Chinese herbal medicine: the efficacy and function of Stephania tetrandra
(classic)
Discrimination of Synonyms (Classic), Xing Jun (Herbal Meng Jia) and Interpretation (Outline).
Derived from the roots of Stephania tetrandra and Stephania tetrandra of Menispermaceae, Stephania tetrandra of Aristolochiaceae and Aristolochia heterophylla.
Plant morphology ① Stephania tetrandra, also known as: stone toad, mountain turtle, Stephania tetrandra, falling arch, golden turtle hanging, agarwood.
Perennial twining vines. The roots are cylindrical, sometimes blocky, and the outer skin is light brown or brown. The stems are flexible, cylindrical, sometimes slightly twisted, 2.5 ~ 4 meters long, with fine stripes, smooth and hairless branches and reddish tips at the base. Leaves alternate, thin and soft, petiole shield-shaped, as long as leaves; Leaf blade is nearly round, with 3-5 horns, 4-6 cm long and 4.5-6 cm wide, sharp, truncated or slightly heart-shaped, entire, pubescent on both sides, green at the top and gray-green at the bottom. Flowers are small, dioecious, head cymes, pedicels about 0.5 ~ 1 cm long; Male calyx 4, fleshy, triangular, cuneate at base, hairy outside, petals 4, slightly semicircular, edge slightly bent inward, clawed, stamens 4, anthers nearly round; The female flower has the same number of calyx and petals as the male flower, no staminodes, carpels 1, and three styles. Drupe is spherical, red at maturity and 3 ~ 5 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from April to May. The fruiting period is May-June.
Born in hilly areas, grasslands or the edge of low forests in Shan Ye. Distributed in Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and other places.
(2) Ji Fang, also known as Ji Fang Aristolochia.
Perennial climbing mushroom, 3 ~ 4 meters long. The root is thick, cylindrical and the cork is developed. The stem is slender, with few branches, grayish brown or brownish black, with dense brown villi. Leaves alternate; Petiole length 1 ~ 4 cm, densely covered with brown fluff; The leaf blade is oblong or ovoid, 3 ~17cm long and 2 ~ 6cm wide, with the tip gradually tapering or obtuse, and the base is heart-shaped or round and surrounded. When young, both sides are covered with gray-white fluff, which gradually falls off, and when old, it is slightly thicker, with 3 main veins and 1 strip at the base. Flowers solitary in leaf axils, pedicels about 1 ~ 2 cm long, short brown hairs, tubular perianth, about 5 cm long, purple, with yellow spots on the top, undivided on the side, flat, tube-shaped in the middle, slightly curved, and coated outside; Stamens 6, inserted outside the stigma lobes, forming Gynostemma pentaphyllum with few or short filaments; Stigma 3-lobed. A capsule with many seeds. The flowering period is May-June. The fruiting period is July-August.
Born in hillside thickets or barren hills and sparse forests. Distributed in Guangdong and Guangxi.
③ Fangji, also known as: Sinomenium (Yangchun County Records), Sinomenium, Baishan Sweet Potato, Sandalwood, Sinomenium and Pueraria lobata.
Twisted deciduous vines. The root is cylindrical. The stems are lignified, about 3 meters long, and the branchlets are densely grayish white. Leaves alternate; Petiole length 1 ~ 3 cm; Leaf blade broadly ovoid, sometimes 3-lobed, 3 ~14cm long and 2 ~ 9cm wide, with acute to blunt apex, short apex, entire or microwave shape, and slightly heart-shaped to nearly truncated base; Both sides are taupe fur. Flowers are small, yellow and white, dioecious, and thyrses are axillary; Male calyx lobes in 6 or 2 whorls, ovoid to broadly ovoid; Petals 6, ovate-lanceolate, apex 2-lobed, base auriculate on both sides; Stamens 6, short, subglobose; Sepals and petals of female flowers are similar to those of male flowers, with 6 staminodes and 6 carpels, which are separate. Drupe is nearly spherical, 5 ~ 8 mm in diameter, blue-black when mature, covered with white powder, and contains horseshoe-shaped seeds 1 grain. The flowering period is July-August. September ~ 65438+ 10 month.
Born on hillsides, lowlands, hills and roadsides. Distributed in Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangdong and Fujian.
The stems and leaves of this plant are also used as medicine, which is detailed in another article.
④ Aristolochia heterophylla, also known as Hanzhong Ji Fang.
Climbing semi-shrub, with dense yellow-brown fluff on its shoots. Leaves alternate, broadly ovoid, 4-20 cm long and 3- 12 cm wide, heart-shaped base, entire, young leaves pilose on both sides, and hairs along the veins under the old leaves; Petiole is 2 ~ 10 cm long, with fine yellow-brown hairs. Flowers solitary leaf axils; Pedicel 2 ~ 6 cm long, with round bracts near the middle, pilose; Perianth is 4 ~ 6 cm long, densely pubescent, tubular bent into a "U" shape, 3-lobed at the top, triangular lobes and purplish red; Stamens 6, anthers adnate around the style; Ovary inferior, 6-loculed. Capsule is dark brown, rectangular, 3 ~ 7 cm long, divided into 6 petals from the base, with many seeds.
In the bushes on the hillside. Distributed in the southwest and Shaanxi, Gansu, Hunan, Hubei and other places.
Digging in autumn, cleaning or scraping the cork, cutting into long sections, longitudinally cutting the thick roots into 2-4 petals, and drying in the sun. The roots of Aristolochia heterophylla are harvested in spring and autumn.
The dried roots of Stephania tetrandra are cylindrical, semi-cylindrical or massive, slightly curved, with transverse grooves at the bend, which are nodular tumor-like, with a length of 10 ~ 15 cm and a diameter of 1 ~ 3 cm. The surface of the embolus is grayish brown, rough and wrinkled, and most of them can see obvious lateral convex lenticels. The surface of the embolus is gray and smooth, and dark transverse grooves can be seen. The section is light brown, silty, and the vascular bundle is light brown, showing curved horizontal lines or wrinkles. The cross section is flat, with obvious light brown, curved horizontal lines or wrinkles. Heavy, solid and fragile, easy to break. No gas, bitter taste. Remove cork, dry, uniform thickness, heavy weight, large powder and less fiber.
Location: Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei and other places. Distributed in Hankou, hence the name Hanfangji.
(2) The dried root of Stephania Tetrandra is cylindrical or semi-cylindrical, slightly curved, with a deep transverse groove at the bend, with a length of 8 ~ 15cm and a diameter of 1.5 ~ 4.5cm ... If the embolus is not scraped, the surface is brown and rough, with many longitudinal wrinkles; Some only scrape off part of the embolus, exposing the gray-yellow cortex; If all the emboli are scraped off, the surface will be grayish yellow and smooth. The cut surface is grayish white or light brownish yellow, lacking powder, and vascular bundles arranged vertically and horizontally or in a curved way can be seen, which is easy to peel off in the direction of the dimensional bundle. Hard and not easy to break. Thin and dense radial lines can be seen in the cross section. The gas is slightly fragrant and the taste is slightly bitter. It is better to be large, uniform in thickness and heavy in weight.
Guangdong, Guangxi and other places.
③ The dried roots of Stephania tetrandra are cylindrical, and the bending is not straight. It is about15cm long and1~ 2.5cm in diameter. The surface is dark brown, with deep and twisted grooves, and horizontal lenticels and branches are visible. Hard, woody, not easy to break. The cut surface is yellow and white, without powder, the skin is very thin, the wood is almost completely lignified, and radial narrow catheter groups can be seen passing through. No gas, slightly bitter taste.
Produced in Henan, Shaanxi and other places. In some areas, it is only used for herbs. See the article "Aristolochia nigra".
④ Stephania tetrandra is the root of Aristolochia heterophylla, which is cylindrical and curved. It is 8 ~ 15 cm long and 2 ~ 3 cm in diameter. Usually, the peel has been removed and is light brown, and the remaining cork is grayish brown and flat. Strong and not easy to break. The section is yellow-white, powdery and thick-skinned, and radial vessel groups can be seen in xylem. Catheter groups are mostly combined into 1 bundle in the central direction, and they diverge or diverge outward. The gas is slightly fragrant and bitter.
Produced in Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan and Guizhou.
The medicinal materials of Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae are complicated, which are mainly divided into two categories: Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae and Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae. Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae includes Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae and Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae in Hanzhong, and sometimes includes Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae. Among them, Hanzhong is self-controlled, that is, the "person who left Hanzhong" in Tang Materia Medica. In addition, in some areas, the roots of Sinomeniaceae (see "Sinomeniaceae"), Pueraria lobata (see "Pueraria lobata") and Aristolochiaceae, such as Aristolochia (see "Sophora japonica") and Aristolochia macrophylla (see "Rosaceae") are still used for self-defense.
Chemical composition ① The root of tetrandrine contains about 65438 0.2% alkaloids, including tetrandrine, tetrandrine, a phenolic alkaloid, tetrandrine, tetrandrine and menispermine.
Tetrandrine alkaloids used to have different names. Tetrandrine used to be called tetrandrine, tetrandrine is called nortetrandrine, tetrandrine is also called tetrandrine, and phenolic alkaloid is called tetrandrine. Meningeal Ning was originally called tetrandrine and Menin was originally called tetrandrine, which were isomers of tetrandrine and nortetrandrine respectively.
Stephania tetrandra also contains flavonoid glycosides, phenols, organic acids and volatile oil.
② The roots of tetrandrine contain many alkaloids, such as tetrandrine, anisodamine, magnoliaine, tetrandrine, menispermine, normenine, etc.
Pharmacological action ① Stephania tetrandra: analgesic effect
Tetrandrine, tetrandrine, tetrandrine and total alkaloids of tetrandrine have analgesic effects on mice by hot plate method. Total alkaloids have the strongest effect, the effective dose is 50 mg/kg, and the lethal dose is 24 1 ~ 25 1 mg/kg. Tetrandrine has stronger analgesic effect than A and B, but it is also toxic and has no practical value. The tail test of mice also proved that the fluid extract or decoction of A, B and tetrandrine had certain analgesic effect. The effect of A is stronger than that of B, and its effective dose is 10 ~ 20 times that of morphine. If the analgesic effect of morphine is 100, then the total alkaloids of tetrandrine are about 13, and the total alkaloids of corydalis yanhusuo are about 40. When the latter two drugs are used together, the analgesic effect is not increased, but weakened. Diphenhydramine, an antihistamine, can significantly enhance the analgesic effect of A and B without affecting its toxicity. It has been reported that the analgesic effect of tetrandrine is weakened or even disappeared when it exceeds a certain dose, which may be due to the fact that the larger dose of tetrandrine can excite the central nervous system, thus weakening the analgesic effect. However, it has been reported abroad that A can increase the pain threshold by 7 ~ 10% of the need 100 ~ 250 mg/kg. 30 mg oral or subcutaneous injection has no obvious analgesic effect in clinic.
Anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effects
Tetrandrine A and B have certain anti-inflammatory effects on formaldehyde arthritis in rats. The effect of A is stronger than that of B. In this respect, the effect of A is similar to that of cortisone, stronger than that of sodium salicylate and weaker than that of phenylbutazone. The effect disappeared after adrenalectomy. It can reduce the content of vitamin C in adrenal gland and eosinophil in peripheral blood of rats. This effect still exists 7 days after pituitary resection, so it acts directly on adrenal gland. After taking A for 7 days in a row, the content of vitamin C in adrenal gland did not decrease, bilateral adrenal glands did not appear hypertrophy, and the excretion of 17- hydroxysterol in urine did not increase, indicating that its effect of stimulating adrenal cortex was nonspecific. Tetrandrine also has anti-inflammatory effect on experimental ear shell burn in rabbits. In the trypan blue test of rat skin, it can reduce vascular permeability. It can obviously reduce the incidence of severe shock symptoms caused by whole egg white in rabbits, but has no obvious effect on the mortality and histamine shock in guinea pigs. It can also inhibit immune hemolysis. It has also been reported that it can activate lymph nodes, increase the weight and concentration of RNA in plasma mother cells and plasma cells, and cause the increase of these cells, just like antigenic substances. Because of its mild analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and anti-anaphylactic shock effects, it should belong to antipyretic and analgesic drugs.
Functions of three pairs of circulating systems
In anesthetized cats, tetrandrine has obvious antihypertensive effect, and 3 ~ 6 mg/kg can reduce blood pressure by 50 ~ 65% to 1 hour or more. Intravenous injection, intramuscular injection or oral administration all have effects. When blood pressure decreases, myocardial contractility is only temporarily weakened, and heart rate and conduction have no obvious changes. Vasodilation can be seen in rabbit ears connected with nerves in vitro, which is stronger and more lasting than papaverine. It can strengthen and prolong the antihypertensive effect of acetylcholine and inhibit or weaken the pressor response caused by compression of common carotid artery. Atropine can partially offset the hypotensive effect of A, and can significantly increase coronary flow for cardiac arrest. For guinea pigs,
Effects of four pairs of striated muscles
Tetrandrine and its analogues can relax striated muscles.
Five effects on smooth muscle
It was reported early that tetrandrine could inhibit the uterine smooth muscle of guinea pigs or rabbits in vitro. Actually, it has something to do with the dose. The isolated rabbit intestine was excited first and then inhibited, and a large dose could partially inhibit the spastic grazing caused by pilocarpine and barium chloride. It has no obvious effect on rabbit uterus in vitro and in vivo. It causes bronchial smooth muscle contraction in guinea pigs and cats, which is caused by the release of histamine. Propane can increase the tension of isolated rabbit, guinea pig small intestine and rabbit small intestine smooth muscle in vivo, and reduce its contraction amplitude.
