What is landscape painting?

Chinese painting can be divided into figure painting, flower-and-bird painting and landscape painting. Among foreign paintings, there are figure paintings, still life paintings and landscape paintings. Generally, the painting of mountains and water is called landscape painting, not mountain water surface. In China, works roughly equivalent to foreign landscape paintings have long been called "landscape paintings", and people are not used to calling them landscape paintings. In the traditional concept of China people, mountains and water are symbols of the motherland, not "mountains and rivers". China's landscape painting was basically independent as early as Sui and Tang Dynasties, and reached its peak in Yuan Dynasty. Since the Yuan Dynasty, it has been the mainstream of ancient painting art in China, and its artistic achievements have surpassed many other art categories, making it a shining treasure in the world art history. China's landscape painting is very developed precisely because it is very different from the landscape painting in western painting, which we need to understand. Because there are many differences between landscape painting and landscape painting in painting production, it also forms its unique side. The main artistic feature of China Mountain Water is to pay attention to artistic conception. Artistic conception is not unique to landscape painting, but a common concept in China's traditional painting theory and poetry theory. As a product of thinking in images, it also exists in novels and essays. Artistic conception is particularly important in landscape painting, because the scenery depicted by the painter always has certain thoughts and feelings. The so-called artistic conception is simply the organic combination of scenery and emotion, which contains profound and intriguing implications. In modern western landscape painting, great attention is paid to the influence of light on the scene and the change of the inherent color of the scene due to the influence of light, which requires that the scene be described like the actual scene. China's landscape painting, although the specific scenery is divided into north and south, does not need to deliberately imitate a mountain and a water; Time is divided into morning and evening, but it doesn't care about the specific hour; The sun and the moon can be divided into sunny and sunny, and the degree of light and shade is not excessive. In short, although it requires truth, it also requires great generality, which is one of the important features of China's landscape paintings. In China's landscape painting, large blank spaces are often used to set off the atmosphere and highlight the theme, which is a great creation of China's landscape painting and enriches and develops the artistic expression of Chinese painting. Through the long-term artistic practice of painters in past dynasties, this artistic technique of leaving many blank spaces on the picture according to the needs of painting artistic conception has become a major feature of Chinese painting in composition. In China's traditional painting, the artistic technique of blank movement is often called "counting white as black". Furthermore, China's landscape paintings often have inscriptions, which are different from landscape paintings. The painter regards the inscription and postscript as an important part of the whole composition, so that calligraphy and painting can not only cooperate with each other, but also express the meaning of the work through words and combine poetry and painting. Coupled with the cooperation of Hong Chu seal, it has become another unique tradition of Chinese painting. They can balance the layout and adjust the picture, which plays a great role. Why is Chinese painting sometimes called ink painting? Chinese painting is a unique painting invented by ancient China people. In the process of painting production, the techniques and materials used are very different from those used in western painting. For example, the pigments in oil paintings are oily and can only be painted with turpentine and colored oil, and can only be used on canvas or processed paper. Most Chinese paintings are painted on paper, which is also a special kind of paper, different from the white paper we usually use to write and draw wax or the coated paper for printing calendars. It contains more fibers and is made of special materials, namely rice paper. Xuan paper is thinner than canvas or other paper, soft to the touch and delicate in texture. Xuan paper is divided into raw Xuan and cooked Xuan. Paper that absorbs a lot of water and is difficult to grasp moisture is called Sheng Xuan. Paper with a small amount of water absorption, that is, the strokes drawn on paper are not easy to dry, and paper with a large amount of water absorption is not easy to absorb. This is called cooked publicity. Raw rice paper is often used for freehand brushwork because of its high water absorption, while cooked rice paper is often used for meticulous painting because of its low water absorption. Just now I mentioned that there are many differences in materials between Chinese painting and western painting. The materials used in Chinese painting are mainly water and ink, and then there are specially processed Chinese painting pigments. Ink and wash plays an extremely important role in Chinese painting, and can change itself after being mixed with different amounts of water. Through the flexible operation of brush strokes in painting production, countless colorful changes have been formed, which is also the key to the uniqueness of Chinese painting. After the ink is mixed with water, it can evolve into different ink colors, forming the overall tone of the picture, making the picture layered. As far as domestic pigments are concerned, there are two textures, one is mineral pigments (which precipitate after being put in water for a period of time) and the other is plant pigments (which do not precipitate). Pigments in traditional Chinese painting play an auxiliary role in painting, so the color is lighter. Even in