currency versions, complex types, different price comparisons, and inconvenience in mutual conversion in each liberated area, and to unify the currency of each liberated area. On October 24, 1947, the North China Financial and Economic Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was established to provide unified leadership for the financial and economic work in North China and began to unify the currency. Soon, the issuance of bank coins in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region stopped, and the bank coins in southern Hebei became the unified currency of the North China Liberated Area. In January 1948, the Northwest Liberated Region stopped issuing the bank currency of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, and the Northwest Yimin Bank currency became the unified currency of the Northwest Liberated Region. In October, the Beihai Bank currency of Shandong Liberated Area and the currency of North China Liberated Area circulated with each other. In November, Beihai Bank coins circulated uniformly in the North China Liberated Area. From then on, the Beihai Bank currency became the unified currency of Shandong and the liberated areas in central China. By the end of 1948, all liberated areas across the country had basically completed the currency unification work in the three liberated areas of North China, Northwest China, and East China, except for the Central Plains, Northeast China and other liberated areas that had their own independent currency systems.

In order to adapt to the needs of the development of the situation and further unify the currency of the liberated areas, the People's Government of North China, the People's Government of Shandong, and the people's governments of Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia and Shanxi-Suiyuan Region decided to merge the North China Bank and Shandong Bank of the North China Liberated Area. Beihai Bank in the Liberated Area and Northwest Farmers Bank in the Northwest Liberated Area established the People's Bank of China in Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province on December 1, 1948. The first general manager is Nan Hanchen, and the deputy managers are Hu Jingyun and Guan Xuewen. At the same time, a unified RMB was issued, which was the first set of RMB issued after the establishment of the People's Bank of China. The six characters "People's Bank of China" on the first set of RMB were inscribed by Comrade Dong Biwu, then Chairman of the North China People's Government. The first batch of RMB issued has three types of notes: 10 yuan, 20 yuan and 50 yuan. They were first circulated and used in the three major liberated areas of North China, Shandong and Northwest China. Subsequently, three types of RMB denominations of 1 yuan, 5 yuan and 100 yuan were issued. Since then, various types and formats of RMB have been gradually extended to various liberated areas across the country.

After the issuance of the first set of RMB, the local currency originally circulating in the liberated areas was gradually stopped and recovered according to the prescribed price comparison. Before all are withdrawn, they will continue to circulate at a certain price. The price comparison is: RMB against Jinan Bank currency, Beihai Bank currency, Central China Bank currency and Zhongzhou Farmers Bank currency is 1:100; RMB against Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region Bank currency, Northeast Bank currency, Rehe Provincial Bank currency and Great Wall Bank currency The currency exchange rate is 1:1000; the RMB exchange rate against the Northwest Farmers Bank currency and the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Commercial Voucher is 1:2000.

In January 1949, the headquarters of the People's Bank of China moved to Beijing in the Beiping Liberated Area. After the liberation of the country, the People's Bank of China was established in various regions, provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government. By the end of 1951, except for the Tibet Autonomous Region and Taiwan Province, the national currency had been unified, and the RMB became the only legal currency in our country. By December 1953, RMB coupons were issued in the following categories: 1 yuan coupon, 5 yuan coupon, 10 yuan coupon, 20 yuan coupon, 50 yuan coupon, 100 yuan coupon, 200 yuan coupon, 500 yuan coupon, 1,000 yuan coupon, and 5,000 yuan coupon , 10,000 yuan coupons, 50,000 yuan coupons, etc.; there are 62 versions. Among them, there are 2 kinds of 1 yuan coupons, 4 kinds of 5 yuan coupons, 4 kinds of 10 yuan coupons, 7 kinds of 20 yuan coupons, 7 kinds of 50 yuan coupons, 10 kinds of 100 yuan coupons, 5 kinds of 200 yuan coupons, and 6 kinds of 500 yuan coupons. There are 6 types of 1,000 yuan coupons, 5 types of 5,000 yuan coupons, 4 types of 10,000 yuan coupons, and 2 types of 50,000 yuan coupons.

