Geography latitude and longitude of senior high school entrance examination
Knowledge points of latitude and longitude in the junior high school entrance examination 1. Review the outline and materials of geographical latitude and longitude, and use them urgently
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The difference between longitude and latitude (see P5-P7) The latitude longitude (also known as meridian) is defined as a circle perpendicular to the earth's axis, which connects the north and south poles and intersects the latitude vertically. The length of the semicircle is gradually shortened from the equator to the pole, indicating that the east-west direction, the north-south direction and the south-north direction are parallel and intersect. Longitude and Latitude (see P6-P7) Longitude (meridian) Latitude division starting point meridian (prime meridian) latitude (equator) division method meridian east is east longitude (E) latitude north is north latitude (N) west is west longitude (W) south is south latitude (S) numerical value increases from meridian east to west at the same time from latitude south. Coincidence with 18°E) -9 (9 N (North Pole) 9°S (South Pole)) Expression Degree +W or E Value +N or S Variation Number The axis hemisphere is divided into 2 W, with the east to the west of 16 E and the north of the equator as the northern hemisphere (2 W--16 E).
Write the coordinates of A and B (A: 15 W, 15 SB: 75 E, ). Solution: ① Determine the warp and weft: the horizontal and vertical warp in the linear warp and weft network; Looking at the relationship between lines in other latitude and longitude networks, the lines that intersect or will eventually intersect are longitude lines, and the parallel lines are always latitude lines. ② Judging the east and west longitude lines, south and north latitude lines: those with can be directly judged, with E to the east and W to the west of longitude lines, N to the north and S to the south of latitude lines; The latitude and longitude network without longitude or latitude is judged according to the increasing direction of the numerical value-the numerical value increases eastward to east longitude (E), westward to west longitude (W), northward to north latitude (N) and southward to south latitude (S). Judging the hemispheric position of A and B (A: Eastern Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere B: the boundary between the Eastern Hemisphere and the Northern Hemisphere) ① Judging the Southern Hemisphere and the Northern Hemisphere according to the latitude.
the letter after latitude is n, that is, the northern hemisphere, and s, that is, the southern hemisphere. If there is neither n nor s, it is at the equator, and it is located at the boundary between the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere. ② There are two methods to judge the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere according to the longitude: one is the number axis method, drawing the number axis of the hemisphere (as above), marking the points to be judged in the corresponding positions of the number axis, and then reading out the position of the hemisphere. The second numerical method, most of the east longitude is in the eastern hemisphere, and the east longitude >; 16 in the western hemisphere; Most of the west longitude is in the western hemisphere, and the west longitude is 3.
A is in the direction of B (A is in the southwest of B) Solution: ① Judging the east-west direction according to longitude: the east longitude is greater in the east and the west longitude is greater in the west (for example, A is 11°E and B is 1°E, then A is in the east and B is in the west; C 11°W and D 5°W, then C is in Xiding and East; If 1°E is 4°W, then E is in the east and in the west; When the east longitude of two places and one place is in the west longitude, we should pay special attention to whether the longitude sum of the two places exceeds 18. If it exceeds 18, the east longitude is in the west and the west longitude is in the east, such as Geng 1°W Xin 1° E, and Geng is in the east and west) ② Judging the north-south direction according to latitude: the north latitude is in the north and the south latitude is in the south ③ Comprehensive ② The judgment result is the example of the direction sought. The idea of solving the problem by marking the longitude of C and D: From the north pole point (N) in the center, this picture is a top view of the North Pole, and from the north to the south, it is known that the rotation direction of the earth in this picture is counterclockwise (this direction can be marked with a pencil in the picture to help answer the question).
the longitude of a is , the longitude of b is 18, which shows that the longitude of c and d is 9. From A to C, the value increases in the same direction as the earth's rotation, that is, to the east, so C is the east longitude, that is, 9 E.
the value from a to d also increases, but the direction of increase is opposite to the rotation direction, that is, it increases to the west, so d is 9°W 2 west longitude. A is in the direction of B (A is in the northwest of B) Find the direction of A in B, that is, find the orientation of A relative to B, and point B where A is the direction to be determined is the reference point.
the thinking of solving the problem is as follows: ① judging the east-west direction: from the reference point to the point where the direction is to be determined; if the traveling direction is the same as the rotation direction, the point where the direction is to be determined is in the east of the reference point; otherwise, judging the north-south direction in the west: the direction near the North Pole (N) is the north, and the direction near the South Pole (S) is the south; ③ Comprehensive ① The direction judged is the direction sought.
2. geography review outline for junior high school entrance examination
general review outline for junior high school geography Chapter 1: Earth and globe 1. Shape: The earth is an irregular sphere with slightly flat poles and slightly bulging equator.
