Among the capitals of the Qin State during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the one with the longest tenure and the most ruling monarchs was

Among the capitals of the Qin State during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Yongcheng was the one that had been in use the longest and had the most ruling monarchs.

Yongcheng was the capital of the Qin State in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in China. From the first year of Qin De (677 BC) to the second year of Qin Xiangong (383 BC), the capital was established here for 294 years. There were 19 Qin kings who ruled here, making it the capital of Qin for the longest time. Yongcheng is a "riverside city" with a river as the city. It is the "capital of Qin on the water". The Qin Dynasty built a city wall for the first time after 200 years of using water to defend against enemies. Its location is in Fengxiang, Baoji, Shaanxi today. The existing Qinyong City ruins are one of the top ten archaeological discoveries in my country.

Background of the construction of Yongcheng:

The development of Xirong power:

During the years of King Zhou Li, King Xuan and King You of Zhou (before 781 BC), the power of Xirong developed , went deep into Guanzhong, threatened the Zhou Dynasty, and started many wars. "The Zhou Dynasty avoided the trouble of the dog army and moved the capital eastward. Duke Xiang sent troops to King Ping of Zhou. King Ping made Duke Xiang a prince. He gave the land to the west of Qi and said: The Rong has no way and invades our Qi and Feng lands. Qin can attack and drive away the Rong. And if you have a land, you can give it a title. "From then on, Qin began to have fiefdoms and became vassal states. Starting from the eighth year of Qin Xianggong (770 BC), Qin continued to fight with Rong and Di. At the beginning, Qin was defeated. In the twelfth year of Duke Xiang (766 BC), he again launched an army to attack Rong and Di, and gained "Qidi". After Duke Xiang died, the Qin people returned to their former residence in the "Western Frontier". In the third year of Duke Wen of Qin (763 BC), he led 700 "Eastern Hunters" to migrate during the year, and fought bloody battles with Rong and Di Yu on the way. In the fourth year (762 BC), Qin won the "Meeting of Thousand Wei", ( 15 miles northeast of present-day Mei County), and settled in Guanzhong, the hometown of the Zhou people. After Qin occupied the "Qianwei Meeting", he built a city here.

The Qin State occupied Qixi:

In the 16th year of Duke Wen (750 BC), he led his troops to attack the Rong, but the Rong were defeated and the Qin State controlled the Qixi area. In the fiftieth year (715 BC), Duke Wen died and Duke Ning (Xian Gong) succeeded to the throne. The Qin Dynasty moved the capital to Pingyang (today's Yangping Town, Baoji County) from the "Qianwei Meeting", wiped out the capital, and occupied its capital - Dangshe (today's Xi'an). Northwest of the city, the boundary between Sanyuan and Xingping) controlled the western region of Guanzhong and built the "Pingyang Palace" (today's West Taigong Temple, Yangping Town, Baoji County). In the first year of Qin De (677 BC), the capital moved to Yong (now Fengxiang). After that, Fengxiang became the capital of Qin. In the thirty-seventh year of Mugong (623 BC), he became hegemonic. From then on, he went to Xiaogong to strengthen himself, laying the foundation for the First Emperor's great cause of unifying China.

Yongcheng Ruins:

The Yongcheng Ruins are located in the Loess Taiyuan on the north bank of the Weihe River in western Guanzhong, which is now the southern suburb of Fengxiang County in this city. It is the third batch of national key cultural relics protection units announced by the State Council on January 13, 1988. As early as the Neolithic Age, humans lived and multiplied here. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, it was part of Zhouyuan and one of the territories belonging to the Western Zhou Dynasty. At the end of the Western Weekend, Qin Xianggong was granted the title of prince because of his meritorious service in escorting King Ping to move eastward. He also granted the land of Qixi to Yongdi. In the first year of Qin De's reign (677 BC), he first lived in Dazheng Palace in Yongcheng. For more than 290 years until the second year of Qin Xiangong (383 BC), Yongcheng has been the political, military, cultural, and economic center of the Qin State. After the painstaking efforts of 19 monarchs, the Qin people completed the transition from the late clan society to the slave society here, and began to move towards the feudal society, laying a solid foundation for Qin Shihuang to unify the country. As the capital of the country, Yongcheng built huge city walls and magnificent palaces, becoming one of the most developed cities in the country at that time. After Qin Xiangong moved eastward, although Yongcheng lost its status as a political center, as the old capital, the tombs and ancestral temples of the ancestors of the Qin people are still here, and many important ceremonies are still held in Yongcheng. Therefore, the Qin people continued to repair the palace buildings here. Yongxian County was established here in the Han Dynasty, and the palace in Yongcheng was still used during the Qin Dynasty. Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty also added Beichou to the places for worshiping heaven and earth built by the monarchs of the Qin State, namely Foujie, Mizhi, Wuyangshangjie and Wuyangxiajie. According to the "Book of Han", from the fifteenth year of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty (165 BC) to the first year of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty Suihe (8 BC), the emperors of the Western Han Dynasty came to Yong to worship the five emperors 18 times, including Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty for 8 times. Second most. After the Han Dynasty, Yongcheng gradually declined, and in the Tang Dynasty it was renamed Fengxiang County, which is still in use today.