Due to the constraints of the environment in the liberated areas at that time and the initial conditions of the liberated areas across the country, the design ideas of the first set of RMB were not unified enough. The patterns reflected not only the labor scenes of industrial and agricultural production, but also the scenes of transportation. , and some reflect the scenic spots and historic sites in Beijing and other places...the content is complicated, and the theme and idea are not prominent or clear. There are many types of banknotes, with widely varying denominations. From December 1948 to December 1953, China printed and issued 12 denominations and 62 versions of RMB. The minimum denomination was only 1 yuan, and the maximum denomination was 50,000 yuan. By the end of the issuance of the first set of RMB, the 1-yuan notes were almost out of circulation. Printing processes are diverse and product quality varies. In order to print and issue banknotes as quickly as possible to meet the needs of the war in the liberated areas, emergency measures had to be taken at that time. The old and new factories were built together, and the new and old equipment were used together. The technology used lithography, embossed printing, and gravure printing. There are seven technologies including offset printing, convex-concave combined printing, convex glue combined printing, and offset concave overprinting. The main raw materials such as paper and ink are also sourced locally. Therefore, the quality of banknotes varies greatly and is uneven.

The unified issuance of RMB eliminated the various currencies issued by the Kuomintang government, ended decades of inflation under the Kuomintang rule and China's nearly century-old history of foreign currencies, gold and silver circulating and buying and selling in the market, and promoted The overall victory of the People's Liberation War played an important role in the economic recovery period in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China.

Introduction to the Second Edition of RMB

The second set of RMB was issued on March 1, 1955 on the basis of the first set of RMB to unify the national currency. At that time, the impact of the war on the national economy had been eliminated, industrial and agricultural production recovered and developed rapidly, the commodity economy became increasingly active, and market prices were stable. On the basis of a balanced balance of payments, the national fiscal revenue has exceeded expenditure for several consecutive years. The national commodity inventory and gold reserves have also increased year after year. The monetary system has also been consolidated and improved accordingly. An independent and unified monetary system has been established. However, since the legacy of inflation for many years before liberation has not been completely eliminated, the first set of RMB has a larger denomination (maximum 50,000 yuan) and a lower unit value. When calculated in circulation, the unit is 10,000 yuan. It is not conducive to commodity circulation and economic development, and brings great inconvenience to people's lives. In addition, due to the limitations of the material and technical conditions at the time, the paper quality of the first set of RMB was poor, there were many types of coupons (62 types), the text description was single, and the face of the coupons was seriously damaged.

In order to correct the shortcomings such as the excessive denomination of the first set of RMB, improve the printing quality, and further improve our country's monetary system, the State Council issued a notice on the issuance of the second set of RMB and the withdrawal of the first set of RMB on February 21, 1955. command. The order states: In order to meet the needs of the construction of the national planned economy and the wishes of the people, and to further improve and consolidate our country's monetary system on the basis of fiscal balance and financial price stability to facilitate transactions and accounting, the People's Bank of China decides Since March 1, 1955, new coins (the second set of RMB) have been issued, old coins (the first set of RMB) have been recovered, and 11 types of the second set of RMB have been announced. Each type of coupon has a Chinese character printed on it. , Tibetan, Mongolian and Uyghur.

The conversion ratio between the second set of RMB and the first set of RMB is: 1 yuan in the second set of RMB is equal to 10,000 yuan in the first set of RMB. After the second set of RMB is issued, all currency receipts and payments, transaction pricing, contracts, contracts, documents, vouchers, account book records, and international settlements will be calculated based on the second set of RMB. All claims and debts before the issuance of the second set of RMB, including national government bonds, will be calculated and paid off in accordance with the legal ratio of converting the second set of RMB into the second set of RMB. All first sets of RMB are recovered by the People's Bank of China at legal rates.

On March 1, 1955, the second set of RMB was announced to be issued in 11 types. On the same day, 1 cent, 2 cents, 3 cents, 1 jiao, 2 jiao, 5 jiao, 1 yuan, and 2 yuan were issued. 10 types of coupons, 3 yuan and 5 yuan. On December 1, 1957, another 10 coupons were issued. At the same time, in order to facilitate circulation, the State Council issued an order to issue metal cents. Starting from December 1, 1957, three metal cents (referred to as hard cents) of 1 cent, 2 cents and 5 cents were issued, which are equivalent to paper cents. , mixed circulation. Later, the patterns and patterns of the 1-yuan and 5-yuan coupons were adjusted and the colors were changed respectively. Black 1-yuan coupons and brown 5-yuan coupons were issued on March 25, 1961 and April 20, 1962 respectively. The number of versions of the second set of RMB has been increased from the initially announced 11 to 16. On April 14, 1964, the People's Bank of China issued the "Notice on the Recall of Three RMB Notes" and decided to withdraw the 1953 version of 3 yuan, 5 yuan and 10 yuan notes printed by the Soviet Union within a time limit starting from April 15, 1964. , ceased redemption and circulation on May 15, 1964.

The design, printing and issuance of the second set of RMB received great care and attention from central leaders such as Zhou Enlai and Chen Yun. They personally reviewed the entire design plan. During the design, many specific and valuable modification suggestions put forward by Premier Zhou were adopted to make the second set of RMB design themes clear, with advanced printing technology, reasonable structure of the main and auxiliary coins, and novel patterns and colors. The content of the second set of RMB main scenery patterns embodies the new look of socialist construction in New China, the fighting course of the Chinese Communist revolution and the theme of the great unity of the people of all ethnic groups.

The banknote style breaks the original fixed four-border form and adopts a new specification of symmetrical left and right patterns; the face size increases in grades according to the denomination; the entire pattern, lace, and pattern lines are clear, precise, beautiful, lively, and have a national style . In the printing process of the second set of RMB, except for cent coins, all other coupons are printed with glue concave overprinting. Among them, dimes are printed with single concave on the front; 1 yuan, 2 yuan, 3 nil and 5 yuan coupons are printed with double concave on the front and back. ; The 10-yuan coupon also used the advanced joint printing technology at the time. The second set of RMB gravure printing plates are made using my country's traditional hand-carving method, with a unique national style. Its advantages are deep plate patterns, thick ink layers, and good anti-counterfeiting and anti-counterfeiting functions. Therefore, after the second set of RMB was issued, it was immediately welcomed by the people, who praised this set of RMB as good-looking, easy to recognize, and easy to calculate. Works well. Practice has proved that the second set of RMB became my country's first complete and sophisticated currency, playing an important role in improving my country's monetary system and promoting socialist economic construction.

Introduction to the third edition of RMB

The third set of RMB was issued successively on April 20, 1962. At that time, our country had gone through three consecutive years of economic difficulties. Under the guidance of the eight-character policy of "adjustment, consolidation, enrichment, and improvement" formulated by the Party Central Committee, it overcame numerous difficulties and vigorously developed production, so that the national economy began to recover and develop, and the national finance and finance The situation gradually improved. In order to promote industrial and agricultural production and commodity circulation and facilitate the use of the masses, with the approval of the State Council, the People's Bank of China issued the third set of RMB. From April 20, 1962 to April 15, 1980, after 18 years of gradual adjustments , *** has successively issued 13 varieties. Specifically, it includes the following contents:

(1) 1960 edition, the front pattern is "Integration of Education and Production Labor", the main color is maroon red dime coupon;

(2) 1962 edition, The front pattern is "the combination of education and productive labor", and the main colors on the back are dark brown and light green dime coupons

(3) 1962 edition, the front pattern is "the combination of education and productive labor", and the back is The main colors are purple and orange, and the one-cent coupons

(4) 1962 edition, the front pattern is "Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge", and the main color is dark green two-cent coupons;

(5) The 1972 edition, the obverse pattern is "Textile Factory Production Diagram", the main color is green lotus five-cent coupons;

(6) The 1960 edition, the obverse pattern is "Female Tractor Driver Production Diagram", the main color is dark red one yuan Coupon;

(7) The 1960 edition, the front image is "Lathe Worker Production Picture", the main color is dark green two-dollar coupons;

(8) The 1960 edition, the front image is " "Steelmaking Workers Production Picture", the main color is dark brown five-yuan coupons;

(9) 1965 edition, the front image is "People's Representatives Stepping out of the Great Hall of the People", the main color is black ten-yuan coupons;

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(10) 1980 edition, hard 1 jiao, hard 2 jiao, hard 5 jiao and hard 1 yuan coins with diameters of 20mm, 23mm, 26mm and 30mm respectively.

The reason why the third set of RMB stopped circulating

The third set of RMB has been circulating in the market for 37 years since it was successively issued on April 20, 1962. Due to changes in the printing process such as patterns, prefix numbers and colors, some coupons have been accepted but not paid since the 1970s. Currently, this set of RMB only accounts for 1.4% of the entire market circulation and is basically only a collection for coin enthusiasts. Taste.

With the successive issuance of the fifth set of RMB, there are too many versions and types of RMB in market circulation. If the cents in the second set of RMB are added, the second, third, fourth, and fourth sets of RMB have been formed. The status of circulation of five sets of RMB in multiple editions. In order to adjust the types of RMB notes to facilitate circulation and use, and to reduce the workload of commercial banks in sorting and sorting notes, the People's Bank of China recently issued an announcement that the third set of RMB will cease to circulate in the market starting from July 1, 2000; From January 1 to June 30, 2000, exchanges can be processed at commercial bank outlets for a limited time.

