The history and evolution of Shanghai: 300 words.

Xiju Xiju (Xī Jù) Xiju Opera Drama. Popular in southern Jiangsu and Shanghai. Originated in the rural areas of Wuxi and Changzhou on the coast of Taihu Lake, villagers first entertained themselves with local folk songs and rap stories, which were called Dongxiang Tune, and then gradually developed into a folk art form of "Tanquan", which can be divided into "Wuxi Tanquan" and "Changzhou Tanquan" due to slightly different singing styles. After that, Tanquan absorbed the body movements of the Jiangnan folk dance "Tea Picking Lantern" and began to sing short stories in life. Most of them are two people in a file, and they are active in the countryside. They perform only once, for the sake of life (or ugliness), such as "Double Hair", "Grinding Tofu Brain", "La Lan Hua" and "Hoi An Tang", which is called "Erren Zhuan". After entering the city, it developed into a "Datong Opera" with dozens of people performing together. The repertoire also added Pearl Tower, Jade Dragonfly, Meng Jiangnv, Meng Lijun, Jade Chain and other operas. Before and after the Revolution of 1911, Tan Chun Opera in Wuxi and Changzhou was formally put on the stage and entered Shanghai one after another. Soon, they gradually joined the class performance, renamed it "Changwen Opera" and named it Tin Opera 1952. At present, there are 32 tin troupes in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai and Anhui. Tin opera is a kind of drama that is good at expressing emotions and has the taste and characteristics of Jiangnan water town. Its aria is basically the structure of the format change of the upper and lower sentences, and a blank board is often inserted between the upper and lower sentences. The main melody is spring melody. In the 1930s, it also absorbed the mainland board of the Wulin class in Hangzhou, the Lingling tune of Suzhou literary tune (rap tune evolved from Su Tan and Ping Tan), the fan tune and triangle of Su Tan and Qu Shen, and the Gao Bazi, [Spring Tune], [Purple Bamboo Tune], [Nine Rings] and [Embroidered Pocket] of Beijing Opera. After the founding of New China, musicians and actors cooperated closely, unified the musical style of traditional Chinese opera, determined the priorities, and successively adapted and created a variety of plate vocals. After the reform, the music of tin opera has taken on a new look, with soft, smooth and brisk tunes, which have the characteristics of "silk and bamboo in the south of the Yangtze River". Accompaniment instruments are mainly erhu, supplemented by the auxiliary erhu, supplemented by pipa, sanxian and dulcimer, and wind instruments such as flute and flute also begin to accompany singing. Tin Opera Tin Opera is one of the main local operas in Jiangsu Province. It has a history of more than one hundred years. It was gradually formed by the merger and development of Wuxi Tanquan and Changzhou Tanquan around the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Before liberation, it was called "Changwen Opera", and after liberation, it was changed to "Changxi Opera", referred to as "Xi Opera". The music of tin opera is lyrical and melodious, with the beautiful style of Jiangnan water town. Xiju music belongs to the complex of Qupai board cavity, which has obvious characteristics of separation of male and female cavity. There used to be only one erhu in the tin opera band. Now, besides erhu, there are pipa, sanxian, violin, flute, China Hu, violin and cello. Percussion music is mainly composed of four parts. Famous plays include the traditional drama "Double Push Mill", "Mother Recognition in Ancestral Temple", "Meeting in Antang", "Li Mengjun", "Pearl Tower" and "Double Pearl Phoenix", as well as the modern drama "Red Flower Song" and "Island Female Militia". There are many famous actors such as Yao Cheng, Mei Lanzhen, Wang, Wang Hanqing, Yang, Wu Yatong and Xue Jingzhen. Wuxi is the birthplace of tin opera. Tin opera was popular in Wuxi countryside in Qing Dynasty and entered the city in the early Republic of China. The earliest name of tin opera is Tan Chuntian, which originated in the rural areas around Yangjian and Yanjiaqiao in Wuxi and evolved from folk songs. In the early days, it was performed in the form of tea-picking lanterns and flower drum drama, so it was also called "Flower Drum Beach Spring". After liberation, with the joint efforts of tin opera artists and the help of other literary and art