6. Antibacterial, antigenic and antitumor effects.
Tetrandrine has certain antibacterial (Shigella) and antifungal effects in test tubes, but the variety has not been identified and the concentration is relatively high. Tetrandrine can inhibit or kill Entamoeba histolytica in vitro and in vivo (mouse cecum method), and its intensity is 1/22 of that of emodin, but higher than that of berberine. Tetrandrine at 1: 4000 can kill cancer cells in vitro by intraperitoneal injection of 30 ~ 50mg/kg or subcutaneous injection of 100mg/kg.
Other functions
Tetrandrine has hypnotic effect on dogs, but has no antagonistic effect on apomorphine. The neutrophils in rabbits increased significantly, while the lymphocytes decreased. Tetrandrine, tetrandrine and tetrandrine can make pigeons vomit. Tetrandrine can excite the central nervous system, and low dose can cause respiratory excitement and hyperreflexia. The toxic dose caused clonic convulsion in mice and died of respiratory failure. Phenobarbital has antagonistic effect and antipyretic effect on rats with fever caused by injection of Escherichia coli broth. Will not cause animals to vomit.
(2) Tetrandrine: Tetrandrine has a cooling effect on rabbits with fever, which can lower blood pressure and constrict blood vessels; Paralyzed frog's cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle. A small amount enhances the contraction of the small intestine and uterus, while a large amount paralyzes it. It has no obvious effect on nitrogen metabolism in rabbits, but can improve lymph formation in dogs. Can paralyze paramecium. It has a certain protective effect on the lethal effects of tetanus, diphtheria, botulinum exotoxin and tetrodotoxin on mice. The minimum lethal dose to rabbits is 0.05g/kg for intravenous injection and 0. 1.5g/kg for subcutaneous injection. The minimum lethal dose of subcutaneous injection to frogs and mice is 0.5 ~ 1.0 g/kg, which can cause motor paralysis and occasional convulsions and die of respiratory failure.
Tetrandrine 50 mg/kg or tetrandrine 200 mg/kg, a non-alkaloid component, has no antipyretic effect on rats (fever caused by injection of Escherichia coli broth). The hot plate method in mice proved that A and B had no analgesic effect. The lethal dose of intravenous injection of A in mice is 76 mg/kg, and the toxicity of B is very low. For the function of Schisandra chinensis, see "Aristolochia".
Wash the processed raw materials with water, take them out and fully moisten them, slice them and dry them in the sun.
(1) Lei Gonghong said: "If you want to defend yourself, you should file the banana roots carefully. Steam for a long time, go out, bask in the sun, remove the plantain roots and file them with a fine file. "
(2) Outline: "Now many people peel, file, wash and dry with wine."
Bitter nature and cold nature.
1 classic: "Xin and Ping."
(2) Theory of medicinal properties: Han Jifang: Bitter in taste, slightly toxic. Mu Fangji: It tastes bitter, bitter. "
③ Medical origin: "Cold smells bitter."
Meridian enters bladder, spleen and kidney.
1 Materia Medica Xuan Tong: "Into the sun."
② New edition of materia medica: "Entering the kidney."
3 rejuvenation materia medica: "into the liver, spleen and kidney."
Function: It is mainly used for draining the lower coke and purging damp heat. Treat edema, damp-heat beriberi, hand and foot pain, tinea and scabies.
(1) Classic: "Treating malaria due to cold and heat and epilepsy due to heat. Eliminate evil and facilitate it. "
(2) Don't record: "Treat edema, wind distension, bladder fever, typhoid fever, cold-heat pathogen, stroke, hand and foot contracture, stop diarrhea, disperse carbuncle and reduce swelling, (treat) various carbuncle and scabies, dredge phlegm and benefit nine orifices."
(3) Theory of medicinal properties: "Han Jifang: Treating wet face, hand and foot pain, resolving phlegm, treating lung qi, relieving cough and asthma. Stephania tetrandra: It can cure male limb apoplexy caused by toxic wind without words, and is mainly used for relieving depression, carbuncle swelling, warm malaria and wind swelling, and treating bladder. "
④ Medical origin: "Treating chest ("chest "is" waist "in" Herbal Drama ") is to swell feet and beriberi with damp heat and remove heat."
⑤ Compendium of Medical Forest: "Purging the heart and strengthening the kidney, drying the spleen and promoting diuresis, and removing blasphemy with water."
