Historical evolution of Northeast China
The Northeast ethnic system consists of four ancient ethnic groups, Donghu Xianbei, Fuyu Goguryeo, Sushen Jurchen, and Shang Yan people, which laid the foundation for the dynasty changes and historical changes in the Northeast. There are also the four major ethnic administrative regions in the Northeast. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the layout of Donghu in the western northeast, Huiqi in the north, Sushen in the northeast, and Guyan in the south gradually evolved into Xianbei Rouran in the northeast and west during the Han and Jin Dynasties, Fuyu Goguryeo Woju in the middle, Yilouwuji in the northeast, and Guyan in the south. Youzhou and Liaodong County in the west of Liaoning during the Sui and Tang Dynasties were the Shiwei Khitan in the west of the northeast, Mohe Bohai in the northeast, Goguryeo and Baekje in the southeast, and the Andong Protectorate in the south. After the Liao, Jin, Yuan and Qing Dynasties, Beiyang was affiliated with the four northeastern provinces, and the four major ethnic groups in the northeast took turns to be unified. Northeast, conquering the Central Plains 7 times
Since the beginning of writing, Northeast as a region has been recorded in classics. The earliest record of the Northeast being recorded in classics is "Shang Shu Yu Gong", which divided ancient China into "Jiuzhou", among which "Jizhou" covers the western part of today's Liaoning Province; "Qingzhou" covers the southern part of today's Liaoning, mainly the Liaodong Peninsula. within the jurisdiction of the state. It is said that "Jiuzhou" was established by Yu after he controlled the floods, and Shun analyzed "Jiuzhou" into "Twelve States", among which the "Northeast" of Jizhou was divided into Youzhou, that is, the area west of Beizhen, Liaoning was referred to as Liaoxi; the "Northeast" of Qingzhou was divided into Yingzhou, the area east of today's Beizhen is called Liaodong.
The division between western and eastern Liaoning is roughly divided by the present-day Liaohe River. In addition to "Yu Gong", there are also books such as "Erya·Shidi", "Zhouli·Zhifang" and "Lu Shi Chunqiu·Youshi Lan", all of which have similar records. In fact, the so-called "Nine States" and "Twelve States" are just the idealization of ancient times by intellectuals during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period or later, reflecting the geographical concepts of people at that time.
Because the three generations of Yao, Shun and Yu did not yet have the conditions to form a country, naturally there would be no administrative divisions and establishment of "states". Despite this, at least during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, in people's geographical concepts, today's Liaoning Province has been summarized within the jurisdiction of Jizhou, Qingzhou, Youzhou, and Yingzhou respectively. The establishment of these four states does not include the present-day Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces. It only refers to the present-day Liaoning Province with the orientation "Northeast".
According to Kao’s history, before the Spring and Autumn Period, no system was established in the Northeast, and the political affiliation of the land and residents with the Central Plains dynasty was only confirmed by tribute from border ethnic groups. According to "Historical Records of the Five Emperors": As early as the time of Shun, the tribes that paid tribute in the north included "Shanrong, Beifa, and Xishen". Xishen means Sushen. He lived among the white mountains and black waters during the Yao and Shun eras.
Therefore, the Zhou Dynasty inherited the legacy of Yao and Shun, saying: "Li Shen, Yan, and Hao are my northern lands." During the Zhou Dynasty, Su Shen continued to pay tribute, and Confucius had seen his tribute with his own eyes - Zhu The stone was made into a stone, and it was appraised by Duke Chen Guohui. "The Classic of Mountains and Seas·The Northern Classic of Great Wilderness" also contains records about Sushen: "Beyond the Northeast Sea, in the wilderness, there is a mountain named Buxian, and there is the country of the Sushen family." Buxian is today's Changbai Mountain, and the Sushen tribe lives in the Changbai Mountain area. Confirmed.
The above evidence goes beyond the geographical concept of Jizhou and other four states, and extends it to Baishan and Heishui, which is equivalent to the current two provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang. At this time, because there were no clear administrative divisions, the region was still referred to as the azimuth "Northeast". At the same time, the ethnic group was also used as the representative name of the region.