workers, tin opera has greatly improved in performing arts, music singing and stage art design, and has become one of the three major operas in Jiangsu Province and East China. Tin opera, commonly known as "Wuxi Tanquan" (according to literature: from Qianlong to Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (1736- 1820), Tanquan was popular in Wuxi, Jiangyin and Wujin. ) is extremely popular in southern Jiangsu. After liberation, it gradually spread from the original Taihu Lake area to the Yangtze River Delta. The 1950s and 1960s were the "golden age" of tin drama. There are more than 40 tin troupes in Jiading, Jinshan, Qingpu and Fengxian in Shanghai, Jiaxing in Zhejiang and langxi in Anhui. It has become one of the three major operas in East China and one of the major local operas in Jiangsu. At present, there are more than ten tin troupes in Jiangsu Province. Tin operas were called "new operas" during the Republic of China, "literary operas" during the Anti-Japanese War and "long operas" before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China. 1954 After the "East China Opera Observation and Performance Conference", it was collectively called "Tin Opera". The original name of Wuxi Tanquan is "Wuxi Dongxiang Tune" or "Dongxiang Xiaoqu". Yanjiaqiao, Yang Jian, Northeast Township, Wuxi County, is good at singing folk songs. Dongxiang tune was originally a folk song minor for farmers to sing and entertain themselves. It spread from the shore of Taihu Lake and was influenced by the form of rap literature. In particular, the unique rural folk dance "Tiaocai Tea" in Wuxi County took shape in the "Tanchun Opera". It is related to Wu Ge. At that time, Mr. Ye Shengtao watched the tin opera performance in Beijing and praised it as "Taihu Hongmei". The characteristics of tin opera are rooted in the countryside and closely related to farmers. With simple feelings, vivid language and strong local color, Wuxi Tanquan is not only the flower of local opera, but also a well-known peasant opera and peasant literature and art. It is developed from folk songs. Its characteristics are as follows: First, the tin opera retains the true colors of singing folk songs. Up to now, the singing method of tin opera is to sing with its own voice, which is different from the singing method of combining true and false sounds in some local operas. Second, the structure of tin opera music is from the beginning of the tune, clear the board and fall off the tune, and there is music accompaniment from the beginning to the fall of the tune. The middle is full of oratorios, without the excuse of huqin, and the lyrics are more than the cavity, only slightly more at the beginning and end, which is basically the style of narrative folk songs. Thirdly, the lyrics are colloquial and popular language, while some are the confluence of folk songs and folk songs. It originated from folk songs, and was influenced by "Tanci", "Xuanjuan" and "Law of Cause and Effect" during its circulation, and gradually developed into a tin drama. The formation and development of historical tin drama in Tan Chun stage can be roughly divided into three evolution processes, namely, the stage of duet, the stage of small drama and the stage of Datong drama. "Duality drama": The performance form is relatively simple. Any performance that two people, a man and a woman sing together is called "single duality drama". A group of two men and a group of two women sang together, which was called "double duet", and then there was an independent performance of "scattered duet" and a coherent performance of "head-to-head duet". At first, she sang in the field or on the threshing floor, without stage or makeup. Later, she pieced together four square tables, or assembled a stage with stools, door panels and longevity boards, and put on makeup in the background. At that time, actresses were all dressed as women and dressed the bride and groom in temporary borrowed clothes. At first, no props were used. Male Dan used handkerchiefs and young students used folding fans to draw various movements. When singing, Dan Jiao comes out first, sings four "opening sentences", twists the direction in small steps and moves to another corner. This singing method of changing positions is called "Walking Up and Down", which has taken care of many audiences and still remains in traditional performances. The "dual drama" is mainly composed of "Xiao Sheng, Xiao Dan" or "Clown, Xiao