What are the translation methods for Chinese modal particles?
Chinese-English translation is a three-step process for translating Chinese structures. Mainly refers to the sentence structure division skills involving government propaganda themes. The so-called "three-step approach" specifically refers to: in a long Chinese sentence, the first step gives an idea, guideline or principle, and the second step details what has been done or what should be done under the guidance of these guidelines and principles. , the third step gives the results or goals to be achieved. When writing the text, you can cut sentences "step by step" or integrate them flexibly according to the amount of information in "each step". With the "three-step" principle, long sentences are not scary at all! This Chinese-English sentence logic analysis technique is very practical and easy to master in practical training! For details, see the analysis of relevant examples of each cycle.
2. The Chinese-English translation should be clear about “which is less important and which is more important”. Mainly refers to the difference in sentence structure between Chinese and English translations: the Chinese structure is "front emphasis and back emphasis". The Chinese structure has facts and background first, and statements, judgments and conclusions last. English is just the opposite, "front emphasis and back emphasis". The structural differences are clear to the mind, "statement of judgment is the main one, and the factual background is the second one." When translating between Chinese and English, with such a set of principles for building the main clause framework, the logic is clear at a glance, and the translation will naturally "flow smoothly"! For details, see the analysis of relevant examples of each cycle.
3. The translation structure of Chinese-English translation builds the "Three Musketeers". It mainly refers to the three function words or forms commonly used in constructing structures when translating from Chinese to English, namely as, ing, and with. Whether the translation structure is good or not, they have the final say! It is no exaggeration to say that whoever masters these three functional words or forms as soon as possible will be able to enter the palace of Chinese-English translation as soon as possible! For details, see the analysis of relevant examples of each cycle.
4. Chinese-English translation has synonymous and repeated "parallel translation" lines. Mainly refers to the fact that Chinese has the characteristics of echoing back and forth and overlapping information. Four characters or even eight characters are often used to express the same meaning. When translating into English, it must be compressed, merged and subtracted to extract the core meaning and strive to be concise and smooth, such as: pride and pride, thousands of mountains and thousands of mountains. Water, you have me, I have you, and so on. Chinese also has a typical feature, that is, the "double verb phenomenon", such as: adjust and optimize, improve and strengthen, protect and improve people's livelihood, strengthen and improve. Take "adjustment and optimization" as an example. These two words are often synonymous verbs in specific contexts. The purpose of adjustment is optimization, and optimization is a kind of adjustment. Just use the synonymous translation. For details, see the analysis of relevant examples of each cycle.
5. Chinese-English translation The "ever-changing" translation increases tension. It mainly means that the Chinese-English translation should be "ever-changing" and "synonymous", choosing different angles to interpret the same content, using synonyms for substitution, etc., in order to highlight the variability of the English language. This is completely consistent with everyone’s usual requirements for learning English writing, that is, the more synonyms the better! Look at translation from a writing perspective! For details, see the analysis of relevant examples of each cycle.
6. Chinese-English translation is "incompatible" with specific and general translations. It mainly refers to one of the principles of Chinese-English translation: "Abandon macro-generalization and adopt micro-concrete". In Chinese, general information is often added after specific information, such as the concept of "people-oriented", the principle of "first come first served", food security and other issues. This basic translation technique is used to directly translate the specific content during translation. That’s it.
7. In Chinese-English translation, the adverb "with measure" should be left in the translation. It mainly means that in most cases there are adverbs before verbs in Chinese external publicity materials. This is due to Chinese writing habits. Unless it is really necessary when translating from Chinese to English, these adverbs can be removed as appropriate. For details, see the analysis of relevant examples of each cycle.
8. Verb processing "skillfully hidden". It mainly means that there are more verbs in Chinese than in English, and prepositions are used very frequently in English. The clever use of English prepositions to hide verbs in Chinese is a time-tried technique among translation experts. For example: *** work together for a peaceful and prosperous world, the translation is: work together for a peaceful and prosperous world, the word "construction" in Chinese does not need to be translated in English, and is hidden by the preposition "for". For details, see the analysis of relevant examples of each cycle.
9. Chinese-English translation, concrete translation and "avoid abstraction". It mainly means that many expressions in Chinese are relatively abstract and should be made as concrete as possible when writing. For example: "It solves the problem of difficult and expensive medical treatment." The Chinese language is relatively abstract and needs to be made concrete. The meaning of this sentence can be elaborated as "Seeing a doctor is no longer so expensive or difficult." and then further understand In fact, this sentence often appears in government speeches or official documents in British and American countries. In English, it is "make medical care more affordable and accessible." Borrowing directly from English is obviously a coup. Other examples are: "solve the problem of people having difficulty drinking water", which can be translated into English as "make drinking water available/accessible to the people" or "provide access to drinking water for the people", and so on. In short, we must learn to use English to express flexibly and turn abstraction into concreteness. For details, see the analysis of relevant examples of each cycle.
10. Chinese-English translation, the three-dimensional translation pictures are "describing".
Mainly means that when translating between Chinese and English, you must learn to add image-expressive adjectives before nouns, because English is a language that attaches great importance to the use of image words. It is a more three-dimensional language and a language that is biased toward pictures. The Chinese language emphasizes formal unity and does not seek ostentation. For details, see the analysis of relevant examples of each cycle.
·English-Chinese Translation
The editor of Lewen Translation Company briefly analyzes the eight techniques of English-Chinese translation. Let’s take a look!
1. Repetition method
(1) Repeat in Korean and repeat in English translation;
(2) According to the respective idioms of the two languages, use Different expressions are repeated, often to convey the vividness of the original text.
Repetition has three main functions:
(1) Make the meaning of the translation more clear;
(2) Strengthen the tone and express emphasis;
(3) Make the translation more vivid.
This method is mainly used for English-Chinese translation, because compared with English and Chinese, Chinese prefers repetition and is more able to withstand repetition.
2. Additional translation method
(1) In order to make the translation faithfully express the meaning and style of the original text and to make the translation conform to the expression habits, some words must be added, which is called additional translation. Law.
(2) To increase the meaning of a word, it is better to add function words, but you can also add content words as appropriate.
(3) Words that are often added in English-Chinese translation include structural words, quantifiers, concept words, modal particles, etc.
(4) From the perspective of the function of supplementation, it can be divided into structural supplementation, meaning supplementation and rhetorical supplementation.
3. Subtractive translation method
(1) The opposite of additive translation method;
(2) Subtractive translation method means that there are always some words in the original text in the translation Not translated, because although there are no words in the translation, the meaning is already there, or it is self-evident in the translation;
(3) Subtractive translation is to delete some dispensable things, Or if there are words that are cumbersome or contrary to the customary expressions of the translation, it does not mean that some ideological content of the original text has been deleted.
(4) Translation omission and supplementation are two complementary translation techniques. Proper translation can be divided into structural concise translation and refining and compression.
(5) The so-called structural translation is caused by the difference in sentence structure between English and Chinese. Words that are often omitted when translating from English to Chinese include pronouns, copulas, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, antecedents, etc. Personal pronouns as subjects and attributives, as well as possessive pronouns as attributives, can be omitted in translation.
(6) If structural elaboration is regarded as a negative means of omission, then refining and compression is a positive means of omission. The former is obvious, while the latter is obscure.
4. Part-of-speech conversion method
(1) The core of English-Chinese translation is to convert action nouns into Chinese verbs according to needs, or to convert expressible concepts The verbs are converted into Chinese nouns.
(2) The opposite is true when translating Chinese into English.
5. Word order adjustment method
6. Positive translation, reverse translation method
Reverse translation: English words and sentences contain "never", " no", "non-", "un-", "im-", "ir-", "-less" and other components; Chinese words and phrases contain "no, no, no, wei, don't, don't, mo, fei" , no, no” and other ingredients.
7. Fractional translation method
(1) Fractional translation method is mainly used for the translation of long sentences.
(2) If a long sentence ends with a clause expressing judgment or summary, the segmented translation method can be used;
(3) If the Chinese sentence is long and contains mood or topic Turns, in order to make the English translation clear, can be divided into translations;
(4) If a long Chinese sentence contains rhetorical questions (or rhetorical sentences) or exclamation points, it is usually necessary to divide into English translations;
(5) If a long Chinese sentence contains a transition from general to specific or from specific to general, it should be translated into English separately;
(6) If a long Chinese sentence contains several Parallel sentences, each talking about one aspect of the content, are best translated into English;
8. Voice transformation method
(1) Passive to active - active to passive
(2) English uses more passive voice than Chinese;
(3) When translating sentences using passive voice in English into Chinese, we can use the Chinese language It is customary to convert passive voice into active voice;
(4) Sentences in active voice in Chinese can also be converted into passive voice according to specific circumstances.