What do you mean by * * * and * * for the people of China and China?
Not private, the state and the government should work hard for the public interest, not for private interests.
Another basic meaning of struggle and politics is that leaders of state organs at all levels are not successors.
Inherited, not hereditary, not destined, but produced through free and fair elections. Therefore,
Fair and free elections are another basic criterion to judge whether a country really implements politics.
Then.
In the modern world, although there is still no shortage of autocratic rule, it is obvious that it does not practice democracy.
* * * and political countries are rare. Even some countries with obvious despotism have died.
The banner of "democracy and harmony". Therefore, to judge whether a country is really "people value peace",
The key is the system and practice of democratic politics, especially the political election system, power supervision system and
A series of basic political systems to ensure civil liberties, equality and other human rights, and effectively implement this.
The political practice of some systems. Over the past 20 years of reform and opening up, we have done a lot of work in promoting the construction of democratic politics.
A lot of work has been done and great achievements have been made. For example, we have improved and perfected people's congresses at all levels.
The electoral system, the establishment of villagers and residents autonomy system, the implementation of administrative litigation and administrative supervision.
System, and so on.
However, for social and political development and democratic construction, the institutional environment and the quality of citizens are
Complement each other and are equally important. Even with the best democracy, if citizens don't have good politics.
Quality, democracy is often a mere formality. The quality of citizens is various, among which the most basic.
One of the elements is the political culture and political identity with democratic politics as the core value. The formation of citizens
The main way of democratic political identity and political culture is the process of political socialization.
It is political education.
We can't say that we don't attach importance to political education. On the surface, we may be the world.
One of the countries that attach great importance to political education in the world: we have political classes from primary school to doctoral degree.
Graduate students and ... leave school to work and often study politics. Such intensive political teaching
Education is probably rare in the world. However, as a result of such emphasis on political education, many citizens even
It's a great irony not to know the true meaning of one's country name! relevant department
It's really time to reflect!
* * * The Republic never needs every citizen to be keen on being an official, but it does need everyone to cherish themselves.
Democratic rights; * * * The Republic of China never needed people to talk about state affairs every day, but it did need people to pass it.
Psychopolitical election and supervision; * * * The Republic of China never needs empty political sermons, but it does need solid ones.
Democratic education.
Harmony is a form of government in human society (and a country ruled in this way), and the monarch is not the supreme head of state.
The word comes from the Latin word res publica, which means "public affairs". * * * The fundamental principle of peace is that the world is public, the state power is public property, and governing the country is the common cause of all citizens. * * * In its original intention, it is a field of public affairs organized through the system, not an organizational form or political power. Harmony emphasizes the publicity, fairness and neutrality of the government, that is, the government must serve the interests of all people (public welfare), not just the interests of a few people in power. However, the concept of democracy is not implied in the * * * system. * * * and the form of government can contain limited democracy, and these rights are only allowed to a limited number of people, as is the case in many authoritarian or totalitarian countries today. The meaning of this word is also broad enough to include many advanced democratic countries today.
The earliest * * * and regime can be traced back to Akkad in West Asia. The most famous ancient Republic was the Roman Republic founded in 509 BC. Before the emergence of modern democracy, many countries adopted * * * and regimes, such as Venice in the Middle Ages. This also shows that "harmony" is not necessarily "democracy".
In ancient times, although * * * and nominally all citizens * * * enjoyed the system-this does not include slaves without civil rights, in fact, most of them were nobles * * * and. In these republics, only nobles have the right to participate in politics. The Roman Republic is such an example.
The modern harmonious system emphasizes that all citizens participate in the formulation and implementation of national laws and policies. Of course, the process of participation may be direct; Or indirectly, such as through representative democracy. In modern times, there is usually only one head of state, the president. But there are some exceptions, such as Switzerland, which has a seven-member committee as the head of state, called the Swiss Federal Parliament, and San Marino, where the position of head of state is shared by two people.
Some people think that Britain was the first Republic in modern times. Although Britain is a constitutional monarchy, because the monarch is only the nominal head of state, the law stipulates that national sovereignty belongs to the people, so it is also called "virtual monarch * * and". So Montesquieu thinks that "Britain is a republic wrapped in the cloak of monarchy".
It is difficult to draw a precise line between harmony and monarchy, and nothing can say that one is more democratic than the other, because the power of the head of state (monarch or president) may be completely ceremonial (although a democratic country composed of elected heads of state is usually considered more democratic than the monarchy). Monarchs usually rule all their lives. When they die, they are replaced by a relative, chosen by themselves or according to the rules of inheritance. On the contrary, the presidents of the Republic of China are usually elected within a limited time, and their successors are chosen by the people who elected them. It is not even democratic now, and it is usually claimed to be democratic. Although the result of the election may be certain, the normal election ceremony is still maintained to elect the heads of their countries. Usually, these heads of state will leave their posts automatically (through resignation or retirement) or be forced to leave their posts by other members of the ruling elite (through constitutional means). But there are still some exceptions-for example, every new holy Roman emperor is elected by the head of the empire, although it has been a common practice for centuries to elect the descendants of a particular family to hold this position. Perhaps the most important exception to the current monarchy is the use of oligarchy in Britain (known as the Privy Council).
In addition, the old definition used "* * * and" to describe that kind of representative democracy, and limited the meaning of "democracy" to direct democracy. For more discussion on the usage and history of this word, see Democracy. Even this usage does not contain many * * * and systems, past and present, those that are not democratic at all (although there are few modern * * * and allow them to lack democracy).
With this old meaning, it can be said that the United States is a federal system, not a democracy. Although most people, including most Americans, call it democracy, they use the modern definition here, not the old one. The use of the words * * * and was very common during the founding of the United States. The authors of the American Constitution deliberately chose their so-called * * * system for many reasons. For example, it is unrealistic to collect the votes of every citizen on every political issue. In theory, members can be more knowledgeable and less emotional than ordinary people. In addition, * * * can also be designed to resist the protection of "tyranny of the majority". Proponents of federalism describe this view. Pure democracy is actually very dangerous because it allows the majority to violate the rights of the minority. