Natural overview of Shangjie
1. Geology
According to geotectonic division, the Upper Block is located on the northern flank of the Yinggongfu anticline in the western Henan fold belt, on the southern edge of the Wenxian Depression, and in the central and southern part of the North China earthquake zone. The structural belts that have an impact on Shangjie are: ① Taihang Piedmont Fault Zone, ② Xinxiang-Shangqiu Fault Zone, ③ Liaocheng- Lankao Fault Zone, ④ Fengmenkou-Wuzhiling Fault Zone, ⑤ Fenwei Fault Basin Structural Zone, etc. The structural manifestations are mainly faults, followed by folds. There are hidden faults such as Shangjie fault, Guoxiaozhai fault, Sishui fault and Guangwu fault.
Shangjie District and nearby areas are all covered by Quaternary loose sediments. The sedimentary thickness increases from 120 meters in the southern hills to more than 250 meters in the north. The types of formation are aeolian, alluvial, and alluvial. , alluvial lake sediment, artificial filling, etc.
The geology of Shangjie Block is the Quaternary alluvial accumulation secondary loess layer, with a maximum thickness of about 200 meters. Most of the area is composed of grade I-II sinking macroporous soil (only the northern part near the Longhai Railway line is non-sinking soil), which will become sinkable after being immersed in water. The allowable pressure resistance of the foundation is 1.5-2.5 kg/cm², the stable water level depth of groundwater is 13.9-29.5 meters, and the groundwater flows generally north or northwest.
The stratigraphy of the Xiaoguan aluminum mining area in the jurisdiction, from oldest to newest, are: Ordovician Majiagou limestone; Carboniferous bauxite and coal seams; Carboniferous Taiyuan limestone; sand shale; Permian and Triassic sandstone and shale; the topmost layer is the Quaternary loess layer. The entire geological structure is simple, with a single oblique structure. Generally, the rock strata strike N70°W, dip N20°E, and have an inclination angle of about 15°. The bauxite layer is basically consistent with the rock formation, and the thickness of the bauxite layer with industrial value is about 2 meters on average. There is a dense (Carboniferous) limestone layer on the upper part of the bauxite layer, with a thickness of about 5-6 meters and a CaO content of 54%, which is a good raw material for alumina flux.
The geological reserves of the Xiaoguan bauxite mining area are about 100 million tons, 40% of which are available for open-pit mining. The ore contains an average of 64.75% alumina and 14.41% silica, with an average aluminum-silicon ratio of 4.7. The carbonaceous limestone reserves are about 30 million tons, and the Ordovician shale sheets in other individual areas can also be used as fluxes.
2. Landform
The area under the jurisdiction of Shangjie District is loess hilly land, located in the fan axis of the North China Plain and the Yellow River Alluvial Plain, and is the transition zone between the plains in eastern Henan and the hills in western Henan. The west and south are connected to hills and mountains, with undulating terrain. Most of them are located on the first, second and third terraces of the ancient Yellow River. According to the landforms and genetic types, from south to north it can be divided into aeolian loess hills, alluvial slope plains and Three landform types: alluvial plain. The Quaternary loose accumulations covered in the area include Upper Pleistocene aeolian deposits in the shallow loess hills; Upper Pleistocene alluvial deposits in the sloping plain area; Holocene alluvial deposits and Upper Pleistocene alluvial deposits in the alluvial plain area. flood deposits. There are many gullies developed in the area. The ground is divided into pieces by gullies. Most of the gullies are nearly north-south and east-west. The width and depth of the gullies are 30-70 meters, some are 70-80 meters deep, 100-150 meters wide, and the length is generally 500-2000 meters. , some gullies are more than 5,000 meters long. The terrain in the east and north is open and relatively flat. The whole area has a natural slope of high in the southwest and low in the northeast. The average slope is 0°48′8″, and the altitude is between 110-160 meters. The highest point on the ground is 189 meters, and the lowest point is below 130 meters. The height difference is greater than 50 meters, with an average vertical slope drop of 8-15‰. Due to long-term flash floods and rainwater erosion in the area, gullies have formed and most of the ground has been cut into sections.
The Xiaoguan Mine under the jurisdiction of the district. Located in Gongyi City, 22 kilometers southwest of the district, there are mainly the Hongtupo Mining Area in the Chadian Section and the Nanling Mining Area in the Zhulingou Section. They are both located at the northern foot of Songshan Mountain. The terrain gradually increases from east to west and from north to south, with a height of 200-200. 300 meters, with the highest altitude above 550 meters. More than 90% of the ground is covered by loess, the terrain is severely cut, and the valleys develop into complex loess terraces.
3. Climate
Part 1. The district is located in the mid-latitude warm temperate zone and has a monsoon continental climate. Controlled by the advance and retreat of high-pressure air masses that are hot in the south and cold in the north, it has typical warm temperate monsoon climate characteristics, with cold winters and hot summers, and four distinct seasons.
Characteristics of the four seasons: spring is cold and warm, windy and less rainy, with a temperature of 14.8°C; summer is hot and rainy, with water and heat at the same time, and the temperature is 26.7°C; autumn is cool and sunny, with a temperature of 14.5°C; winter is windy and snowy, cold and dry, with a temperature of 1.2°C.
Temperature: The annual average sunshine hours in the upper block are 2337.9 hours. The annual average temperature is between 13.5℃ and 15.3℃. The maximum inter-annual temperature range is 2℃, and the extreme minimum temperature over the years is 42.9℃. -16.5℃. The average monthly temperature in a year is the highest at 27.5℃ in July and the lowest at -0.2℃. The annual temperature range is 27.7℃. The average number of days between the first frost and the last frost is 52 days. There is a frost-free period throughout the year. The average is 225 days.
Precipitation: Shangjie District has a continental climate. Due to the influence of the monsoon, the annual precipitation is generally 500-800 mm, mostly concentrated in July, August, and September, accounting for the whole year. 55.8% of the precipitation. The average precipitation over the years was 622.2 mm, with the maximum precipitation in 1958, reaching 1048.5 mm, and the minimum precipitation in 1981, with only 318.4 mm. The precipitation varies greatly between years and is unevenly distributed. big.
The precipitation in winter (December to February) is 28.09 mm, accounting for 4.5% of the annual precipitation; the precipitation in spring (March to May) is 116.4 mm, accounting for 18.7% of the annual precipitation; the precipitation in summer (June to August) is 333.45 mm, accounting for 18.7% of the annual precipitation. 53.6% of the annual precipitation; the autumn (September to November) precipitation is 144.52 mm, accounting for 29.2% of the annual precipitation.
Natural disasters: In addition to normal climatic factors, disastrous weather occurs frequently in Shangdi District, which seriously affects land use and production potential. These disastrous weather are summarized as drought, heavy rain, hail, dry and hot wind, etc. Droughts occur all year round in the Upper Block, but the severity varies. The frequency of spring drought and early summer drought in the region is above 33%, and the frequency of late drought and autumn drought is below 25%. It is known as "nine droughts in ten years". Heavy rains in the region generally occur from August to September. Their main characteristics are high intensity, short rainfall duration and concentrated rainfall. Hail has occurred many times in the history of the jurisdiction. The most serious damage occurred on April 12, 1979, when the fruit trees were blooming and pollinating, causing some fruit trees to fail. According to 40-year statistics from 1957 to 1996, hot and dry winds occurred as many as 30 times. Occurring in late May or early June, it causes serious damage to wheat production and occurs once in 2-3 years. Hot and dry winds occurred continuously for 6-7 days, with the most lasting 14 days in 1971.
4. Hydrology
The annual average precipitation in Shangjie District is 653.8 mm, with a maximum of 1048.5 mm and a minimum of 400.6 mm. The precipitation is unevenly distributed throughout the year, with rainfall concentrated in July and August in summer. The average sunshine hours over the years are 2337.9 hours, and the average frost-free period is 225 days. There are no long-term surface rivers and lakes in the jurisdiction, and groundwater is the only water resource.
Due to the thick Quaternary loose layer distributed in the upper block, it contains rich groundwater, and the water richness increases from south to north.
The distribution of groundwater is bounded by the Longhai Railway. To the north of the railway is shallow water with a static water level of 5-10 meters. The well depth is 40-65 meters. The water output of a single well is 10-30 cubic meters/h. It is the main water resource for agricultural irrigation at present. To the south of the railway is deep water with a static water level. 35-55 meters, the well depth is 100-160 meters, the main water-bearing section is within 60 meters, the water output of a single well is less than 30 cubic meters/h in Huangtugang area, and is mostly between 30-70 cubic meters/h in other areas. The water richness level It is 20-50 tons per hour.
The shallow water in this area is mainly recharged by precipitation, followed by surface water in the north, and the medium and deep water is recharged by lateral runoff in the south and shallow overflow. Groundwater flows from southwest and south to northeast and north.
The total groundwater reserves in Shangjie District are 25.6497 million cubic meters, the recharge amount is 6.1726 million cubic meters/year in the deep layers and 666,700 cubic meters/year in the shallow layers. The allowable mining volume is 6.1726 million cubic meters per year for deep layers and 1.0267 million cubic meters per year for shallow layers. According to statistics, the actual mining volume in deep layers is 8.004 million cubic meters/year and in shallow layers is 2.1699 million cubic meters/year. The annual storage capacity used is 1.834 million cubic meters in the deep layer and 1.1432 million cubic meters in the shallow layer.
As for ground river conditions, there is the Sishui River in the west of Shangjie District, with an annual flow of 1.0-1.5 cubic meters/second, up to 1557 cubic meters/second in the flood period, and only 0.2-0.3 cubic meters/second in the dry season; There is the Suo River (Huai River system) near Xingyang City in the east, and the upstream tributary of the Ku River in the north. Most of the precipitation in this area flows into these three rivers through ground gullies.
5. Soil
The soil in the upper block is a soil type, namely cinnamon soil, which includes three subcategories - cinnamon soil, tidal cinnamon soil and cinnamon soil; the three soil genera are standing loess, tidal loess and cinnamon soil. Baitu, there are 5 soil types, namely Li loess, Bai Li soil, Chao Bai soil, Shajiang bottom Chao Bai soil, and Bai soil, with areas of 4930 acres, 10148 acres, 4559 acres, 2129 acres, and 2308 acres respectively, occupying the jurisdiction area respectively. 20.5%, 42.2%, 18.9%, 8.8% and 9.6% of the total soil area.
Among them: standing loess is distributed in the southwest of Zuozhao Village and Shangjie Gardening Ground; white standing loess is distributed in Niezhai, around Zuozhao Village, west of Langzhonggou, and north of Renzhuang Village; Chaobai soil is distributed in Xiahou and Nianlipu In the north and east; Shajiang bottom tide white soil is distributed in the north of Xiaowa, Baishe and Zhuzhai villages; the white soil is distributed in Langzhonggou, south of Renzhuang village and southwest of Niezhai village.
The soil in the jurisdiction is mainly light loam (white soil, tide white soil), accounting for 70% of the total area. The soil quality is not loose and sticky, with medium water and fertilizer retention, and is easy to cultivate; sandy loam (vertical loess) accounts for 10% , the soil is loose and has poor water and fertility retention; light to medium loam accounts for 20%, the soil is slightly sticky and has strong water and fertility retention. In short, the soil in the jurisdiction is suitable for growing grain, cotton, oil, vegetables and other crops.
6. Vegetation
Shangjie District is located in the mid-latitude warm temperate zone, with a wide variety of wild and cultivated plants. Most of them are drought-tolerant, barren-tolerant, and highly adaptable.
Data source: "Shangjie District Chronicles". 1. Biological resources
(1) Plant resources
Plants: The jurisdiction is located in the mid-latitude warm temperate zone, with a wide variety of wild plants and cultivated plants. Most of them are drought-tolerant, barren-tolerant, and highly adaptable.
The seed plants in the region can be divided into two phyla. One is the gymnosperm phylum, which contains the Cycadales of the Cycadaceae, and the Coniferales, which contains the Ginkgoles and Coniferales - Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. The second is the Angiosperms, which can be divided into monocotyledonous plants and dicotyledonous plants. There are 30 families and about 935 species. As follows:
Food crops: There are 29 kinds and 290 varieties of wheat, barley, peas, corn, millet, soybeans, mung beans, sorghum and potatoes.
Fruit categories: 65 varieties including apples, peaches, apricots, pears, plums, walnuts, persimmons, dates, plums, cherries, strawberries, pomegranates, grapes, etc.
Vegetables: cabbage, radish, cucumber, pumpkin, loofah, bitter gourd, winter melon, zucchini, celery, tomato, eggplant, coriander, fennel, pepper, potato, spinach, amaranth, cabbage, onion, garlic , leeks, beans and other 130 varieties.
Flowers and trees: Masson pine, Chinese pine, cedar, arborvitae, juniper, dragon cypress, peony, peony, Chinese rose, rose, rose, hydrangea, chrysanthemum, bunch of red, whorl, thousand-day red. There are more than 450 varieties of Japanese red, Albizia julibrissin, purple kudzu, maple poplar, paulownia, French plane tree, arrow pole poplar, tomentary poplar, weeping willow, dragon's claw willow, privet, boxwood, Chinese Sophora japonica, etc.
(2) Animal resources
Animals: The animals known in the region include six classes: Reptiles, Amphibians, Fishes, Birds, Mammalias and Insects 70 Multiple families and 376 species. The species names are as follows:
Cow carp, crucian carp, carp, frog, toad, snake, lizard, lizard, gecko, turtle, turtle, magpie, sparrow, crow, woodpecker, kingfisher, pigeon, hare, Squirrels, gophers, weasels, badgers, dogs, cats, cows, horses, mules, donkeys, sheep, pigs, chickens, ducks, ladybugs, mantises, green flies, Trichogramma, bees, silkworms, cotton aphids, red bells Insects, grasshoppers, crickets, mole crickets, cutworms, cotton armyworms, bridge builders, chafers, beetles, debt moths, stink bugs, leafhoppers, knock beetles, gray butterflies, white butterflies, cabbage caterpillars, armyworms, corn borers, Wheat moths, corn weevils, spider mites, fruit borers, leaf moths, yellow thorn moths, flies, house flies, cow gnats, lice, bed bugs, cockroaches, etc.
2. Agricultural and fishery resources
The main crops and products in the area are: wheat, corn, soybeans, cotton, rape, millet, sesame, fruits and other economic crops. Xiawo Town mainly produces crops, mainly food crops. , cash crops and fruits and vegetables.
The total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery in Shangjie District is 81.54 million yuan based on current prices, of which the total agricultural output value is 31 million yuan, the total forestry output value is 1.97 million yuan, and the total animal husbandry output value is 46.99 million yuan. Mainly animal husbandry.
In recent years, Shangjie District has accelerated the pace of agricultural industrialization adjustment, and has gradually formed the unique "four major agricultural areas" including a 10,000-acre pepper base, a high-quality forest and fruit base, an edible fungus production base, and a sunlight vegetable greenhouse base. "Industrial Base", the "Wuyunshan Dahongpao Zanthoxylum" and "Baimiao Huangpear" produced have become well-known brands of regional modern agriculture.
3. Mineral Resources
Shangjie District is rich in mineral resources, mainly bauxite. Bauxite is the main raw material for the production of alumina. In the area, Chinalco Henan Branch has jurisdiction over five mines including Xiaoguan Aluminum Mine, Luoyang Aluminum Mine, and Mianchi Aluminum Mine. Bauxite reserves are 190 million tons and limestone reserves are 1.21 billion tons. At present, it has a production capacity of 1.1 million tons of bauxite and 850,000 tons of limestone. According to statistics, Henan Province has 40 proven bauxite origins, with a cumulative proven reserve of 470 million tons, of which 439 million tons are geologically guaranteed reserves, and bauxite with A/S﹥7 only accounts for about 17%. Due to indiscriminate mining and excavation in the past decade or so, most of the mining areas have been destroyed, and the mineable reserves are far less than the reserves. The relatively complete reserves of bauxite deposits are only 170 to 190 million tons.
Data sources: "Chronicles of Shangjie District"; "Master Plan of Shangjie District 1999-2010"; "Aluminum Industry Development Plan of China (Zhengzhou) Aluminum Industrial Park".