2. size: radius: 6371km; Polar radius: 6357 km; Equatorial circumference: 4, kilometers. 3. Globe: The globe is a model of the earth.
(find the earth axis, poles and equator on the globe) 4. Meridians: Meridians features: all meridians are the same length; Meridians indicate the north-south direction; The meridian is a semicircle. Longitude: -18; The meridian is the prime meridian, the east longitude is indicated by the letter E, and the west longitude is indicated by the letter W; 5. Weft: Features of weft: the length of weft is different, the equator is the longest, and it gradually shortens to the north and south poles; Both latitudes indicate the east-west direction; The latitude is a complete circle.
Latitude: -9; latitude is the equator, and the north of the equator is the north latitude, which is represented by the letter n; South of the equator is the south latitude, which is represented by the letter S. 6. Division of low, middle and high latitudes: in the northern and southern hemispheres, -3 is low latitude, 3-6 is middle latitude, and 6-9 is high latitude.
7. the division of the eastern and western hemispheres: the warp coil consisting of 2°W and 16°E is the boundary; The eastern hemisphere is east of 2°W and west of 16°E; The western hemisphere is west of 2°W and east of 16°E; 8, can use warp and weft nets on the globe to determine the position of any place on the earth. 9. The rotation of the earth: direction: from west to east; Cycle: one day (24 hours); Center of rotation: Earth axis.
Geographical significance: There is a difference between day and night and time. 1. The revolution of the earth: the center of revolution: the sun; Direction: from west to east; Cycle: one year; Orbit of revolution: ellipse.
Geographical significance: It has produced seasonal changes and changes in the length of day and night. 11. Division of five zones: Chapter II: Map 1. Representation methods of scale: text type, line type, digital type 2. Comparison of scale size: the larger the denominator, the smaller the scale; The smaller the denominator, the larger the scale.
3. The larger the scale, the smaller the scope and the more detailed the content; The smaller the scale, the larger the scope and the simpler the content. 4. Scale = distance on the map ÷ field distance 5. Representation method of the direction on the map: general map, using general orientation method: facing the map, going up north and down south, left west and right east.
for maps with pointing targets, the pointing method is used: the arrow direction of the pointing target generally points to the north. A map with a latitude and longitude net is oriented by the latitude and longitude net method: the longitude line indicates the north-south direction, and the latitude line indicates the east-west direction. 6. Legend: symbols representing various geographical things on the map.
(remember the commonly used legends) 7. Note: On the map, words used to explain the names of mountains, rivers, countries, cities, etc., as well as numbers indicating the height and water depth of mountains. 8. Altitude (absolute height): the vertical distance above sea level at a certain point on the earth's surface.
relative height: the vertical distance from one place to another on the earth's surface. Contour: a line connecting points with the same altitude on the map.
9. On the contour topographic map, the contour lines are dense, indicating a steep slope; The contour lines are sparse, indicating that the slope is slow. 1. Judging the terrain by the characteristics of contour lines: the top of the mountain: the contour line is high in the middle and low around.
ridge: the contour line protrudes to the lower part. Valley: contour lines protrude to high places.
saddle: the contour lines on both sides are relatively high. Cliff: A place where several contours overlap.
chapter iii: land and sea of the world 1. the proportion of land and water area on the earth's surface: ocean 71%, land 29%, land divided into three parts and ocean divided into seven parts. 2. Seven continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania.
(in descending order of area) Four oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean. The distribution of seven continents and four oceans can be accurately found on the world map.
3. The dividing line between continents: Asia and Europe: Ural Mountain, ural river, Caucasus Mountain and Turkish Strait. Asia and Africa: Suez Canal.
North America and South America: Panama Canal. Asia and North America: Bering Strait.
4. land topography includes five categories: plains, plateaus, mountains, hills and basins. 5. Himalayas, cordilleras, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Amazon Plain can be found on the topographic map.
6. Read the topographic map of the continent and judge the general trend of the continent. 7. Plate tectonics theory: The lithosphere on the earth's surface is composed of six plates, namely Asia-Europe plate, Africa plate, Indian Ocean plate, Pacific plate, America plate and Antarctica plate.
the interior of the plate is relatively stable, and the crustal movement at the edge of the plate is relatively active, which is easy to form volcanoes and earthquakes. 8. Two major volcanic seismic belts in the world: the Pacific Rim volcanic seismic belt and the Mediterranean-Himalayan volcanic seismic belt.
chapter iv: world climate 1. weather: the atmospheric conditions (wind and rain, hot and cold, sunny and sunny, etc.) in a short time in a place. the weather is short-term and often changes. Climate: the average weather condition in a place for many years. The climate is long and relatively stable.
2. Know the common weather symbols. 3. The temperature refers to the temperature of the atmosphere, with the unit of℃, and the measuring method is a thermometer.
