Chinese and foreign folk culture
(A) China folk customs
1. Twenty-four solar terms in China.
According to the alternation law of spring, summer, autumn and winter throughout the year, China divides a year into 24 solar terms, mainly including beginning of spring, rain, fright, vernal equinox, Qingming, Grain Rain, long summer, Xiaoman, Miscanthus, summer solstice, light summer, great summer, beginning of autumn, early autumn, white dew, autumn equinox, cold dew, early frost, beginning of winter, light snow, heavy snow.
2. China Tea Ceremony
"Tea ceremony" is a kind of life etiquette with tea as the medium, and it is also considered as a way of self-cultivation. By making tea, tasting tea and drinking tea, we can enhance friendship, taste life and achieve spiritual enjoyment. Tea ceremony originated in China. At least before or during the Tang Dynasty, people in China first regarded tea as a way to cultivate one's morality. At that time, people were very particular about the environment, etiquette and operation of drinking tea, and there were some established rules and ceremonies.
3. Traditional dietary customs of China people.
China people's traditional eating habits are mainly plant-based foods. The staple food is whole grains, the supplementary food is vegetables, plus a small amount of meat. Hot food and cooked food are the main features of China people's eating habits. China people's diet has always been famous for its extensive materials and exquisite cooking skills. In terms of diet, China people's dietary customs are used to the food collection system, which originated very early, reflecting China people's emphasis on consanguinity and family values. In terms of tableware, the use of chopsticks is a major feature of China people's eating habits. Chopsticks, called Zhu in ancient times, have a long history in China.
Grains: millet, millet, wheat, glutinous rice and hemp (north); Millet, millet, wheat, rice, rice (South).
4. Eight Chinese cuisines
Cuisine, also known as "Bangzi Cuisine", refers to the genre of China cuisine, which has formed its own system after a long period of evolution in material selection, cutting and cooking, and has distinctive local flavor characteristics, which is recognized by the society. Chinese cuisine refers to a set of self-contained cooking skills and flavors formed in a certain region due to the differences in climate, geography, history, products and eating customs, which are recognized by all parts of the country. The four major cuisines of Luchuan, Jiangsu and Guangdong were formed earlier. Later, the local cuisines in Zhejiang, Fujian, Hunan and Huizhou gradually became famous, thus forming the "eight major cuisines" in China.
5. Tang suit
The original meaning of Tang costume refers to the Han costume in Tang Dynasty, which is a traditional costume. This style was popular in the early Tang Dynasty and basically followed the traditional dress system of women in China since the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the modern sense, Tang clothes generally refer to clothes with Chinese style. China traditional style clothes worn by "Tang people" in "Chinatown" are called "Tang clothes". Two o'clock. At the Shanghai APEC meeting in 0 1 year, China, as the host, invited the leaders of Asia-Pacific economies to wear "Tang costumes", which set off a new wave of "peaceful and festive" Tang costumes, reflecting the integration of traditional costumes and modern costume styles before the Qing Dynasty.
6. China cheongsam
From the 1920s to the late 1940s, China cheongsam was popular for more than 20 years. After several changes in style, such as collar height, sleeve length and slit height, the cheongsam completely got rid of the old style, changed the old appearance of women in China for a long time, and fully showed the beauty of women's posture and curves. Since 1930s, cheongsam has almost become the standard dress for women in China. Folk women, students, workers and powerful wives all wear cheongsam. Cheongsam has even become a dress for social occasions and diplomatic activities. Later, cheongsam also spread abroad for women in other countries to wear.
7. China residential characteristics
China's folk houses are an important type of traditional architecture in China and an important part of the folk house architecture system in ancient China. There are countless types of houses in China, such as quadrangles in Beijing, Mongolian yurts, caves in Henan, Shaanxi, and earth buildings in Fujian. The quadrangle in Beijing is actually a kind of quadrangle architecture. The so-called quadrangle is a courtyard with houses on all sides and four houses in the middle. The whole family is in the yard. People living in the yard are very comfortable, and the door is closed at night, which is very quiet and suitable for family-centered reunion life. Beijing quadrangles are typical and representative in traditional residential buildings in China.