meticulous painting, rendering and coloring are based on the setting of ink lines, which further illustrates the importance of ink itself. It is precisely because water, ink and other materials occupy an obvious dominant position in painting that Chinese painting is often called ink painting. Why do Chinese paintings need to be mounted? Calligraphy and painting are called mounting. Just as we need beautiful clothes, even the best Chinese paintings need to be framed. Mounting painting includes mounting with paper and silk texture, decorating calligraphy and painting, decontamination and repair of old calligraphy and painting, and so on. Some people used to call these jobs "fittings" and "decoration", or "mounting" and "mounting shafts". Although these statements are different, they all have the same meaning. Mounting new calligraphy and painting, setting a border around the work, mounting one or more layers of paper on the back, and adding necessary decoration to make the original work more firm and easy to stretch and hang to meet people's viewing requirements. The mounting of ancient paintings requires us to adopt traditional painting mounting technology to repair the decoration of paintings and make them preserved for a long time, which is an important contribution to the protection of cultural relics. Mounting painting is a unique craft in China with a long history. Traditional painting and calligraphy mounting in China can be roughly divided into three categories: hanging scroll, hand scroll and picture album. According to the size, shape and use of framed pictures, three types of framed pictures are determined. No matter what form of new painting and calligraphy is mounted, the mounting process can be divided into three steps: painting heart, inlay and mounting. Among them, the mounting of painting heart is the most important process in the whole mounting process. The restoration process of old paintings and calligraphy is complicated. First of all, you need to remove the original old painting heart, wash away the dirt and mildew, mend the hole and collect the pen in full color. Subsequent work is basically the same as mounting new paintings and calligraphy. The mounting of traditional Chinese painting is like a "saddle horse", which can make the painting show better effect. Mounted Chinese paintings are smooth and clean, adding a unique antique charm. Why are Chinese paintings divided into meticulous painting and freehand brushwork? Chinese painting can be divided into meticulous painting and freehand brushwork, and so can western painting. Just don't call it that. For example, sketching in painting, whether painting Chinese painting or western painting, is a basic skill that must be practiced. It includes not only neat and meticulous sketches and sketches, but also concise sketches and dictation. It takes more time to draw lines and sketches, and the objects of description are generally things that have not changed much in a short time, such as plants in flower-and-bird paintings. The feature of "sketch" is fast, which requires the painter to capture the main features of the object as soon as possible. The dynamics of some objects are fleeting, so it is impossible to compare and write on the spot. This requires a painter not only to have keen observation, but also to have a good memory. After the object disappears, he can draw it silently with the impression left in his mind. Freehand brushwork and meticulous painting are similar to "slow painting" and "quick painting" in sketch, but they are not the same. Sketch mainly shows the original image of things, whether it is freehand brushwork or meticulous painting, it must be "creative" Ancient literati painters in China used painting to express their views and feelings about society, and painting became a means for them to express their feelings. Therefore, they no longer pay attention to the expression and description of natural scenery, divorced from the original painting method, and gradually evolved into another lyric painting, that is, freehand brushwork. Meticulous brushwork, neat and rigorous style, rich colors, first hook and then dye, publicity and decoration. Freehand brushwork requires high generalization, concise pen and ink, exaggerated modeling and strong colors, which gives people a strong appeal. Now, we often use a painting method between meticulous painting and freehand brushwork, that is, "taking pen as work", also known as "taking pen as work". For example, Qi Baishi's flower-and-bird painting, after lyrical brushwork, carefully draws some small insects with a small pen, and adds some small embellishments to the large pen, so that the picture will not be too "detailed" and dull, nor too "freehand" and rough. Why are artists divided into many schools? Artists' work of creating works of art is different from that of machine production in the same factory. The products produced by the machine require the same shape, structure and size. The works created by artists are not necessarily the same, but varied and ever-changing. Because many artists live in different times, regions and environments, everyone's personality, hobbies, ideological tendencies and creative techniques are different, thus forming different styles and characteristics. Of course, some artists consciously or unconsciously form a group because they live in the same era, the same region, have similar aesthetic tastes and artistic pursuits, have similar styles and have similar technical characteristics. Another situation is that an artist's personal artistic style is loved, and then students who follow his style appear, and students who follow his style will also form a certain group. People call these groups "schools". Then the naming of the genre is naturally named according to the era, region, style and technical characteristics of this genre. For example, many ancient paintings in China are named after different schools according to different times, such as "Four Masters in Southern Song Dynasty" and "Six Masters in Early Qing Dynasty". Many western paintings are also divided according to the times. For