The Northeast is the traditional inhabited area of the Chinese nation. In China’s Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC – 221 BC), the Emperor of Zhou enfeoffed the princes to protect the vassal territory and granted Ji Xi, Duke Zhao of Zhou, the territory of the Northeast. , is the ancestor of the Yan Kingdom. Zhou Zhaogong Ji Shi (also known as "Shao Gong", "Zhao Kang Gong" and "Taibao Zhao Gong" in the 11th century BC). His surname is Ji and his name is Shi (pronounced "shi" shì). He is the son of King Wen of Zhou and the younger brother of King Wu.
The State of Yan was an important feudal state from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period. Regarding its initial feudal state, there is a clear record in "Yan Zhaogong Family" in Volume 34 of "Historical Records", saying: "When King Wu of Zhou destroyed Zhou, he was feudal. "Zhao Gong Yu Beiyan". "Historical Records" Volume 4 "Zhou Benji" also says that after King Wu defeated Zhou, "Zhao Gong Xi Yu Yan". Zhao Gong's name is Xi, and his surname is Ji. He is a nobleman with the same surname as the Zhou family. The city was called Zhao Gong. He, Zhou Gongdan and Taigong Wang were all important officials in the founding of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and they were also the people whom King Wen and King Wu of Zhou trusted and relied on most during the reign of King Yan Zhaoxiang (? - 279 BC). At that time, he attacked Donghu in the east and built the Great Wall, and attacked Qi in the south. In the thirty-third year of King Yan's reign (222 BC), Qin destroyed Han, Wei, and Chu. Later, Wang Bi was sent to attack Yan Liaodong. The Yan army was defeated, and King Xi of Yan was captured. The Yan state was destroyed. The Qin army returned to attack Dai, and Dai Wang Jia's hometown of Yan Liaodong and Dai were captured by Qin respectively. And Daijun.
The Four Han Counties (108 B.C. to 313 A.D.) were Lelang, Xuantu, and Zhenfan counties established in the northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty annihilated Weiman Korea from 109 B.C. to 108 B.C. , Lintun County, the collective name of the four counties, also has a great influence on the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. In 37 BC, Goguryeo established its political power in Goguryeo County, Xuantu County of the Western Han Dynasty. The founder was Prince Fuyu, Zhu Meng. The capital was Heshenggu City (now Wunushan City, Huanren County, Benxi City, Liaoning Province). Later, King Liuli moved the capital to Inner City. and Wandu City (both in today's Ji'an City, Jilin Province). Goguryeo was the longest-standing local government in Chinese history (AD 705). At the height of its rule, it once included most of the Korean Peninsula, created a highly developed farming civilization, and made great contributions to the economic and cultural development of the eastern part of Northeast China. made significant contributions.
During the Western Jin Dynasty, Murong Xianbei moved to the western Liaoning area and was proclaimed King of Yan in 337 AD. He built his mansion in Longcheng (now Chaoyang City) and was known as Qianyan in history. Qianyan also attached great importance to the development of production and the construction of water conservancy projects. , stipulate rents and taxes, return the non-industrial and commercial population to farmers, etc. To develop agricultural production in western Liaoning.
In 668 AD (the first year of the General Chapter of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty), Goguryeo perished under the attack of the Tang army and Silla (the ancestors of today's North and South Korea). The 27th generation king Gaozang, the treasure king, was captured by the Tang army, and the population of Goguryeo remained. Most of the people were moved inland to the Central Plains by the Tang government and integrated into the Central Plains, integrating into the people of the Bohai Kingdom.
After the fall of Goguryeo in 668, Da Zuorong, the leader of the Sumo Mohe tribe, one of the seven tribes of the Beji Kingdom, established the Zhen Kingdom (later renamed the Bohai Kingdom) in Dunhua City, Jilin Province in 698. A Jisi state in the Tang Dynasty, it was later changed to a vassal state of the Tang Dynasty. At its peak, the Bohai Kingdom had a territory of 5,000 miles, a population of 100,000 households, and tens of thousands of soldiers. It was known as the "Prosperous Kingdom in the East of the Sea" in history. During the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the Khitan people living in the upper reaches of the Liao River established the Liao Dynasty (907-1125); the Jurchen people living in the Heilongjiang and Songhua River basins entered the Central Plains and established the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234). This has had a profound impact on the integration and development of various ethnic groups and the socio-economic and cultural development of Northeast China.
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Khitan leader Yelu Abaoji unified the two tribes and established himself as king. In 916 AD, Yelu Abaoji proclaimed himself emperor and the country was named Khitan. After Abaoji's death, his son Yelu Deguang succeeded to the throne. In 947 AD, the country's name was changed to Liao, and the imperial capital was changed to Shangjing. The territory of the Liao Dynasty at its peak extended to the present-day Selenge and Shilka Rivers in the east; to the Outer Xing'an Mountains and the Sea of Okhotsk in the northeast; to today's Tianjin City, Ba County in Hebei Province, and Yanmenguan in Shanxi Province in the south, and Confrontation in the Northern Song Dynasty.
During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, this was the land of Yingzhou and Pingzhou. During the Liang and Tang Dynasties, Pingzhou and Lulong County were established in Lulong City. In the third year of Tongguang (AD 925), the Khitan occupied Ying and Ping prefectures. During the Jin, Han, and Zhou dynasties, it was always occupied by the Khitan. Later, the Khitan changed its name to Liao.
In 1113 AD, Aguda, the leader of the Jurchen Wanyan tribe of the Sushen tribe, raised his troops to seize the Songhua River Basin and went south to occupy the Liaodong Peninsula. In 1115, he proclaimed himself emperor, named his country Jin, and built Duning (south of Acheng, Heilongjiang today). After the founding of the People's Republic of China, they continued to fight, destroying the Liao Dynasty in 1125 and the Northern Song Dynasty in 1127. When the Jin Dynasty was at its most prosperous, it surpassed the Liao Kingdom at its peak, and it controlled the north at that time. The Dajin cavalry galloped across the coastline of northeastern Asia and owned almost all the hometown of the Sushen clan. In the west, it was bounded by Hetao, Hengshan in Shaanxi, eastern Gansu and Xixia, and in the south all the way to the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River to confront the Southern Song Dynasty.
In 1287, the Yuan Dynasty established the Liaoyang Province to govern the entire Northeast. In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian (now Nanjing City) and established the Ming Dynasty. In the same year, he destroyed the Yuan Dynasty. In Liaodong Dusi, agriculture and handicrafts have been greatly developed. The Liaoyang area, during the Ming Dynasty, was a "fertile place with many people, connected by thousands of miles of roads, and forts facing each other. At that time, Liaodong Dusi's iron smelting, salt making and other handicrafts were also very developed. Liaodong's 30,000 Guards and Sichuan Longzhou and Zunhua in Shuntian were the three major iron smelting centers in the country at that time. Jilin City was the shipbuilding base of the Ming Dynasty in the northeast.
In the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1368), The army captured Dadu (i.e. Beijing), and the Yuan Dynasty was destroyed. In order to eliminate the remaining Yuan forces entrenched in the northeast and resisting stubbornly, on the one hand, he sent Huang Yan and others to Liaodong, "ordering the officials and people in Liaoyang to lead the people to surrender"; On the one hand, they sent troops to cross the sea from Shandong and march towards Liaodong, forcing Liu Yi, Pingzhang and Liu Yi, the former governor of Liaoyang, to surrender.
So in the fourth year of Hongwu (1371), the Ming Dynasty established the Liaowei Duwei in Liaodong. In the eighth year of Hongwu (1375), the Ming Dynasty changed the name of the Liaowei Duwei to the Liaodong Dudu Commandery Division, which governed the twenty-five guards of Liaodong, one hundred and thirty-eight Suo, two states, one alliance.
In order to advance northward, Zhu Yuanzhang, under the guidance of the idea of "carefully consolidating border defenses and guarding the royal family", divided his sons in the north and northeast, such as granting the title of King of Yan to Peiping and the title of King of Han to Kaiping. Originally, the purpose of granting the title of King Ning to Daning (today's Ningcheng in Chifeng) and to the title of King of Liao to Guangning was to "according to the name of the vassal, control of key points, and control of the whole country." At that time, Naha, the Taiwei of the old Yuan Dynasty, came out to occupy the area of Jinshan (i.e. Nong'an County, Jilin Province). He and the remaining forces of the old Yuan Dynasty such as Gaojianu, Halazhang and Yesuzhi in Liaodong "depended on each other and supported each other" in an attempt to continue their stubborn resistance. If the Ming Dynasty wanted to unify the Northeast, it must eliminate the "remnants of the old Yuan Dynasty" in the Northeast. In the 20th year of Hongwu (1387), Zhu Yuanzhang sent Feng Sheng and Fu Youde to lead the Ming army to attack Jinshan. Naha was defeated and surrendered. Other "old Yuan soldiers" also surrendered, and the remaining Mongolian Yuan forces in the Northeast were eliminated.
The "Wei Suo" is a local military administrative agency established according to the political system of the Ming Dynasty. It is different from the mainland in that in addition to military functions, it also manages local administrative affairs. The so-called "Fusui Ministry" ”, “Guard the Place”. The officials of the "Wei Suo" were all directly appointed by the central government of the Ming Dynasty. They took the position of "because of their tribes, appointing their chiefs as governors, commanders, commanders, thousands of households, town governors and other positions. They were given seals so that they could remain in the secular world." The policy of “unifying their belongings”. Their official positions were hereditary, and the succession of father to son or father to son must be approved by the Ming government. If you request to be promoted to an official title, change the imperial edict (letter of appointment), increase rewards, etc., you must report it to the Ming Dynasty government, and you are not allowed to act without authorization, otherwise you will be punished. The official seals awarded to the subordinate guards of Nuergandu Division in the Ming Dynasty are constantly being discovered, such as "Seal of the Commander of the Mao Lian Guard", "Seal of the Commander of the Mutali Mountain Guard", "Seal of the Commander of the Hetun Ji Guard" The seals above "Seal of the Envoy", "Seal of the Envoy of the Nanghaer Guard Commander" and "Seal of the Tashan Zuowei" clearly show that the Ming Dynasty set up local administrative agencies in the northeastern region for management, which is the best historical evidence.
Because the political and economic relationship between the Jurchens and the Ming Dynasty was closer than ever before, land and water transportation in the Northeast also developed accordingly. On the basis of the establishment of post stations in the Mongolian and Yuan Dynasties, the Ming Dynasty vigorously expanded and built new ones, and extended or newly established the routes of the stations. According to "Liaodong Chronicles", there were six transportation trunk lines from Liaodong to various regions in the Northeast at that time. The city is the starting point of six main lines. It reaches North Korea in the east, Mongolia in the west, Manjing in the Telin area in the northeast; it leads to the north of Manzhouli in the northwest, forming a transportation network extending in all directions.
Especially for the Heilongjiang and Songhua River areas, in order to ensure transportation between Liaodong and the Nuergan area, the Ming court set up Manjing and other railways from Songhua River to the lower reaches of Heilongjiang in the 10th year of Yongle (1412). Forty-five stops. In the 18th year of Yongle (1420), a shipyard was established on the banks of the Songhua River in present-day Jilin City, responsible for the task of "building ships to transport grain" and transporting troops. It is precisely because the Ming Dynasty actively developed transportation in the Northeast region, added inns, and established shipyards, which further strengthened the connection between the Jurchens and Liaodong and the Central Plains.
However, after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the national power declined and it could no longer maintain its rule over the northern border. In 1435 (the tenth year of Xuande in the Ming Dynasty), Nuergan Dusi was abolished, but the subordinate guards continued to exist. With the rise of the Tatars and Jurchens, the Ming Dynasty's effective control area in the northeastern region retreated to the Liaodong region. At the end of the 16th century, the Jurchens became powerful again. In 1616, Aixinjueluo Nurhaci, the Jurchen leader who founded the state, proclaimed himself the Great Khan in Hetuala and rebuilt the Jin Kingdom, which was known as the "Later Jin" in history.
In April of the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), Huang Taiji changed the name of the country to "Qing" and the Jurchen clan name to "Manzhou". In 1644, Li Zicheng's army invaded Beijing and the Ming Dynasty fell. The Qing army took the opportunity to enter the pass and conquered and unified the country through bloody massacres. In order to consolidate the rule of the Manchu aristocrats, the Qing Dynasty implemented the policy of "first worshiping the Manchus" to strictly guard against the Han people, which caused the Eight Banners to quickly corrupt. In order to prevent Han intellectuals from forming differences between Chinese and barbarians and anti-Qing and Ming dynasties, the Qing government widely implemented shaving, changing clothes, and literary inquisition, which caused unprecedented damage to the national self-esteem of the Han nation. Chinese society's ideological and cultural culture became more closed and conservative, and objectively It caused the ideological and cultural regression of Chinese society and formed a situation of poverty and weakness in modern times
After the Qing Dynasty took power, it regarded the Northeast as the "land of dragon prosperity", designated Shengjing as the "accompanying capital", and implemented "special" measures for the Northeast "system" governance method.
Starting from the mid-17th century, the Tsarist Russian invading army crossed the Xing'an Mountains and invaded the Heilongjiang River Basin of China, burning down villages, killing and plundering the population, and snatching grain and mink skins. After that, conflicts or wars broke out between the Qing army and Russia many times until after the Battle of Yaksa in 1685, at the behest of Emperor Kangxi, the Qing army took advantage of the victory to seek peace and signed a peace agreement. The Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk (Nerchinsk Treaty) was signed in 1689. Before the signing of the treaty, the Qing Dynasty's territory in the Northeast included Inner and Outer Mongolia in the west, Central and Eastern Siberia, and the Pacific Ocean in the east, including Kurdistan. Page Island and the Kuril Islands are bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, and in the northeast to the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Bering Strait. After the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689, the territory of Northeast China gradually retreated to the area south of the outer Xing'an Mountains, the Udi River, and the southern shore of Lake Baikal. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, China weakened, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands were lost, Outer Mongolia became independent, and the territory of Northeast China finally shrunk to what it is today.
With the increase in population, land reclamation, and the promotion of advanced production technologies in the Central Plains, the basic outline of agricultural production in Northeast China has been roughly formed. Along with the development of agriculture, commerce and handicrafts also emerged, and economic centers such as Shenyang, Jilin, Qiqihar, Liaoyang, Jinzhou, Changchun, Ning'an, Liaoyuan, and Harbin emerged.
After the Qing army entered the Pass, in the early years of the Qing Dynasty, General Shengjing, General Ningguta (Jilin) and General Heilongjiang were established in the Northeast. The form is different from that in the Central Plains region. Dorgon issued an order in 1644 to strictly prohibit Han people from entering the so-called "Longxing Land" for cultivation. This is the "ban". Although the Qing Dynasty began to send immigrants from the Eight Banners and Han troops to the Northeast in 1692, the population in the Northeast became even sparser after the Manchus moved into the Pass in the early Qing Dynasty. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty regarded the Northeast as "the place where their ancestors made their mark and established kings", and they used it as an excuse to protect " "Benefits of Participating in the Mountains and Pearl Rivers", a policy of banning the Northeast has been implemented for a long time.
In addition to "ban", there are two other words related to "ban": "wicker edge" and "crossing Guandong". In order to strictly enforce the "Customs Ban", starting from the Shunzhi period, the Qing government built more than a thousand kilometers of fences and walls in the Northeast at all costs called "wicker edge", also known as wicker edge wall, willow wall, willow city, Tiaozibian was completed in the middle of Kangxi period.
The wicker border from Shanhaiguan to the south of Fengcheng via Kaiyuan and Xinbin is called the "old border"; the one from the northeast of Kaiyuan to the north of Jilin is called the "new border". Cross-border reclamation is strictly prohibited in Northeast China to the east of the border wall, while to the west of the border wall is the grazing land for the Mongolian nobles, allies of the Qing Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty's ban on Northeast China resulted in the thin population of Northeast China, which ultimately created favorable conditions for Russia to encroach on Northeast China.
The border crisis in the late Qing Dynasty became increasingly severe. The Qing Dynasty was forced to open up the border and adopt the policy of "immigration to solidify the border". From 1861 to the 1880s, official and flag lands such as Jilin Paddock, Alchuka Paddock, and Dalinghe Ranch were gradually opened. In 1882 (the eighth year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), land reclamation was first launched in Jilin and the Hunchun Reclamation Bureau was established. After that, land reclamation in Heilongjiang was opened. And in 1907, the Qing government abolished the three generals of Shengjing, Jilin, and Heilongjiang, and established the three provinces of Fengtian, Jilin, and Heilongjiang, with governors, and the governors of the three eastern provinces.
Youzhou in the "Book of Zhou" cited above is Liaoning North Town, which governs the eastern part of Hebei Province and present-day Liaoning, collectively referred to as "Northeast".
Liaodong, outside the Pass, was built in the early Ming Dynasty when Shanhaiguan and the connected Great Wall were built. People had a new concept of dividing the inside and outside: the place east of Shanhaiguan was called Liaodong, which is the territory of today's Liaoning Province. "Outside the Pass", and the west of Shanhaiguan, that is, the inside of the Great Wall, is collectively called "Inside the Pass", and later gradually called "Guanli". There are people from Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, and even people from the Jiangnan area who live outside the Pass. They often do not directly refer to the province. Name, but generally known as "Guanli people". In the official documents and official books of the Ming Dynasty, such as "Ming Dynasty Records", the areas outside the Pass were also called "Jidong" and "Jingdong", which have the same meaning as "Outside the Pass". The administrative region of Liaoning in the Ming Dynasty was also the capital of Liaodong, so the Ming Dynasty often used Liaodong to refer to the Northeast; Qinhuangdao's administrative region and geography have always belonged to the Northeast in history, and Shanhaiguan was just a divided administrative region. Qinhuangdao was placed from Daning Road to Yongping Prefecture in the north of the capital. However, the geographical, cultural and ethnic composition of Qinhuangdao still belongs to the Northeast;
Guandong, the name Guandong comes from the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. The Qing Dynasty abolished the Great Wall, but did not abolish Shanhaiguan. This majestic pass is still of great significance to the Qing Dynasty. It retains Shanhaiguan, firstly, to inspect business travel and collect taxes, which is beneficial to the country; secondly, in order to protect its "Longxing Land", mainlanders are strictly prohibited from entering the Northeast through Shanhaiguan, so as not to damage its Feng Shui "Dragon Vein".
The ban has been implemented since the Kangxi period, and for the sake of later generations, the ban was strictly enforced for about 200 years. Shanhaiguan became an insurmountable pass for the Qing Dynasty to block the Northeast. In the 19th century, China's lower reaches of the Yellow River suffered from successive disasters. People from the Central Plains in Shanxi, Henan, Northern Anhui, Shandong, and Northern Jiangsu began to break into the Northeast. Most of them had to go through Shanhaiguan for release, so they called them breaking into Guandong. Guandong is called It has only become popular to break through the Guandong to outside the Guan, but the Guandong in the Guandong refers to the Northeast, and the geographical Guandong east of Shanhaiguan does not represent the entire Northeast, because Eastern Mongolia and Qinhuangdao are not outside Shanhaiguan;
1945 By 1954, the Northeast People's Government had jurisdiction over 7 provinces and autonomous regions including the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the original Chahar Province, Rehe Province, Liaoxi Province, Liaodong Province, Jilin Province, Songjiang Province, and Heilongjiang Province