Dan", so it is also called "Three Little Plays", which mainly reflects the stories in rural daily life. Most of them resist feudal marriage and old ethics, and some mock the landlord class. The performance is simple and sincere, with strong flavor of life and vivid and interesting language, which is the original form of Wuxi Tanquan. "Combined drama": Due to the development of "divided drama" in the late Qing Dynasty, the content increased and the events were complicated. Without three, four or five actors appearing at the same time, it would be impossible to cope with and break through, so "co-productions" began to appear. In the process of development, it can be divided into two stages: "small field" and "big field". The previous stage is called "small field". There are more and more actors and more plays, and the restrictions on the environment, place and time conversion in the play have also been eliminated. By the end of the Qing dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, it was called "Datong" in the later period, that is, most actors took the stage at the same time, and even a dozen actors performed. "Small field" is the product of going to the countryside to perform, and "big field" is the product of going to the city. After entering the city, most of the plays adopted the stories in Xuanjuan (Baojuan), and the absorption of tanci stories was also obvious. On the one hand, the communication of drama in the city is convenient, and it is easy to accept the influence of other arts, movies, drama and folk art, which makes the form of Tan Chun drama develop and grow. On the other hand, in terms of performance content, the repertoire of the "Duixiao" period gradually disappeared, and farmers began to withdraw from the stage, eventually giving way to their sons, wives and wives. The city in turn affects the countryside, which is an important turning point in the development of tin opera. In the early 1920s, "Beijing-Spring Joint Class" began to appear, that is, the cooperation between Tan Chun's team and Peking Opera actors. Due to the needs of tin opera artists, some actors who came out of the declining Peking Opera team naturally turned to tin opera classes as professional guidance. 1927 or so, an atmosphere has been formed, for example, in Qin Xianglian, Chen Shimei sings Peking dialect and Qin Xianglian sings spring tunes; In "Yu Tang Chun", Wang Jinlong sang "Spring Tune" when she went to the hospital, and Su San sang Beijing dialect when she was "liberated", which is the so-called "sleet". In the early 1930s, Yixing people ever lit an oil lamp in Beijing Opera Troupe. He has worked for twenty years, watched Peking Opera every day and remembered a lot of Peking Opera. Later, he joined Li Tingxiu's Li family as a "suitcase" (clothing manager), and brought Peking Opera such as "Changing Knives to Kill Wife", "Civet Cat for Prince" and "Hu Kui Selling Head" into the tin opera, ranking first. Huang is a veteran of Beijing opera, and has been engaged in tin opera since he switched to tin opera. After liberation, she became a veteran of Wuxi Tin Troupe. The formation time of "Wuxi Tanquan" is recorded in Talking in the Garden published in the fifth year of Daoguang (1825). At this time, the beach spring has replaced the old drama with novelty. In 1950s, Sunan Federation of Literary and Art Circles held a training class for artists. Zhou Youliang, an old artist of tin opera, said that when his father was in his teens (referring to Daoguang for about ten years), he saw Tan Chun Opera in the rural areas of Wuxi. Earlier, bamboo workers, carpenters, bricklayers, sewing workers and so on sang Spring on the Beach. They give birth during the busy farming season and sing during the slack farming season. They are all experts in singing folk songs and "picking tea", and they are invited to sing during the Spring Festival and the "Waiting for Autumn" (an activity to celebrate the harvest) in the village. Later, there were seasonal teams, peak season classes, off-season classes and four-season classes, and semi-professional and professional class clubs appeared. According to the name of Tanchun, Ren Qinglei Copy says: "Tanchun artists play and sing as one of their careers." Therefore, "beach" means "talking", "spring" means "singing" and "beach spring" actually means "rap". The birth of "Wuxi Wenxi Opera" is another important turning point, stepping into the literary drama period of tin opera. 1935 Beach hot springs are prohibited in Jiangsu. The Office of the Pseudo-Party Instructor in the First District of Jiangsu Province ordered the Party Department of Wuxi County to strictly ban "obscene dramas". On September 27th, Wuxi No.1 Middle School, Middle East, Central Committee, Yao Ji and other war zones jointly issued a declaration in the newspaper, accusing the authorities of "failing to improve or prevent the improvement of beach springs, and being sorry for Wuxi society". At the same time, all the war zones jointly declared to the pseudo-provincial Party Department and the pseudo-provincial Education Department that they would "swear to resist any unfair treatment" and asked them to "send personnel to Wuxi for investigation and handling". 6543810.5, Pan Lai, a member of the Party Department of Puppet Manchuria Province, investigated and watched. The first stop in Wuxi advertised in People's Daily and Tin Daily, and performed "Kebaoqiao" under the name of "Wuxi Literary Drama". Commissioner Pan expressed "great satisfaction" after the evaluation, and said that "Wuxi literature and drama have a high evaluation in art and social education" and that "if Beach Spring can do this, it will be absolutely different", and agreed with a submission on the improvement of Wuxi literature and drama. The Wuxi Literature and Drama Improvement Committee was established immediately, and Gu, a professor of drama department of Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Education who was in Sheqiao, Wuxi at that time, was hired as a member (Professor Gu was a native of Shangyu, Zhejiang Province, and organized a drama association with others in Shanghai in the early 1920s, and also established a people's drama association with Zheng Zhenduo and others, which had great influence). Under Gu's leadership, the Wuxi Literature and Opera Improvement Committee discussed the plan to thoroughly reform Wuxi Literature and Opera, issued opinions to solicit criticism and improvement from all walks of life, formulated measures to train the actors of Tan Chun, and planned to publish special research issues on a regular basis, which made Wuxi Tan Chun enter the period of literature and opera and created a new situation of opera. Subsequently, Suzhou established the Suwen Opera Improvement Association, Shanghai established the Normal Temperature Opera Improvement Association, and Jiangyin set up an office. Later, literati drama gradually declined, and tin drama was divided into "Xibang" (including Jiangyin, Suzhou and Changshu) and "Changbang" (including Yixing), which was named "Changxi". At every stage of its development, tin opera has produced many representative plays. According to the statistics of "Symposium of Old Artists of Tin Opera" and "Symposium of Traditional Works of Tin Opera" published by Jiangsu Provincial Local Theatre 196 10, there are about 277 traditional works of tin opera. 1. There are about 60 kinds of operas in the Dui Opera Period, which are the operas in Tan Chun Opera Period. Among them, there are some operas with the word "selling", such as "selling wonton", "selling peaches", "selling jiaozi", "selling flowers" and "selling grass", and some of them are absorbed and adapted from Su Tan. There are some "picking" dramas, such as picking peaches, cabbage hearts and pomegranates, and there are also some "borrowing" dramas, such as borrowing sweat towels, cloaks and yellow chaff. Most of these dramas are based on the love and joy stories between men and women in rural folk daily life, and belong to rural small dramas. This kind of drama involves the ambiguous relationship between men and women, which often accounts for a large proportion. According to female Hua Dan Chu, some dramas have been resisted by the older generation of artists for a long time, and they soon quit the drama, such as "Mother and Daughter Picking Vegetables" and "Selling Cakes on the Land", which have the same theme as the father and son. Only what they say is unknown, while others only have the title of the drama, and the plot is hard to find. There are also some plays that look at the artist's skill, such as "Burning incense in Pantuo Mountain". On the way of burning incense, when you meet 360 lines, you must sing the characteristics of all walks of life, such as fortune telling, face reading, selling boxing, shaving your head and so on. And be sure to sing in local dialects. Second, the drama has about 102 