The main achievements of China classical gardens in their heyday
-Sui and Tang Dynasties
The first part always says
I. Background of the Times
In Sui and Tang Dynasties, the land equalization system was implemented, which restricted farmers' personal attachment, liberated Buqu and Zhuangke as yeomen, and the tenant farming system replaced the tenant slave system. Eliminate the dominant position of manor economy in the economic structure, gradually restore the small-scale peasant economy, and lay the foundation for its rapid development after the Song Dynasty. It has promoted the progress and development of the national situation.
Two. Sustained economic and cultural prosperity and achievements
The rule of Zhenguan and Kaiyuan pushed the feudal society in China to the peak of development and prosperity.
1, literature and art
Poetry, painting, sculpture, music, dance, etc. On the basis of carrying forward the excellent tradition of the Han nationality and drawing lessons from other nationalities and even foreign cultures, it presents a brilliant situation of bright stars and instant victory.
⑴ Painting field: In addition to religious paintings, there are also secular paintings that directly describe real life and scenery, flowers and birds; The branch of painting has been concretized according to the theme, and flowers and birds, figures, deities and buddhas, pommel horses and landscapes have all become independent branches of painting.
⑵ The conscious pursuit of mutual infiltration between poetry and painting appeared in the Tang Dynasty. For example, the great poet Wang Wei described the picturesque natural scenery of Shan Ye and the countryside; At the same time, landscape painting also affects gardens. Poets and painters directly participated in gardening activities, and garden art began to consciously integrate poetry and painting, which was more obvious in private gardens.
2. The traditional wooden architecture is mature in technology and art, with perfect beam system, bucket arch system and standardized decoration.
3. Ornamental plants
Great progress has been made in the cultivation and gardening techniques of ornamental plants, and many rare varieties such as peony and Qionghua have been cultivated, and exotic flowers and trees can also be introduced, domesticated and transplanted. There are also techniques such as grafting, irrigation and flowering.
Three, the characteristics of architectural technology and art:
1, large scale, well planned.
2. The treatment of buildings is becoming more and more mature.
3. The wooden structure building has solved a large area and a large number of technical problems, and has been finalized.
4. Improvement of design and construction level
5. Further development of masonry buildings. Mainly because of the increase in masonry used in pagodas. At present, all the Tang pagodas preserved in China are brick pagodas.
6. Truth and maturity of architectural art processing.
Section 2 Royal Gardens
First, the layout of Chang 'an City in Sui and Tang Dynasties
In the Tang Dynasty, Chang 'an (Sui Daxing), with an area of 84 square kilometers and a population of over one million, was the largest and most rigorous prosperous capital in the world at that time.
Layout: Miyagi is located at the northern end of the central axis of the city north of the Imperial City, with an area of about 4.2 square kilometers. It is located in Taiji Palace in the middle, Ye Ting Palace in the west and East Palace where the prince lives in the east. Taiji Palace, also known as "West Inner", is the palace where the emperor listened to politics and lived. In addition, there is Daming Palace in the east and Xingqing Palace in the south, which is equivalent to the other two ouchi.
Second, the layout of Luoyang City in Sui and Tang Dynasties
The plane of Luoyang is almost square, with the strongest point in the north and south being 73 12 meters and the widest point in the east and west being 7290 meters, covering an area of about 45.3 square kilometers. Like Chang 'an, the Imperial City is south of Miyagi, and the office of the central government is built in the city. The core part of Miyagi, Otani, is square, surrounded by the East Palace, the West Partition City, the Taoguang Garden, the Yaoyi City and the Round Wall City. Mangshan Mountain is in the north of Luoyang, and the Forbidden Park can only be built in the west of the Imperial City and Miyagi, not in the north like Daxing.
Comparison between Chang 'an City and Luoyang City
By studying the measured maps of Chang 'an and Luoyang sites, it is found that in the planning, the whole city is divided into several blocks with the length and width of the imperial city and Miyagi as the modulus, and then subdivided into Li Fang. These two large cities with unprecedented scale in the history of China did not take more than two years from planning to completion. The application of modulus control in planning is an important reason for the rapid completion of planning.
Three. Royal garden
(1) Chang 'an Royal Garden
1, the three inside lines in Cheng Tang.
In the Tang Dynasty, there were three palaces in Chang 'an, which were called "Three Palaces" in history, namely West Taiji Palace, East Daming Palace and Nanxingqing Palace. "Sannei" is the center of political activities in various periods of the Tang Dynasty, and it is three scenic spots with magnificent architecture, proper landscape and flowers and unique features.