example, Greek classical art is divided into stages, medieval Christian art, Renaissance painting and antique art, and artists who live in the same area or whose artistic creation activities are in the same area and form similar styles often name their schools after the names of the areas. For example, the famous "Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou" in Qing Dynasty, the "Lingnan School" in modern times and the "Florence School" and "Venetian School" in the Italian Renaissance in Europe. The name that best embodies the artistic characteristics of the genre is named after the style, form or expression of the artistic works, which is the most typical in western modernist painting. Some artists have been attacked and criticized after bringing their works to the society, calling themselves genres in the words of attackers, such as "Impressionism" and "Fauvism". Some artists have the same aesthetic tastes and ideas, so they put forward their own ideas and form a certain genre, such as "photographic realism", "surrealism" and "abstraction". China ink painting also has many schools based on techniques or styles, such as freehand brushwork, boneless painting and sketching. It can be seen that artists do not "divide" people into this school and that school. The formation of various artistic schools has its profound and unique social reasons. Why do you use less rubber when drawing? Erasers are used to erase pencil marks. Why do you use less rubber when drawing? Let's first analyze two phenomena in painting. A phenomenon: a classmate painted there, drew a stroke, felt it was not like it, and erased the redrawn one. Painting and painting, just like this, a painting, I don't know how many times it has been rubbed repeatedly, and it may not be well painted in the end. I rubbed it for a long time, and as a result, my confidence was "rubbed off" and my interest was "rubbed off". Another thing is "rubbing", which is a very important observation and memory method in painting. Originally, you had to observe with your eyes first, and then remember what you observed in your mind. With eye observation and brain memory digestion, you can start painting, and the accuracy of painting with strokes is gradually obtained through repeated practice and correction. Students who always like to use erasers just observe with their eyes, remember with their brains, and then start drawing. They think the painting is not good, and it doesn't matter if they can't remember it clearly. They can wipe it and brush it again anyway. Phenomenon 2: after losing self-confidence, rubber may be used less, but look at his picture-whether it is a person or an animal, simple or complex, the outline is all occupied by small broken roads. Even the simplest brush strokes are short and broken lines, and it seems that the whole line can't be drawn. If you draw like this, your observation and memory will also be affected, but your self-confidence will still fail. It is not difficult to solve this problem. Students know that no matter what objects are drawn, accuracy and inaccuracy are relative, and there is a process. The most important thing is whether observation, memory and hands-on ability are well coordinated, whether there are many exercises, and whether there is enough brain analysis. Especially the sketch, what are you afraid of when it's over? Staying there can compare right and wrong. If you draw too many pictures, it will naturally become more and more difficult to write. Put your mind on analyzing and comparing right and wrong, and look for the defects of analysis, observation and memory, and you will draw better and better, and your self-confidence will become stronger and stronger. In fact, many adults draw sketches, which often lead to inaccurate drawing and redrawing. Why should students be timid? Of course, not all paintings are drawn without an eraser. For example, you can sketch without an eraser, but you'd better use it less. But it is absolutely forbidden to use erasers in sketching. In addition, no matter what painting, the lines must be smooth and not broken, which is also necessary. Why can't you really learn art by simply learning techniques? When you appreciate a good work of art, you can't help being infected, relaxed and heavy, or standing on the edge of a bamboo forest in a rough sea. Gu Kaizhi, a painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, has a famous argument: "Vivid portrayal" and "fantastic ideas". In his painting "Ode to the Goddess of Luo", can't you appreciate the literary grace and romance of "being as light as Yun Zheyue, fluttering like a romantic wind returning to snow, looking at it from a distance like the sunrise, forcing people to judge like green waves"? Poetry is a picture with sound, and painting is a silent poem. The Mona Lisa painted by Leonardo da Vinci, with an eternal smile on the screen, is mysterious and brilliant, and is known as the trace of the ages. Pope John F. X of velazquez makes it hard to recall those cold, insidious and insidious eyes. When we are immersed in the excellent works of art, who just stays and appreciates their techniques? Which good work is not the harmonious unity of artistic conception and formal beauty? Which good work does not include the author's thoughts, temperament, knowledge, self-cultivation and their exploration and pursuit of painting language? Therefore, just learning the techniques of art can not make your understanding and pursuit of art rise to a higher level. In addition, if you really want to learn art well, you need to have knowledge of other disciplines, such as mathematics, physics, chemistry and so on. Otherwise, it is difficult to understand the proportion, structure, anatomy, perspective, color and the performance of painting tools in painting. It is hard to imagine that a student who is poor in other subjects can learn art well. In short, children who are interested in learning art must remember that you can't really learn art by learning art skills alone. Only on the basis of mutual promotion with other disciplines can you put hard wings on art study.