⑥ Continuation of Materia Medica: "Dry dampness, dispel wind, reduce fire and break blood. Treat bladder edema, strengthen the spleen and stomach, and resolve phlegm. "
Oral administration and dosage: decocted, 1.5 ~ 3 yuan; I still took the pills and dispersed them.
Yin deficiency is not damp-heat.
(1) Notes on Materia Medica: "Yin Nie makes it. Asarum. I am afraid of it. Kill realgar poison. "
② Theory of medicinal properties: "Mufangji: afraid of female sugar, salty and salty. "
(3) Gaoli: "It is not suitable for those with damp heat in the upper energizer."
④ "Herbal Classic Shu": "Anyone who has yin deficiency in the stomach, spontaneous sweating and night sweats, bitter mouth and dry tongue, kidney deficiency and water deficiency, and postpartum blood deficiency is taboo, although there is lower energizer."
⑤ Depei Materia Medica: "Qi is divided into wind and heat, and urine is blocked, so it is forbidden."
Prescription 1: Treat skin water before illness, edema of limbs, moist skin, and limb movements: Ji Fang Sanliang, Astragalus Sanliang, Guizhi Sanliang, Poria Liuliang, and Glycyrrhiza Li Liang. Five flavors, six liters of water, two liters of boiling water, three different temperatures. (Ji Fang Fuling Decoction)
(2) Suffering from wind and water pulse, excessive sweating and wind evil: Ji Fang (one or two), Glycyrrhiza uralensis (fried), Atractylodes macrocephala (seven and a half pieces) and Astragalus membranaceus (one or two). File sesame seeds, five yuan each, four slices of ginger, a jujube, half a glass of water, stir-fry for eight points, excluding me. Warm clothes, worn for a long time. After taking it, it should be like ants on the skin, like ice from the waist, sitting on the back quilt and wrapped around the waist, so that it feels slightly sweaty. (Ji Fang Huangqi Decoction)
(3) The patients treated with diaphragmatic branch drink, full of qi, swollen and firm heart, dull complexion, heavy and tight pulse, which lasted for dozens of days and could not heal themselves after being induced to vomit by doctors: Stephania tetrandra, 12 tablets of gypsum (the size of a chicken), Guizhi, and Ginseng. Serve four flavors, six liters of water and two liters of boiling water, and then take them at different temperatures. (Mufangji decoction, ① synopsis of the golden chamber is published as follows)
(4) Treatment of bladder water edema: Tetrandra tetrandra, Plantago, Semen Allii Tuberosi, Alisma San Qian. Decoct with water. (Compendium of Materia Medica)
⑤ Treatment of abdominal distension: one or two Han Ji Fang, five yuan ginger. Stir-fry together, fry in water, and drink when you are half hungry. ("Materia Medica")
⑥ Treatment of beriberi swelling and pain: Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae, Fructus Chaenomelis and Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae are treated with San Qian, five points of Ramulus Cinnamomi and one yuan of Fructus Aurantii. Decoct with water. (Compendium of Materia Medica)
⑦ Treating lung flaccidity and asthma: Korea is better. Every time I take San Qian, I will take a glass of water and fry it until seven minutes, and take it with my temperature. (Confucianism)
⑧ Treating lung flaccidity, hemoptysis and excessive phlegm: Han, Zhan Bi, etc. To end it. Glutinous rice drinks, one yuan per serving. (Ancient and modern folk prescription records)
Treatment of systemic mange: Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Radix Astragali and Flos Lonicerae. Make wine to drink. (Compendium of Materia Medica)
Attending to cure enuresis and astringent urine: one or two of Ji Fang, sunflower seeds and Fangfeng respectively. Serve three flavors, five liters of water, boil two and a half liters, divide them into three parts, and eat them separately is not bad. (Qian Jinfang)
Clinical application of hypertension treatment
Tetrandrine is an alkaloid extracted from tetrandrine and has antihypertensive effect. Generally oral tablets, daily 1.20 mg, taken in three times; If the blood pressure is too high, it will increase to 180 mg per day. According to the observation of patients with stage ⅱ and ⅲ 1 10, after 2 ~ 7 months of medication, there were 13 cases of marked effect, 26 cases of effective, 24 cases of general effective and 47 cases of ineffective, with a total effective rate of 55%. Injection can also be injected intravenously, each time 120 mg, twice a day; The application results of more than 200 cases show that the curative effect is more obvious than that of oral tablets, and it takes effect faster, and there is no sudden and sharp drop reaction. It is an effective and safe preparation for treating hypertension emergencies.
Reminder: This Chinese herbal medicine in Ji Fang comes from the Internet. Please follow the doctor's advice before using it.