plays in the same period, which is a tin drama play in the later period of Tan Chun's drama. Among them, there are many scenes of "Ji", such as tooth marks, bone burning, tongue biting, gray blue, blue shirt, gold ring, crucian carp, red shoes and so on. The theme of these plays has changed from rural real life to ancient life, and the characters have increased significantly. Thirdly, there are about 34 plays in the period of Beijing School and He Chun School. The involvement of Peking Opera artists has brought a number of Peking Opera plays, and tin operas mainly absorb literati dramas, starting with talented people and beautiful women and case-solving dramas. For example, The Story of Lu Bu and Di Xin, Lotus Lantern, Fierce Horse with Red Bristle, Song Wu Killing Sister-in-law, Xue Gang Lantern Festival, Jade Maid, Cutting the Sutra Hall, etc. , mostly products from the late 1920s to the early 1930s. The performance of the whole drama is still full of the language characteristics and local flavor of tin drama. For example, Zhao Jun went out to the fortress, Chen Xingyuan and Fan (that is, Er Li) and Yang Di looked at Qionghua. , mainly interspersed with "tea picking", lanterns, flower drums, ditties and other folk dances in southern Jiangsu. Other plays, such as butterfly lovers and Yu Pin Ji, were transplanted under the influence of Yue Opera. Fourthly, there are about 29 dramas affiliated with Taiwan Province, each of which varies from 10-20. Such as Burning Red Lotus Temple, Woman by the Wild River, Bao Gongan, Elvis Presley, Guillotine, etc. The focus of the performance has shifted to the institutional scenery and lanterns, so it is usually called "colorful play". In this kind of drama, there are often scenes such as "trapeze", "swimming pool woman taking a bath" and "skeleton dance" to win with novelty. Even Pig Bajie and Spider Spirit are in the Silk Cave, drinking with big princess on the deer platform for fun and watching "Western Dance". Its content is mostly supernatural and absurd stories. However, there are also some "mystery dramas", which are related to the mentality of the masses during the occupation period and reflect the voice of people's resistance from the side. Five, Tanci dramas, about 39, these Tanci stories are the most familiar anecdotes, legends and legends among the people, and the performance effect is good. Such as Pearl Tower, Twin Pearl Phoenix, Jade Dragonfly, Legend of the White Snake, Meng Lijun, Meng Jiangnv, He Wenxiu, Yang Naiwu and Chinese Cabbage, Description of golden phoenix, etc. Because the style of Tanci is close to description, narration, lyrics and drama, it can be put on the stage without greatly changing the story structure. 6. There are seven fashion dramas. For example, the causes of dumbfounding, Haitang, Sheyan, Huang Huiru and Lu Genrong, and the evil women's singles gang are all adapted from movies and novels, some from Shanghai opera, commonly known as "suit cheongsam drama", and some from farce and popular drama. Seven, local operas, there are six plays. For example, Bu, Chen Ajian, Triple Cucumber, Xianyingqiao, etc. TV plays based on local facts and folklore are very popular with the audience. The singing of tin opera is a kind of drama with long lyricism and the flavor and characteristics of Jiangnan water town. Its aria is basically a plate-shaped variant structure of the upper and lower sentences, and a long or short board is often inserted between the upper and lower sentences. The main melody is spring melody. In the 1930s, it also absorbed the mainland board of the Wulin class in Hangzhou, the Lingling tune of Suzhou literary tune (rap tune evolved from Su Tan and Ping Tan), the fan tune and triangle of Su Tan and Qu Shen, and the Gao Bazi, [Spring Tune], [Purple Bamboo Tune], [Nine Rings] and [Embroidered Pocket] of Beijing Opera. After the founding of New China, musicians and actors cooperated closely, unified the musical style of traditional Chinese opera, determined the priorities, and successively adapted and created a variety of plate vocals. After the reform, the music of tin opera has taken on a new look, with soft, smooth and brisk tunes, which have the characteristics of "silk and bamboo in the south of the Yangtze River". Accompaniment instruments are mainly erhu, supplemented by the auxiliary erhu, supplemented by pipa, sanxian and dulcimer, and wind instruments such as flute and Xiao also begin to accompany singing.