8. Drinking customs on major festivals
People in China drink at several major festivals in a year, such as "calamus wine" on Dragon Boat Festival, "chrysanthemum wine" on Double Ninth Festival and "Nian wine" on New Year's Eve. In some places, such as Jiangxi folk, after transplanting rice in spring, people should get together to drink, especially when celebrating the harvest. When the banquet is exhausted, it is often "every family is drunk." Generally speaking, New Year's Eve is the most abundant banquet in a year, the most important festival for China people and the day for family reunion. Wine for the New Year's Eve is essential. After dinner, some people still have the custom of drinking and vigil. On the first day of the first month, in some places, people generally do not go out. From the second day of the first month, they began to visit. When the guests come to the door, the host will put the exquisite wine dish already prepared on the table and pour the wine. * * * He Xinchun. There are also customs such as drinking "chrysanthemum wine" on the Double Ninth Festival in September, "longevity wine" for the elderly and "full moon wine" for children when they are born.
Heavenly stems and earthly branches,
Referred to as "dry branches". In the ancient calendar of China, A, B, C, D, E, Ji, G, Xin, Ren and Gui were called "ten heavenly stems", while Zi, Ugly, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu and Hai were called "twelve earthly branches". Ten branches and twelve branches are matched in turn to form sixty basic units, and they cooperate with each other in a fixed order to form branches and branches. Judging from the Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins, in ancient China, the trunk and branch were mainly used to record the days, as well as the months, years and hours.
(2) Foreign folk customs
1. Blow out the candles on your birthday
The custom of blowing out candles on birthdays originated in ancient Greece. In ancient Greece, people believed in themis, the goddess of the moon. At her annual birthday celebration, people always put honey cakes and many lighted candles on the altar to form a sacred atmosphere to express special respect for the goddess of the moon. With the passage of time, when the ancient Greeks celebrated their children's birthdays, they also liked to put cakes and other things on the dining table, and put many small lit candles on them, and at the same time added a new activity-blowing out these lit candles. They believe that lighted candles have mysterious power. If the birthday child makes a wish in his heart and then blows out all the candles in one breath, then the child's good wish can come true.
2. The discovery and spread of coffee
In Kafa Mountain, Ethiopia, Africa, a string of red fruits is growing. One day, a shepherd's sheep came to the Woods in the mountains and became alive and kicking after eating those jam fruits. The same phenomenon happened to other sheep that ate some red fruit. The shepherd took these fruits home to boil juice to quench his thirst, and suddenly felt refreshed and refreshed. This can be called the history that coffee was first eaten by human beings. By 1652, when the first coffee shop in Europe opened in London, drinking coffee had become a part of people's lives and a fashion and habit.
3. Western food
The word western food is determined by its specific geographical location. "West" is the West, generally referring to European countries. "Rice" is a diet dish. Western food generally uses knives and forks as tableware, bread as staple food and long tables as dining tables. The main characteristics of western food are prominent main ingredients, beautiful appearance, delicious taste, rich nutrition and convenient supply. Western food can be roughly divided into French food, English food, Italian food, russian cuisine food, American food, Mediterranean food and other different styles of dishes.
The cook is wearing a white hat.
Chefs all over the world wear tall white hats, which makes them look clean and hygienic. But at first, it was just a sign. There were frequent wars in Greece in the Middle Ages, and city people often fled to monasteries to take refuge. It is said that once several famous chefs escaped into the monastery. They wore black clothes and hats and dressed like monks. After a long time, they felt that they should distinguish themselves from the monks, so they changed the black hat worn by the monks into white. Since then, it has become a habitual rule for chefs to wear white hats.
Step 5 be suitable for
Suit refers to western-style clothing, which is a European-style clothing relative to "Hanfu". In a narrow sense, it refers to a western-style coat or suit. For employees of companies and government agencies, on more formal occasions, two-piece suits are usually the first choice for men's clothing. The reason why suits are enduring is that they have profound cultural connotations. The mainstream suit culture is often labeled as "cultured, educated, gentlemanly and authoritative". The main features of a suit are its crisp appearance, smooth lines and comfortable wearing. If you wear a tie or bow tie, it will look more noble and elegant. In addition, in the increasingly open modern society, suits, as a clothing style, have also entered the ranks of women's wear, reflecting the independence and confidence of women as well as men.
6. The origin of grasping, chopsticks and knives and forks.
Jr utensils for dining in the world are divided into three types: grab, knife, fork and chopsticks. Since the birth of mankind, people have been grasping food by hand for most of the time. Forks and chopsticks appeared because they wanted to get hot food. Forks were originally used in Europe and the Near East for many years, but only as kitchen utensils. When forks first entered high society, many kings, such as Queen Elizabeth I, used to grab food with their hands. The history of chopsticks is much longer, and its birth is determined by the characteristics of cooking small pieces of food.