4. The temperature changes during the day. The highest temperature on land generally appears around 2 pm, and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise. The temperature changes in a year. The highest average monthly temperature on land in the northern hemisphere is July, and the lowest temperature is January. The opposite is true in the southern hemisphere.
5. Daily temperature range: the difference between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature in a day. Temperature annual range: the difference between the average temperature in the hottest month of the year and the average temperature in the most Leng Yue.
6. vertical change of temperature: at the same place, the temperature drops by .6℃ for every 1m elevation. 7. Learn to read the annual average isotherm of the world.
8. Distribution law of annual average temperature in the world: global temperature decreases from low latitude to high latitude; At the same latitude, the sea and land temperatures are different; At the same latitude, the temperature in plateau and mountain is low, and the temperature in plain is high. 9. Learn to read the temperature curve.
1. precipitation: water vapor in the air falls on the ground in the form of rain, snow and hail, which is called precipitation. The measuring method is rain gauge, and the unit is millimeter (mm).
11, can analyze the seasonal variation of precipitation in a place. 12. Learn to read the world precipitation distribution map.
13. Regional differences of precipitation in the world: there is more precipitation in equatorial regions and less precipitation in polar regions; Near the tropic of cancer, there is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast; In temperate regions, there is less precipitation in the mainland and more precipitation along the coast; There is more precipitation on windward slope and less precipitation on leeward slope in mountainous area. 14. Learn to read.
3. Geographical latitude and longitude
The meridian, also known as meridian, is an auxiliary line assumed by human beings for the convenience of measurement, and is defined as a semi-circular arc on the great circle connecting the north and south poles on the earth's surface. Any two meridians are equal in length and intersect at the north and south poles. Each meridian has its corresponding numerical value, which is called longitude. The meridian indicates the north-south direction.
Like the meridian, the latitude is an auxiliary line assumed by human beings for the convenience of measurement, and it is defined as the trajectory formed by a point on the earth's surface with the rotation of the earth. Any weft is round and parallel to each other. The length of the latitude is the circumference of the equator multiplied by the cosine of the latitude of the latitude, so the latitude with the longest equator, the farther away from the equator, the shorter the circumference, and it will shrink to zero at the poles. The latitude indicates the north-south direction.
4. Methods of interpreting latitude and longitude in the graticule map
(1) Determining geographical coordinates by using graticule 1.
on the polar projection map, the meridian is a straight line radiating from the pole to the surrounding. The latitude is a concentric circle with the pole as the center.
2。 On the non-polar projection map, in general, horizontal straight lines or arcs represent latitudes, and vertical straight lines or arcs represent meridians.
under special circumstances, it is necessary to judge from the latitude and longitude values. The maximum latitude value is less than 9, and the longitude value can be greater than 9. If the degree of a straight line is greater than 9, it must be a meridian.
(2) judge the hemisphere position of a place according to the latitude and longitude. Judging the northern and southern hemispheres according to their dimensions: the northern latitude is in the northern hemisphere, the southern latitude is in the southern hemisphere, and the dividing line between the northern and southern latitudes and the dividing line between the northern and southern hemispheres is the equator.
judging the eastern and western hemispheres according to the longitude: Tokyo is not all in the eastern hemisphere, and the west longitude is not necessarily in the western hemisphere, because the dividing line between the eastern and western hemispheres is not and 18 longitude, but 2W and 16E, so the eastern hemisphere is 16E to the east and 2w to the west of longitude; The western hemisphere ranges from 16E to 18 east and 2W to 18 west. (3) Use the graticule to determine the direction 1.
the longitude indicates the north-south direction, and the latitude indicates the east-west direction a .. Two points on the same meridian are due south and north, and two points on the same latitude are due east and west.
B。 If two points are neither on the same longitude nor on the same latitude, we should judge both the east-west direction and the north-south direction between the two points when judging the orientation.
C。 On the same latitude (assuming the latitude of the latitude is x), the actual arc length corresponding to longitude 1 is about 111*cosx kilometers.
Therefore, if two places are on the same latitude, the distance between two points can be calculated as long as the longitude difference between the two points is known. 2。
judgment range a. Two paintings with the same latitude and longitude and across the same latitude and longitude have the same area.
B。 Across maps with the same latitude and longitude, the higher the latitude, the smaller the representation range.
C。 Two maps with the same map sheet, the wider the latitude and longitude, the larger the scope and the smaller the scale.
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5. I don't know anything about geography latitude and longitude. Who can write about it soon after the entrance examination? I love asking knowledge in grade seven.
Longitude and latitude are both angles.
longitude is a dihedral angle, which is the included angle between two meridian planes. Because all meridians are the same length, in order to measure longitude, a starting point surface is selected, which is determined by 1884