(1) Xi Neitai Chi Palace
Taiji Palace, Daxing Palace in Sui Dynasty, was renamed Taiji Palace in early Tang Dynasty and expanded. Taidi Palace is located in the center of Miyagi, with the imperial city in the south, the inner courtyard in the west in the north, the East Palace in the east and the Yeting Palace in the west. According to archaeological investigation, the area is about 1.9 square kilometers, which is about 2.7 times that of the Forbidden City in Beijing in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Architectural layout: According to the principle of "front yard and back bedroom" in Zhou Dynasty, the palace is divided into front yard and back yard.
There are thirty or forty halls, pavilions, pavilions and pavilions in Taiji Palace. The main buildings are Taijitang, Liangyitang, Wanchuntang and Lingyan Pavilion. These buildings form an orderly and huge complex, and the landscape of the palace consists of mountains, ponds and waterside pavilions.
(2) Daming Palace in Dongnei
Daming Palace in Dongnei is a Summer Palace specially designed by Emperor Taizong for his father, Gao Zu Li Yuan. Because the terrain is more conducive to military defense, the microclimate is cooler and more suitable for living. Therefore, Tang Gaozong will replace Taiji Palace as a palace in the future.
Location: in the southeast of Forbidden Park, near the northeast corner of Miyagi in the west. According to archaeological investigation, it is the largest palace group in Chang 'an, covering an area of 3.3 square kilometers.
The southern part of Daming Palace is the palace area, and the northern part is the garden forest area, which is the inner imperial garden, which is a typical separation pattern between palace and garden.
(3) Nannei Xingqing Palace
Xingqing Palace, formerly known as Qin Long Square, was the residence of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty when Li Longji was the Crown Prince. After Li Longji ascended the throne, Xingqing Square was expanded into Xingqing Palace in the second year of Kaiyuan, and moved to Xingqing Palace to listen to politics.
Architectural layout: It is a special place among the three big houses in the Tang Dynasty. It does not stick to the traditional "sleeping from front to back" and the symmetrical architectural pattern about the central axis, but is irregular, quite like the freestyle architectural layout of later generations.
2. Ouchi Third Hospital
The "three inner rooms" of the Tang emperor not only won the victory of the garden, but also dedicated the land to the garden for the emperor to visit and hunt. Therefore, three gardens, namely West Inner Garden, East Inner Garden and Forbidden Garden, were built in the north of the capital, which became a world-famous royal garden scenic spot. Adjacent to Miyagi Taiji Palace and Daming Palace, in the north of the capital, it belongs to Oi Imperial Garden in terms of location.
Royal garden
The forbidden park has a wide range and is the largest of the three parks. According to the textual research of two capital squares in the Tang Dynasty, it is forbidden to swim in the east, the Weihe River in the north, the old city of Chang 'an in the west and the capital city in the south. 27 miles from east to west, 23 miles from north to south, and 0/20 miles from Fiona Fang/KLOC. The garden wall in the south is Chang 'an City Wall, so it can be said that the Forbidden Garden actually includes three parts: the West Inner Garden and the East Inner Garden.
Forbidden Garden is the main scenic spot and hunting area of the royal family in Chang 'an suburb in Tang Dynasty. Terrain: rugged, hilly, lush trees. There are 20 temples, pavilions and pavilions. Therefore, it is also an important military defense zone.
The main buildings are expected to be Spring Palace, Yu Zaogong and Liyuan.
(2) Luoyang Royal Garden
Luoyang is the Tokyo of the Tang Dynasty, with the best scenery and developed royal gardens.
Luoyang Palace is the Miyagi of Luoyang. In the sixth year of Tang Dynasty, Zhenguan was changed to Luoyang Palace. Luoyang, the eastern capital of Sui and Tang Dynasties, is the most prosperous period in the history of Luoyang ancient city and one of the metropolises in the eastern world. (pictured)
There are 65,438+00 gates around Miyagi. The main south gate was originally named Zetianmen, and later named yingtianmen.
Second, the imperial palace garden and the imperial palace garden
(1) Chang 'an
There are many palaces and detached palaces in Chang 'an, including Yuhua Palace, Xianyou Palace, Cuiwei Palace, Huaqing Palace, Jiucheng Palace and Qujiang Pool.
1, Yuhua Palace
Yuhua Township, Tongchuan City, is located in the northern part of today's Xi City and in the scenic Phoenix Valley at the southern end of Ziwuling. With a total area of 2,482 hectares and a forest coverage rate of 90.4%, it integrates natural landscape and human landscape. It has three functions: sightseeing, summer vacation and Buddhist activities.
2. Xianyou Palace (Summer Palace)
Xianyou Palace is located in the south of zhouzhi county 15km, which was built in the eighteenth year of Emperor Wendi.
Environment: Surrounded by green mountains and green waters, the climate is cool and pleasant, and Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty has been lucky enough to escape the summer for many times.
