Causes, characteristics and distribution of world climate types
I. Tropical climate
1, tropical rain forest climate, characteristics: high temperature and rainy all year round, distribution: near the equator (between north and south latitudes 10) Reasons: the air flow is mainly upward movement, and there are many opportunities for rain caused by water vapor condensation, which is rainy all year round and there is no dry season.
2. Tropical grassland climate: high temperature all year round, rainy season (obvious in dry and wet seasons) Distribution: both sides of tropical rain forest near Africa and South America (north and south 10 ~ 15) Cause: equatorial depression (rainy season) and trade winds (dry season) are alternately controlled.
3, tropical and subtropical desert climate, characteristics: high temperature all year round, hot and dry, little rain.
Distribution: Latitude 15 ~ 30, mainly distributed in the mainland or its west coast near the Tropic of Cancer, especially in the desert areas of northern Africa, Arabian Peninsula in Asia and Australia. Causes: Controlled by subtropical high and trade winds all the year round, tropical continental air masses prevail, and the main climatic characteristics are hot and dry caused by sinking airflow.
4, tropical monsoon climate, characteristics: high temperature throughout the year, large annual precipitation, concentrated in summer. Distribution: The east coast of the mainland between 10 and 25 N is mainly distributed in the south of Taiwan Province Province, Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan Island, as well as Indochina Peninsula, most parts of Indian Peninsula and Philippine Islands. Reasons: the thermal difference between land and sea and the seasonal movement of wind belt in pressure zone.
Second, the subtropical climate
1, subtropical monsoon climate, subtropical humid climate, characterized by high temperature and rainy summer and mild and little rain in winter.
Distribution: East coast of the mainland at 25 ~ 35 N, subtropical zone is mainly distributed in the south of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains of China, south of Japan and south of Korean Peninsula. The subtropical humid climate is mainly distributed in southeastern North America, eastern Argentina in South America and southeastern Australia. Cause of formation: Tropical ocean air mass and polar continental air mass control alternately and compete with each other.
2, Mediterranean climate, characteristics: hot and dry in summer, mild and rainy in winter. Distribution: the west coast of the mainland is 30 ~ 40 N/s, including the Mediterranean coast, California coast, central coast of Chile in South America, southern tip of South Africa and southern tip of Australia. Reason: summer is controlled by subtropical high, and the airflow sinks, which is very hot and dry; Winter is influenced by the west wind, which is mild and humid.
Third, temperate climate.
1, temperate maritime climate, features: humid all year round, warm in winter and cool in summer, distribution: latitude of the west coast of the mainland is 40 ~ 60, with western Europe being the most typical. Cause of formation: it is located in the westerly belt all the year round, deeply influenced by the ocean air mass, and there is a warm current passing along the coast. There is no cold in winter, no heat in summer, precipitation all year round, and more in autumn and winter.
2. The temperate monsoon climate is characterized by high temperature and rainy summer, cold and dry winter, distinct seasons throughout the year and changeable weather. Distribution: 35 ~ 55 N on the east coast of the mainland, including northern and northeastern China, most of Korea, northern Japan and Russian Far East. Cause of formation: affected by the polar continental air mass, it is cold and dry in winter; Summer is affected by the ocean air mass, which is warm and rainy, with rain and heat in the same season.
3. The temperate continental climate is characterized by intense heat in winter, large annual temperature difference, concentrated precipitation, obvious temperature changes in four seasons, less annual rainfall and strong continental nature, mainly grassland and desert.
Distribution: within the continent of 35 ~ 50 north latitude, mainly distributed in central Asia and North America. Reason: Far from the ocean, it is difficult to achieve a humid climate, so it is dry and rainy, and the climate is very continental. The annual and monthly temperature differences are the highest among all climate types.
Four. Coniferous forest climate in sub-frigid zone
Features: Winter is long and cold, and summer is short and warm. Due to weak evaporation, the relative humidity is high. Distribution: between 50 and 65 n, it is banded and spans North America and Eurasia. Cause of formation: Influenced by polar ocean air mass and polar continental air mass, it is often invaded by arctic air mass in winter and sometimes by tropical continental air mass in warm season.
Five, the polar cold climate
1, polar tundra climate, features: long and cold winter, short low temperature in summer, sparse precipitation and concentrated in the hottest month. Distribution: Arctic coast of Eurasia and North America. Cause of formation: It is often influenced by ice ocean air mass and polar continental air mass, and it is cold all the year round.
2. Polar ice sheet climate, features: extremely cold all year round, with little precipitation, mostly less than 100 mm ... Distribution: Polar regions and their adjacent areas, including Greenland, several islands in the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic continental ice sheet plateau. Cause of formation: Ice ocean air mass and Antarctic air mass are the birthplaces, which are in a state of long night all winter, but the sun shines obliquely for half a year in summer, and the heat obtained is weak, so the climate is cold all year round.
Six, plateau mountain climate
Features: high altitude and low temperature. Distribution: Plateau areas in mid-latitude areas, such as Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Andes. Cause: The vertical climate changes obviously, the temperature decreases with the elevation, and increases with the elevation decrease, and the annual temperature is low.