Methods for the public to exchange the third set of RMB

The process of exchanging the third set of RMB will be based on the principle of convenience for the general public. From January 1 to June 30, 2000, holders of this set of RMB can exchange them at the business outlets of various commercial banks. The commercial banks will exchange the third set of RMB into equal amounts of current RMB in accordance with relevant regulations. From January 1 to June 30, 2000, the third set of RMB and the fourth and fifth sets of RMB will still be in mixed circulation. However, as of July 1, commercial banks will no longer handle exchange procedures. The third set of RMB is no longer allowed to circulate in the market.

Introduction to the Fourth Edition of RMB

The fourth set of RMB is the 1980 version of RMB that was successively issued on April 27, 1987.

The fourth set of RMB was issued under the circumstances of economic development, increase in retail sales of goods, and increase in currency demand. With the implementation of the reform and opening-up policies at the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, my country's national economy has developed rapidly, the urban and rural commodity economy has become increasingly active, and social commodity retail sales have increased significantly. In this way, not only the total amount of currency issuance is required to adapt to it, but also the structure of the notes.

In order to meet the needs of economic development, further improve our country's monetary system, and facilitate circulation, use and transaction accounting, on April 25, 1987, the State Council issued an order to issue the fourth set of RMB, instructing the People's Bank of China to issue the fourth set of RMB since April 27, 1987. Since then, the fourth set of RMB has been issued successively. The fourth set of RMB has six main currencies: 1 yuan, 2 yuan, 5 yuan, 10 yuan, 50 yuan and 100 yuan. There are three auxiliary currencies: 1 jiao, 2 jiao and 5 jiao. There are nine main and auxiliary coins. The fourth set of RMB is equivalent to the current RMB. After the fourth set of RMB is issued, it circulates in the market mixed with the third set of RMB. The current 1-cent, 2-cent, and 5-cent papers and coins continue to circulate.

The issuance of the fourth set of RMB this time adopts the method of "announcement once and issuance in installments". On April 27, 1987, 50-yuan coupons and 50-cent coupons were first issued. On May 10, 1988, 100-yuan coupons, 2-yuan coupons, 1-yuan coupons and 2-cent coupons were issued. Other coupons will be issued one after another and will be announced at that time.

On June 1, 1992, with the approval of the State Council, metal renminbi of 1 yuan, 5 jiao and 1 jiao were issued nationwide. Together with three kinds of aluminum cents, they constitute a relatively complete coin series in our country.

The fourth set of RMB has certain innovations and breakthroughs in design ideas, style and printing technology. This set of RMB embodies a unique theme, that is, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, people of all ethnic groups across the country are united and united to build socialism with Chinese characteristics. In order to emphasize this theme, the 100-yuan coupon adopts the side reliefs of Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqi and Zhu De, the older generation of revolutionaries of our party; the 50-yuan coupon adopts the portraits of workers, farmers and intellectuals; other coupons adopt the 14 figures of our country. National portraits. The portrait on each ticket is clear and lifelike. In terms of design style, this set of RMB maintains and promotes the traditional characteristics of my country's national art. The images on the back of the main coin are based on my country's scenic spots, historic sites, and famous mountains and rivers, including the main peak of Jinggang Mountains, the Hukou of the Yellow River, Mount Everest, the Wu Gorge of the Yangtze River, the South China Sea's "Nantian Pillar" and the Great Wall. The decorations on the face of the coupons all adopt patterns with Chinese national characteristics, such as phoenix peony, crane pine, ribbon bird green bamboo, swallow peach blossom, etc. These pictures and decorations are integrated with the main scenery, showing a distinctive national style. In terms of printing technology, the main scenes all use large-scale character heads, and the carving process is complicated; the banknote paper uses full-page ancient money watermarks and fixed character head watermarks, which not only show the line picture, but also show the light and dark levels, craftsmanship and technology. It is very high, which further improves the technical level of my country's banknote printing technology and the anti-counterfeiting and anti-counterfeiting capabilities of banknotes. At the same time, on the basis of the second and third sets of RMB, this set of RMB has issued two additional coupons of 50 yuan and 100 yuan. This is to meet the needs of the development of the commodity economy, facilitate circulation, improve the efficiency of social work, and give full play to The role of RMB in the national economy is of great significance.

Look here for the fifth set

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This is the fifth set of introduction by the People’s Bank of China~