The value and significance of Yongcheng:

Cultural relics and archaeology.

In the 22nd year of the Republic of China (1933), scholars such as Xu Xusheng and Su Bingqi from the Institute of History of the National Peking Academy and Shi Zhangru from the Institute of Linguistics, with the assistance of Shao Lizi, Chairman of Shaanxi Province, conducted archaeological surveys in Fengxiang. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the cultural relics and archaeological work in Yongcheng achieved numerous results. In the spring of 1959, the Weishui team of the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences discovered the Qin and Han ruins of the Southern Ancient City after several investigations in Yongcheng, and began to prepare for the key survey and excavation of the Southern Ancient City ruins. In the autumn of 1959, the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archeology established the Fengxiang Team and began drilling and trial excavation of the southern ancient city wall. In 1961, the Nan Ancient City ruins were excavated, the shape and scope of the Nan Ancient City wall were clarified, and its era was determined to belong to the Western Han Dynasty. At the same time, a large area of ​​Qin and Han ruins was discovered in the south of Fengxiang County; the "Nian Palace" and "棫" tiles were found in the northeast of the southern ancient city; it was clarified that the location of Yongcheng before the unification of the Qin Dynasty was in the south of the county, and north of the southern ancient city and Majiazhuang. To the west of Wayaotou and to the east of Hebei Tun. In 1974, the ruins of the Spring and Autumn Qin Palace in Yaojiagang were excavated, and one cellar of copper building components was obtained (together with 64 pieces of two cellars discovered by farmers). In 1976, the Yongcheng Archaeological Team of Shaanxi Province was formed. From 1976 to 1977, the team excavated the Lingyin ruins of the Spring and Autumn Period of the Qin Dynasty in Yaojiagang, the small tombs in Baqitun and Gaozhuang, and the bronze vault of Gaowang Temple. From January 1977 to February 1986, two large-scale drilling and trial excavations were carried out in the Qin Gongling area. After 10 years of hard work, the excavation of Nanzhang Tomb No. 1 has basically been completed. From 1979 to 1980, Zhou tombs and Qin tombs in Xicun were excavated. From 1981 to 1984, the ruins of the Spring and Autumn Qin Ancestral Temple in Majiazhuang were excavated, and large-scale surveys and drilling were conducted on the Yongcheng city wall, and the ruins of Majiazhuang No. 3 and No. 4 buildings were discovered. Through the above-mentioned surveys and excavations, the location, area, and layout of Yongcheng have been basically clarified; the three major palace areas in the city and the palaces on the outskirts of the city and other architectural sites; the large-scale Qin Gong Cemetery and small tombs in the south of the city, which are the early history of the Qin State and the Qin Dynasty. Chinese archaeological research has provided a large amount of information.

Yongcheng protection measures:

City wall ruins:

Drilling and inspections found that Yongcheng is located in the south of today’s Fengxiang County, north of the Yongshui River, Zhi On the loess platform to the west of Fanghe River, the city wall is irregularly square in plane, oriented 15 degrees north to west. It is 3,300 meters long from east to west and 3,200 meters wide from north to south, with a total area of ​​about 10.56 square kilometers. Xiyuan. Well preserved. It starts about 50 meters from the southwest corner of Fengxiang County today and extends southward, then turns to the southeast. The southernmost point is where the Han Dynasty city wall of the Southern Ancient City is located. It is 3200 meters long, 4.3 to 15 meters wide, and 1.65 to 2.05 meters high. Nanyuan. It is built along the Yongshui River. Part of the western section is overwhelmed by modern villages, and most of the eastern section is submerged by Dongfeng Reservoir. Only three sections have been discovered, with a length of 1,800 meters, a residual width of 4 to 4.75 meters, and a residual height of 2 to 7.35 meters. Dongyuan. Close to the Zhifang River, it turns from southeast to northwest, causing serious damage. Three sections were discovered, with a length of 420 meters, a residual width of 8.25 meters, and a residual height of 3.75 meters. Beiyuan. It was suppressed by the current Fengxiang County. A section was found at the west end of Tiegou and Fengxiang Normal School, with a maximum length of 450 meters, a residual width of 2.75 to 4.5 meters, and a residual height of 1 to 1.85 meters. Among them, a section discovered in Tiegou is exposed on the cliff, and the rammed layer is clearly identifiable. city ​​gate. Only one was found in Xiyuan. The door is 10 meters wide, and there is a road extending eastward into the Yaojiazhuang palace area. Moat. In addition to using natural rivers as barriers, Yongcheng also built moat facilities outside the Western Wall. The trench is about 1,000 meters long, 12.6 to 25 meters wide, and 5.2 meters deep. There was no water in the trench at that time. Through drilling on the city wall, it can be seen that when the Yongcheng city wall was built, the ground was leveled first, and then a trench was dug that was slightly wider than the city wall, with a wide opening and a narrow bottom. It is rammed layer by layer from the bottom of the trench, and the thickness of the rammed layer is 8 to 12 cm. When the rammed earth layer is built flush with the trench mouth, slab construction begins. In both Xiyuan and Nanyuan, stick holes left over from slab construction were found. The diameter of the holes is 8 to 15 centimeters, and the distance between them is 0.75 to 1.25 meters. The results of the survey and drilling in Yongcheng confirmed that the actual situation is slightly different from the record quoted in "Historical Records·Qin Benji·Zhengyi" from "Kuo Di Zhi" "Yongcheng was once located seven miles south of Yongxian County in Qizhou, and Qin Degong was also the great Zhenggongcheng". This conclusion is also consistent with the results of the investigation and test excavations from 1961 to 1963 on the "Nan Ancient City Site" about 3 kilometers south of present-day Fengxiang County and on the north bank of Yongshui River.

The trial excavation of Nan Ancient City has basically clarified the shape and scope of the city wall of Nan Ancient City. Based on the excavation conditions and unearthed relics, it is believed that the age of the city wall should belong to the Western Han Dynasty.

Palace ruins:

The three major palace areas that have been discovered include the Yaojiagang Spring and Autumn Palace in the city, the Majiazhuang Spring and Autumn Palace and the palaces in Tiegou and Gaowang Temple areas, as well as palace ruins in the suburbs. The Yaojiagang Spring and Autumn Palace ruins are located in the west of the central part of Yongcheng, about 500 meters away from the west wall of Yongcheng. The locals call this place "Diantai". The eastern part of the site has been destroyed, the northern part has not been cleared, and only the southwest part has been discovered. The remaining rammed earth foundation is 8.9 meters long from east to west, 2.8 meters wide from north to south, and 1 to 1.2 meters thick. It is high in the west and low in the east. There are two sections of rammed earth wall on top. The south wall has a remaining length of 3.06 meters, a width of 0.96 meters, and a remaining height of 0.1 meters. The west wall has a remaining length of 2 meters, a width of 0.8 meters, and a remaining height of 0.2 meters. At the north end of the wall, there is a curved wall extending to the west, which seems to be a gap. 0.6 meters away from the west side of the rammed earth base, a channel of gravel and water is laid parallel to it, with a remaining length of 3.6 meters and a width of 1.2 to 1.4 meters. A channel of gravel and water is also laid parallel to the south of the rammed earth base. The thickness of the two scattered water is about 0.4 meters, mostly made of white river pebbles, and the paving is extremely dense.

According to the records in "The Benji of Qin", it is inferred that the Yaojiagang Palace is the Yonggao Bedroom where Duke Kang and Duke Jin of Qin lived. The Majiazhuang No. 1 building complex site is located on a platform 0.5 kilometers north of Majiazhuang. It faces south, 20 degrees north to east, and has a rectangular plane. The remaining length from north to south is about 76 meters, the width from east to west is 87.6 meters, and the area is about 6660 square meters. It consists of the gate, atrium, sleeping chamber, pavilion and east and west chambers. The entire building is surrounded by walls, forming a fully enclosed building complex. The layout is orderly and neat. The main entrance is located in the middle of the main gate, with a width of 3.35 meters and a remaining depth of 6.95 meters. It is a rectangular corridor. There are recessed thresholds east and west at the south end. The tread runs through the middle of the doorway, and there is a column of post holes on the east and west sides, basically corresponding to each other. The east and west private schools are on both sides of the doorway. They are basically the same shape, symmetrical to each other, and rectangular in plan. The east school has a depth of 3 meters and a width of 3.6 meters; the west school has a depth of 3.2 meters and a width of 3.5 to 4.6 meters. There are also east and west half private schools symmetrically arranged on both sides of the east and west private schools, with basically the same shape and a rectangular plane. The cloister has four parts: east, west, south and north. The doorway passes through its middle. There are post holes remaining. The east corridor is 1.62 meters deep, the west corridor is 1.62 meters wide, the north corridor is 1.8 meters wide, and the south corridor has been destroyed. In addition, there are corridors around the morning bedroom and the east and west compartments. The three cloisters are basically the same in shape, but differ in size. There are scattered water outside the three cloisters. The plane is slightly rectangular, high inside and low outside, with a slight slope. They are all paved with river pebbles. The atrium is located to the north of the gate, with a rectangular plane, 34.5 meters long from north to south and 30 meters wide from east to west. The middle is slightly concave and the surrounding sides are slightly higher. In the south of the atrium, there is an east-west rammed earth road with a width of 1.5 to 2.2 meters. It is shaped toward the sleeping surface, with both sides protruding forward. It is 20.8 meters wide from east to west and 13.9 meters deep from north to south. The central retracted part faces the front, with a rectangular plan and three rooms in width; behind it is the back bed, which is a closed rectangle. The indoor width is 5.75 meters and the depth is 3.75 meters. There is a circular stove pit in the northeast corner of the dormitory; the protruding parts on both sides of the dormitory are the east and west compartments. There is a partition wall between it and the north room. There are doors on the east and west walls of the chapel, which can be entered and exited through the chapel; there are three doors in the back half of the chapel, and there are three houses, called the North Three Chambers. There are stone steps at the watershed between the east and west sides in the front, which are paved with nearly rectangular granite. The two steps are 2 meters long from north to south and 2.2 meters wide from east to west. The pavilion is built in the north of the Chao Dynasty. The plane is rectangular, 5.4 meters wide, 3.8 meters long, and 0.09 meters high. There are no eaves around the walls, and there are a pair of corner pillars at each corner. The doorpost is opposite to the middle door of the North Third Chamber. The east and west compartments are located on the east and west sides of the sleeping building and atrium. The layout, shape and scale are basically the same. Its shape is similar to that of a sleeping building. The east and west compartments are composed of a front hall, a back room, a north and south room, three east (west) rooms, a corridor, and a water closet. There are two existing sections of the east wall of the wall, with a total length of 55.9 meters. There is a gap in the middle door of the east wall in the southern section, and a gap in the north door of the east wall in the northern section. There are also two existing sections of the west wall, with a total length of 71.1 meters. There is a 2.7-meter-long gap in the northern section, which is the north gate of the west wall, symmetrical to the north gate of the east wall. Only a few wall sections of the south and north walls remain, and the intersection of the west wall is at a right angle.

The drainage facility is located in the open space to the north of the west wing and west of the pavilion building, with a row of ceramic water pipes running from southwest to northeast. The total length is 6.9 meters, consisting of 1 section of vertical pipes and 9 sections of horizontal pipes. Each section of the ceramic water pipe is 0.7 to 0.77 meters long, with a diameter of 0.28 to 0.33 meters at the big end and a diameter of 0.24 to 0.25 meters at the small end. Water is scattered in the south of the east chamber. There is a rectangular earth pit to the south of the east end. There is a section of vertical pottery water pipes on the west side of the bottom of the pit. Its lower end intersects vertically with a row of transverse water pipes arranged from west to east. Sacrifice pits A total of 181 sacrificial pits of seven types were found on the site of the building complex, including cattle, sheep, empty, human, cart, cattle and sheep, and human and sheep. Most of these sacrificial pits are distributed in the atrium, and a few are found in the open spaces on both sides of the east and west chambers. Only a few are found inside the sleeping chamber building and the east chamber. Among them, there are 86 cattle pits and 55 sheep pits. Based on the shapes of pottery unearthed from the sacrificial pits at the site, the overall layout of the buildings, and relevant historical records, it is initially believed that the construction period of Building Group No. 1 should be in the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, and the time of abandonment should be in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Its nature should be that of an ancestral temple building. On this basis, some people referred to the literature and named the court bed, east and west chambers, pavilions, gates, walls, etc. as Zumiao, Zhaomiao, Mumiao, Haoshe, Dugongmen, Dugong, etc. And further verified the different functions of each component of the building. For example, the previous dynasty should be called "Tang", and the "Tang" was a place for important activities in the ancestral temple's sacrifices. "Bedroom" refers to the room, which is the place where the Tibetan owner receives his spirit. The East and West rooms are in agreement with historical records, and should be used to store the heads of the temples below Qin Xianggong and above the Second Ancestral Temple, etc.

Majiazhuang No. 3 building ruins:

Discovered in the winter solstice of 1983 and the summer of 1984. It is about 500 meters away from the ancestral temple ruins in the east and 600 meters away from the Yaojiagang Spring and Autumn Palace ruins in the west, covering an area of ​​about 21,849 square meters. It is basically well preserved, has a regular layout and is surrounded by walls. It can be divided into five courtyards and five gates from south to north. The first courtyard is 52 meters long, 59.5 meters wide and covers an area of ​​3068 square meters. The east, west and south walls are 1.5 to 2 meters wide. There is a door in the middle of the south wall, 8 meters wide. There is a section of rammed earth wall 25 meters directly in front of the south door. There is a door in the middle of the east wall, 2 meters wide. The second courtyard is 49.5 meters long, 60.5 meters wide at the north end, 50.5 meters wide at the south end, and the east and west walls are both 1.5 meters wide. There is a door in the middle of the west wall, 2.8 meters wide. The south wall is 2 meters wide, with a door in the middle, 6 meters wide, connected to the first courtyard. There is a building on both sides of the central part of the courtyard to the north. The third courtyard is 82.5 meters long, 62.5 meters wide at the north end, and 60.5 meters wide at the south end. There is a door in the north section of the east and west walls, each with a width of 4 meters. There is also a door in the southern section of the east and west walls, about 2.5 meters wide. There is a door in the middle of the south wall, 4 meters wide, connected to the second courtyard. There is a building in the center of the courtyard. The fourth courtyard is 51 meters long from north to south and 70 meters wide from east to west. The east and west walls each expand 3 meters from the junction of the third courtyard wall and then extend northward. Each has a door in the middle, 6 meters wide. There is a door on the south wall, 10 meters wide, connected to the third courtyard. The fifth courtyard is the largest of the five courtyards. It is 65 meters long from north to south and 86 meters wide from east to west. The east and west walls are expanded by 8 meters from the junction of the east and west walls of the fourth courtyard and then extended northward. There is a door in the middle of the east wall, 2.8 meters wide. In the middle of the courtyard and on both sides of the front, there is a building on each side, distributed in a "pin" shape, of equal size, 22 meters long and 17 meters wide. There are two buildings in the south of the courtyard, with roads connecting them to the fourth courtyard. Li Rugui's "Etiquette·Shigong" says: "The throne of the founder of the Zhou Dynasty is on the right side of Sheji, and on the left is the ancestral temple. Gongnan Township and the temple are on the left, and the temple is in the east of Qingye." Majiazhuang No. 3 building complex is located east of the ancestral temple. The era is similar and the scale is large, so some people analyze it as the location of the palace, and its period of use is roughly from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period; and infer that the five courtyards are the Five Chongqu City, and the five gates are the so-called Gao, Ku, and Zhi. There are five gates, Ying and Lu, and this proves the five gate system in the pre-Qin era and the arrogance of the Qin Palace. In addition, the palace ruins that have been discovered include Majiazhuang No. 2 Building Complex, Majiazhuang No. 4 Building Complex, Fengwei Village, Zhaijia Temple and other ruins; in the suburbs, there are Qinian Palace, Huiyang Palace, Nian Palace, and Ao Palace. Lixing Palace and other architectural ruins.

Lingyin Site:

Excavated from 1976 to 1977. Located in the west of Yaojiagang Highlands. The site is a rammed earth foundation with an approximately square plane.

It is surrounded by rammed earth walls, 16.5 meters long from east to west and 17.1 meters wide from north to south. The inside of the wall is plastered with fine mud. There is a rectangular cellar hole in the middle of the rammed earth foundation. The mouth of the hole is 10 meters long from east to west and 11.4 meters wide from north to south. The four walls of the cellar are slope-shaped, with a slope length of 1.84 meters. At the bottom of the slope of the cellar wall, a two-story platform was built. Inside the platform is the cellar bottom, which is paved with a layer of sandy schist. This plane is the actual bottom surface of the cellar when it is in use, and is used to place stored ice cubes and things that need to be stored cold. There are corridors around the cellar. There is a passage in the middle of the west corridor, which is in the shape of an isosceles trapezoid. The passage has five parallel grooved doors from east to west. There is a water channel at the bottom of the passage west of the second trench gate. The waterway is connected to the Baiqi River in the southwest of Yaojiagang. High in the east and low in the west, it is a drainage facility. The bottom of the channel is roughly level with the schist ground. It is calculated that this ice chamber can store 190 cubic meters of ice. The ice cellar is called "Lingyin" in ancient literature. "The Book of Songs·Binfeng·July" says: "On the second day, the ice is cut and washed, and on the third day it is collected in Lingyin." This confirms that Ling Yin's setting existed at least in the Zhou Dynasty.

Cemeteries and tombs:

Five kilometers south of Yongcheng, under Sanjuyuan on the south bank of Yongshui River, the most important Qin tomb information currently known is buried. After drilling and excavations after 1976, it was found that there is not only a wide range of Qin Gong Mausoleum Park, but also a group of small and medium-sized tombs stretching for several kilometers. Qin Gongling District Qin Gongling District is located on the Sanjuyuan in the southern suburbs of Yongcheng. This place is known as Beiyuan, and it was originally a place where nobles rode their horses, bent their bows, and indulged in hunting. Since then, because it is adjacent to the Wei River in the south, Yongshan Mountain in the north, Lingshan Mountain in the west, and Fuqi in the east, plus the thick soil, deep water, and gentle terrain, it has become a peaceful place for the king of Qin to live for a hundred years. It has been proven that Qin Gongling District is about 7 kilometers long from east to west and about 3 kilometers wide from north to south, with a total area of ​​about 21 square kilometers. On the south, north and west sides of the mausoleum area, moats with a width of 2 to 7 meters and a depth of 2 to 6 meters were found as protective barriers. Eighteen "middle" shaped tombs were discovered. The tomb chamber is rectangular in shape, with one level of tomb passages in the east and west. The east passage is longer and gentler than the west passage, and is the main tomb passage. Later "middle"-shaped tombs may have ear chambers on both sides of the east tomb passage. Among the tombs of this type, Qin Gong Tomb No. 1 is the largest, with a total length of 300 meters and an area of ​​5,334 square meters. The smallest one is Cemetery IV M35, which is also 170.8 meters long and covers an area of ​​2214 square meters. Except for one of these tombs, all the tombs have corded tiles. In some tombs, rows of pillar holes and "concave" shaped tiles connected to each other after the building collapsed were found. There are also There are architectural remains on the tomb such as scattered water and rammed earth foundation. There are three "A"-shaped tombs. The tomb chambers are rectangular and there is only one tomb passage on the east side. There are 6 "convex" shaped tombs. There is a short passage in the middle of the east side of the rectangular tomb, which is shaped like a "middle gate". There is a knife handle-shaped tomb with a rectangular chamber and the tomb passage is on the southeast side of the chamber. There are 15 "mu"-shaped tombs with a rectangular plane and no tomb passage or "middle door". There is one circular tomb, the plane is approximately elliptical. The long diameter is 9.5 meters, the short diameter is 7.8 meters, and the depth is 11.3 meters. These 44 large tombs are divided into 13 cemeteries according to their shape, layout and trench facilities. Each cemetery is organically composed of 2 to 8 large tombs of different types according to a certain layout. The cemeteries are all located in the west and face east, slightly northwest. The layout of the tombs is from the left to the top; the "middle"-shaped large tomb is on the right as the main tomb, and the "A"-shaped and knife-handle-shaped lining tombs are arranged to the lower left in sequence. Judging from the shape of the "eye"-shaped tomb or the "convex"-shaped tomb and the horse bones in the tomb, it may be a burial pit, arranged in the front right. Around each cemetery and around some "中"-shaped tombs, there are Zhonghuang or Neihuang, surrounding the cemetery or "中"-shaped tombs. There are two trenches surrounding the middle tomb and accompanying tombs. The trench inside is called Neihuang, and the trench outside is called Zhonghuang. The scope of each cemetery is determined by the scope of Huanghao. The entire mausoleum area is surrounded by foreign gods. The 13 cemeteries that have been discovered can be divided into two stages: the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, the late Spring and Autumn Period and the early Warring States Period. The first stage follows the "cemetery system", and the second stage cemeteries are all independent cemeteries centered on a monarch. After 10 years of excavation, the cleaning work of Qin Gong No. 1 Tomb was completed in September 1986. The plane of the tomb is in the shape of "middle", with the seat facing west to east. The tomb is rectangular, 59.4 meters long from east to west, 38.45 to 38.8 meters wide from north to south, and 24 meters deep.

The east tomb passage is in the shape of a gentle slope, 156.1 meters long, 19.1 meters wide at the west end, and 8.7 meters wide at the east end. The west tomb passage is also slope-shaped, but is steeper. It is 84.5 meters long, 14.3 meters wide at the east end, and 6.4 meters wide at the west end. The tomb has a total length of 300 meters and a total area of ​​5,334 square meters. It is the largest pre-Qin tomb that has been excavated in the country. The tomb chamber has three levels of steps from top to bottom. The middle part of the third step is the coffin room, which is 4.2 meters deep. The coffin room is divided into two parts: the main part and the auxiliary part. The main coffin chamber is located in the middle of the tomb, and the auxiliary coffin chamber is located in the southwest of the main coffin chamber. The main and auxiliary coffins are in the shape of a curved ruler in plan, and each has a set of cypress coffins. The main coffin is in the shape of a rectangular wooden house, 14.4 meters long, 5.6 meters wide, and 5.6 meters high. It is built with beams with a cross-section length of 21 cm. There is a mortise and tenon structure at the junction of the beams. The four walls and the bottom of the coffin are even It is double-layered and covered with three layers of Fang wood. There is a north-south partition wall built with a single layer of canopy trees in the middle. All the north-south canopy trees have tenons protruding from both ends, forming a rectangular frame standard. The auxiliary coffin room is also built with a single layer of Fang wood of the same specifications as the main coffin room, and there is a small door between it and the main coffin room. The coffin chamber is filled with charcoal, and above the top charcoal layer is rammed earth. In the filling of the tomb, 20 human bones and two animal bones were discovered. 166 people were found buried on the third floor of the tomb and at the junction of the west tomb passage and the tomb. According to the different burial locations and burial tools, they can be divided into two categories. The first type is box sacrifices, with 72 coffins, tightly arranged around the curved-foot-shaped coffin room. The other type is box burials, with 94 corpses distributed outside the box and on the four walls of the tomb. Those who were buried were all hunched over. Although Qin Gong No. 1 Tomb has been robbed more than 200 times in the Han, Tang and Song dynasties, more than 3,500 cultural relics of various types were unearthed in the tomb. Bronze wares include mirrors, chisels, etc.; iron wares include shovels, axes, rings, chisels, etc.; gold wares include birds, beasts, bubbles, hooks, etc.; pottery wares include tripods, beans, kei, guis, plates, urns, lids, etc. Stoneware includes chimes, stone soles, Gui, and walls; jadeware includes Ge, Huang, Bi, Gui, Zhang, pei, gong, and jade; and lacquerware includes pigs and boxes.

The main landscape of Yongcheng:

City wall:

It was about 2600 to 2200 BC (677 BC to 383 BC), located south of the present county seat , on the vast plain east of West Gucheng Village, north of Nan Gucheng Village, and west of Tapsi River, 3,300 meters from east to west and 3,200 meters from north to south, with a total area of ​​10.56 million square meters. It is equivalent to the total area of ​​​​Xi'an today. According to current research, the Baiji River that supplies water to the urban area runs through the city, the Yong River surrounds the southeast of the city, the Phoenix Spring borders the north of the city, and there is an artificial moat in the west. There are many palaces and pavilions in the city, which are magnificent. According to historical records, Yu Yu, an envoy from the Rong tribe, marveled at the buildings in the capital of Qin and the savings in the warehouses: "If you let ghosts do it, it will be a waste of the gods; if you let people do it, it will also be a hardship on the people."

Ancestral Temple:

The No. 1 building site of the Spring and Autumn Period (Qin Dynasty) in Majiazhuang. The entire building faces north to south and is surrounded by city walls. It can be divided into five parts: the ancestral temple in the north, the Zhao temple in the east, the Mu temple in the west, the gate school in the south and the atrium. The ancestral temple is located from north to south, with a concave shape in plan view, and the west side protrudes forward. It is 20.8 meters wide and 13.9 meters deep. The center of the upper part of the concave shape is the front temple, and the rectangular living room behind it is the back bedroom. The east and west bedrooms are flanked by the east and west bedrooms. The back half of the morning bedroom has three doors and three rooms, called the "North Three Rooms". The chapel is rectangular in plan, with no eaves and walls. In the middle, there are two rammed earth platforms raised above the ground, on which the rammed earth foundations of the double couplets are attached. The dormitory is a closed rectangle with a stove pit in the northeast corner. The east and west sandwich rooms are in the shape of a ruler. All have doors leading to the court. The North Three Rooms are located in the north of the Chao, Bedroom and East-West Rooms and have three doors. There are cloisters around the ancestral temple building. Outside the cloisters, there is water surrounding them. It is paved with river pebbles. It is high on the inside and low on the outside, with a slight slope. To the north of the ancestral temple, there is a pavilion-style building with a rectangular plan, no eaves walls, and two corner pillars at the four corners. The pavilion is surrounded by water. The Zhaomiao Temple faces east to west, and its layout is similar to that of the ancestral temple and the imperial palace. Only the south and north sides of the eastern part of the chapel are connected to the north and south rooms, without walls separating them. The Mu Temple faces east from the west, but it was severely damaged. Only the southeast corner remains, which should be symmetrical to the Zhao Temple. The gate private school is located in the south and consists of five parts: the east half private school, the east inner private school, the gate, the west half private school and the west inner private school. There is a threshold groove at the south end of the doorway. The atrium is an open space with a concave center and slightly higher sides. It is 30 meters long from east to west and 34.5 meters wide from north to south.

181 sacrificial pits of various types were found in the atrium and the ancestral temple, including 86 pits for cattle, 55 pits for sheep, 1 pit for cattle and sheep, 8 pits for humans, 1 pit for both humans and sheep, and 28 empty pits. , there are 2 cart pits, and there are three types of sacrifices for cattle and sheep: whole animals, headless sacrifices and chopped sacrifices. A testimony to many sacrifices. The sacrificial pits in the two mezzanines and other buildings all break the building floor, and they should be sacrifices performed after the buildings were abandoned.

Bedroom:

The ruins of Majiazhuang No. 3 building. The site is close to Fengguo Highway, about 500 meters away from the ancestral temple ruins in the east, and about 600 meters away from the Yaojiagang Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Qin Palace ruins in the west. The site is 28 meters north by east, 326.5 meters long, 86 meters wide at the north end, 59.5 meters wide at the south end, and covers an area of ​​21,894 square meters. The layout is regular and surrounded by walls. It can be divided into five palace courtyards and five gate courtyards. The first palace courtyard is located in the south of the site, with a length of 52 meters, a width of 59.5 meters, and an area of ​​3068 square meters. The length of the second palace is 49.5 meters, the north end is 60.5 meters wide, the south end is 59.5 meters wide, and the area is 2970 square meters. There is a door in the middle of the west end and a door in the middle of the south wall that are connected to the first palace courtyard. There is a building on each north and west side of the central part of the courtyard, 16 meters long from north to south, 12.5 meters wide from east to west, with an area of ​​200 square meters. The third palace courtyard is 85.5 meters long, 60.5 meters wide at the north end, and covers an area of ​​5074 square meters. The east and west walls have an average width of 2 meters, and there is a gate at the north end, with an average width of 4 meters and a distance of 16 meters from the north wall. There seems to be a screen in front of the east gate, and there are doors at the south end of the east wall and the south end of the west wall. There is a door in the middle that is connected to the second palace courtyard. There is a building in the center of the palace courtyard, 32.5 meters long in the north and 34.5 meters long in the south; 17.2 meters wide in the east and 17.7 meters wide in the west, covering an area of ​​about 586 square meters. The fourth palace courtyard is 51 meters long from north to south, 70 meters wide from east to west, and covers an area of ​​3570 square meters. There is a gate in the middle of the east and west walls, and a gate in the south that is connected to the third palace courtyard. The fifth palace courtyard is the largest of the five palace courtyards. It is 65 meters long from north to south, 86 meters wide from east to west, and covers an area of ​​5590 square meters. There is a building on each side of the courtyard in the middle and north of the courtyard. Arranged in a "pin" shape, equal in size. There are two buildings in the south of the courtyard, 35.85 meters long, 7.5 meters wide and covering an area of ​​269 square meters. There is a passage between the two buildings, which is connected to the fourth palace courtyard. Relics such as concave triangular tiles, corded plate tiles, corded tiles with polished strips, plain half tiles and thick tiles with thick corded patterns were unearthed, indicating that the site was used during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. "The throne of the founding god of the Zhou Dynasty is located on the right side of Sheji and on the left side of the ancestral temple. If the palace faces south and the temple is on the left, then the temple is located in the east of the bed" (Li Rugui's "Yili·Shigong"). This site is believed to be the location of the palace. Other buildings Within the scope of the Yongcheng ruins, more than 20 architectural ruins from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period have been discovered. The distribution points are in a certain pattern, with an area of ​​about 4,000 to 5,000 square meters. They have been damaged to varying degrees, with only those exposed on the ground. tiles and other relics. Among them, the architectural ruins located in the Tiefeng and Gaowang Temple areas have been initially excavated. Because they are close to the county town and highways, they were seriously damaged. The remaining ruins cover an area of ​​about 4 square meters. The rammed earth foundation exposed on the cliff is about 1.4 meters high, and tiles are piled on the ground. a lot of. More than 6,000 square meters of ruins were excavated south of the county cotton mill, and relics such as rammed earth wall foundations and building foundations, as well as a large number of tiles and other architectural relics, were obtained.

Lingyin:

Located in the west of Yaojiagang Highlands, Shijiaying Township. The site is a rammed foundation that is approximately square in plane, with earthen walls 16.5 meters long from east to west and 17.1 meters wide from north to south built around the four sides. The middle part is a rectangular cellar cave that is 10 meters long from east to west and 11.4 meters wide from north to south. The four inner walls are slope-shaped. The upper part of the cellar wall is rammed and the lower part is made of soil. The slope bottom of the cellar wall is rammed with a circumference of 0.7 to 0.8 meters wide. The second-floor platform is 0.32 meters high. The length of the second-floor platform is 6.4 meters from east to west and the width from north to south is 7.35 meters. The bottom cellar is paved with a layer of sandy schist that is the same height as the second-floor platform. This plane is used for the cellar cave. The actual bottom of the cellar at that time, the square cellar hole was surrounded by a corridor. There is a passage in the middle of the west cloister, which is in the shape of an isosceles trapezoid. The passage has five parallel slot doors from east to west. The first and second slot doors close to the pit have slot bottoms, and the slot doors are also trapezoidal in shape to facilitate the insertion and extraction of wooden boards. The passage is connected to the largest gap in the corridor.

At the bottom of the passage to the west of the second slot gate, there is a water channel. After drilling, it is connected to the Baiji River in the southwest of Yaojiagang. The water channel is higher in the east and lower in the west. It is the drainage facility in the cellar. The bottom of the channel is roughly at the same level as the schist-paved ground. This large-scale cellar near the palace should be the storage equipment in the palace, and it itself has moisture-proof facilities. It can be seen that the things being stored do not need to be protected from moisture, as they are stored in the shade. With a volume of 190 cubic meters, it is the earliest physical example of sanitary ice in the history of our country. This supports what is recorded in "The Book of Songs·Guofeng·July": "On the second day, the ice is cut and rushed, and on the third day, it is collected in Lingyin."

Market:

According to archaeological drilling by the Yongcheng archaeological team, it was learned that there are four north-south streets in the city wall, and the four east-west streets have three city gates. The street width is 8 to 10 meters, and the distance between two parallel streets is 400 to 800 meters. The ruins of large palace complexes and other architectural sites in Majiazhuang, Yaojiagang and other places are distributed among the streets. The overall layout of the city is completely consistent with the "former dynasty and later market" recorded in "Zhou Li". The eight street ruins are straight and wide, intersecting from north to south and east to west in a "well" shape. The layout is clear and the construction technology has reached a very high level, showing the strictness, broadness and grandeur of this historical city 2,500 years ago. The market site is located south of the north city wall, 300 meters east of the center. The plane is rectangular, 160 meters wide from north to south, 180 meters long from east to west, and covers an area of ​​28,800 square meters. It is surrounded by a 1.5-2 meter thick rammed earth wall foundation, with a "city" gate in the middle of each of the four walls. The excavated west gate is 21 meters long from north to south and 14 meters wide from east to west. The building plane is concave and there are large hollow brick steps at the entrance. There is a large hipped roof building over the gate. Within the walls is an enclosed open-air market. Judging from the unearthed cultural relics, this market was in use during the Warring States Period, and artifacts from Xianyang and other places were transported long distances into the city for sale.