3, Cuiwei Palace (summer away from the palace)
Cuiwei Palace is located in Nanshan Taihe Palace, 25 kilometers south of Chang 'an. It was built in the eighth year of Tang Wude and abandoned in the tenth year of Zhenguan.
4. Huaqing Palace (Tang Dynasty Palace)
Huaqing Palace is located at the northern foot of Lishan Mountain in Lintong County, 35km east of Xi. It is famous for its hot spring Tang Chi. According to documents, Qin Shihuang once built a stone here. In the eighteenth year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (644), Emperor Taizong ordered the building of a temple here, and named it Tangquan Palace. Tianbao was renamed Huaqing Palace in 747.
5. Jiuchenggong
Jiuchenggong is located in linyou county New Town, northwest of Xi City 163km. It was founded in the 13th year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty and completed in the 15th year of Emperor Kai. Formerly known as Renshou Palace, it is the place where Emperor Wen started. In the fifth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign (AD 63 1 year), it was restored and expanded and renamed as "Jiucheng Palace". "Nine Cities" means "nine floors" or "nine floors", which means tall.
(2) Luoyang Garden
The representative works of Luoyang Palace and Gong Li Royal Garden are Xiyuan and Shangyang Palace.
1, Xiyuan (also known as Ren Xian Palace and Huitong Garden) is the representative of Luoyang Royal Garden.
Xiyuan is located on the west side of Luoyang City, which was built at the same time as Luoyang City in the first year of Sui Daye.
Xiyuan is a super-large royal garden in history, second only to Shanglin Garden in the Western Han Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, it was renamed Dongdu Hospital, and Wuhou was named Shendu Hospital.
The characteristics of Xiyuan: artificial landscape garden.
Overall layout: Generally following the palace pattern of "one foot and three mountains" since the Han Dynasty. Centered on the largest artificially dug water area "Beihai". The North Sea is more than ten miles in circumference, and there are three islands and three mountains in Penglai, Abbot and Yingzhou.
According to "Sui Shu", "Xiwan Zhou is 200 Li, including more than 10 Li of Haizhou, namely Penglai, Abbot and Yingzhou Mountain, which is more than 100 feet high. It's on Mount Tarot. There is a canal to the north of the sea, which flows into the sea. The side canal is sixteen courtyards, and the doors are all adjacent to the canal, which is extremely gorgeous. " "Miscellanies of Great Cause" records: "The mountain in the garden is the sea, which is more than ten miles a week and the water depth is dozens of feet. There are Tong Zhen Temple, Xilingtai and Zongxian Palace, which are distributed in various mountainous areas. The wind pavilion and the moon scene are made by machines, which rise or fall. If God changes, there will be a long forest canal in Haibei, bypassing the Sixteenth Courtyard and entering the sea. "
Water control, mountain building, plant arrangement, building construction and other projects in the park are extremely huge, and they are all carried out according to the established plan. The achievement in planning and design is a milestone, and its completion marks the arrival of the heyday of China classical gardens.
2. Shang Yang Palace
Garden features: the building density is relatively high, mainly temples, supplemented by gardens.
Characteristics of royal gardens in this period:
The construction of royal gardens has tended to be standardized. Generally speaking, there are three types of royal gardens: imperial palace-style royal gardens, palace-style royal gardens and palace-style royal gardens.
(1) The Inner Palace of Da Nen is adjacent to the back or one side of the palace area, showing the pattern of separation of the palace and the garden.
(2) Most suburban palaces and detached palaces are built in mountainous areas and scenic spots. Paying attention to the location of buildings and having a unique vision of "being in the same place" not only ensured the emperor's enjoyment of summer vacation and leisure, but also reflected the high quality and high standard of the Tang Dynasty in the combination of palace architecture and landscape construction.
Section 3 Private Gardens
After the prosperous Tang Dynasty, China gardens developed from natural landscape gardens to freehand landscape gardens, that is, literati landscape gardens. Mainly in Chang 'an and Luoyang.
I. Urban private parks
1, Chang 'an
Most residential areas in Chang 'an City have residential and recreational parks, which are called "Shanchi Garden"-a common name for urban private parks in the Tang Dynasty. Most of them were built by emperors and big bureaucrats.
2. Luoyang private gardens
Many private gardens in Luoyang win by waterscape. Private gardens in the city have two styles: elegant and simple. The former is like the noble house garden of the prime minister Niu Monks and Children, and the latter is more common in contemporary people's poetry. Such as Bai Juyi's Green Island Square Garden.
Lv Dao Fang Zhai yuan
Located in the northwest corner of Green Island Square, where Luoshui flows, it is considered as the best place in Shui Mu.
A: location, scale and layout
"On the Pool" said that the garden house * * * covers an area of 15 mu, of which "one third of the house, one fifth of the water, one ninth of the bamboo, and the island is between the trees and bridges". Layout: South Park, North Park and West Park.
B, factory configuration
The green configuration of the house is very good, the trees are shaded and the pool is divided into steps. "Especially win with bamboo. There is a bamboo garden in the south garden and a bamboo courtyard in the house. " There are thousands of new poles. "A dozen trees are old trees.
There are more than 20 kinds of plants described in Bai Juyi's poems: Sophora japonica, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, elm, poplar, willow, peach, pear, apricot, osmanthus, cherry, vine, hibiscus, peony, peony, Bai Mudan, chrysanthemum, orchid, lotus, cordate telosma, winter jasmine and jujube.
Second, the country villa
Villa garden is a private garden built in the countryside. In the Tang Dynasty, it was generally called other commercial, mountain villas and villages, and the smaller ones were called mountain pavilions, water pavilions, family houses and thatched cottages.
According to documents, there are three kinds of villa gardens in the Tang Dynasty: 1, which are built alone in a zone not far from the city, with convenient transportation and beautiful scenery. 2, built separately in the scenic area. 3, attached to the manor and built.
1, built alone in a zone not far from the urban area, with convenient transportation and beautiful scenery.
Belonging object: (1) Beijing, nobles and bureaucrats in Beijing. (2) Ordinary literati bureaucrats.
Villa features: aristocratic bureaucratic villa, gorgeous and slim style; The villa of ordinary literati and bureaucrats is unpretentious and has a simple atmosphere.
Chang 'an: As the capital, there are many villa gardens in the suburbs. Noble bureaucrats are mostly concentrated in the eastern suburbs, such as Princess Taiping, Princess Changle and Princess Anle. The villas of ordinary literati and bureaucrats are mostly concentrated in the southern suburbs.
Luoyang: The southern suburbs have beautiful scenery, convenient water diversion and particularly dense villa gardens. Like changan garden, most of them were built by dignitaries. Example:
① Pingquanzhuang
Owner: Li Deyu.
Location: It is located three miles south of Luoyang.
Garden features:
There are many kinds of garden stones and famous strange stones.
There are many kinds of trees and flowers, which are precious.
There are 100 pavilions, including bookstores, waterfalls and fountains, Liu Beiting, Xiyuan, Shuangbitan and Diaoyutai.
rare birds and animals
② Huanhuaxi Caotang
Master of the Garden: Du Fu
Location: Chengdu
Garden features:
The layout of the building depends on the terrain, making full use of the natural water features, "I am in the north, I am in the south, the spring water is flooding, and I only see gulls day after day".
2, built separately in the scenic area.
In the Tang Dynasty, scenic spots all over the country were developed and built, especially the famous mountain scenic spots. Such as Hengshan Industry in Li Mi and Lushan Caotang in Bai Juyi.
Lushan Caotang
3, attached to the manor and built.
The villa attached to the manor is related to the system of the Tang Dynasty. Many officials have houses in the city, villas in the suburbs and manor villas, which have become a symbol of their wealth and status.
The manor villas in the Tang Dynasty played a certain role in promoting the rapid development of pastoral poetry in the literary world of the Tang Dynasty.
For example, Wangchuan Industry in Wei Wang and Songshan Industry in Lu Hongyi.
Third, the rise of literati gardens.
Many literati in the Tang Dynasty entered the official position by writing, and they did not forget to recite poems and enjoy the scenery after entering the official position.
Bureaucrats from literati background not only participate in the development of scenery and the greening and beautification of the environment, but also participate in the construction of their own private gardens. They manage gardens with a deep understanding of natural scenery and a high appreciation of natural beauty, and at the same time integrate their philosophical experience of life and the ups and downs of the official sea into the art of gardening.
Section 4 Temples and Other Gardens
Buddhism was widely spread in the Eastern Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the 13 Sect was completely established in the Tang Dynasty.
First, the temple garden from secularization to literati
Mainly manifested in:
1. The architectural system of temples has been perfected. Large temples in Yu Lian are often huge buildings, including hall, bedroom, guest room and garden.
2. Due to the participation of secular activities, it has become the center of urban public communication activities, and the combination of solemn environment and human pleasure has promoted the greening of the courtyard and the management of the garden;
3. Temples Temples are not only built in cities, but also in rural areas.
Second, other gardens
1, Yamen Garden of the Central Government
Many of them are decorated with flowers and trees in mountain ponds, and some have built independent small gardens.
2. Public gardens
Most of them are suburban public gardens with pavilions as the center.
There are three kinds of public gardens in Chang 'an:
(1) Use the hills of some workshops in the south of the city-"original";
(2) Make use of both sides of the canal turning part to create a scenic spot with waterscape as the main feature.
③ Street greening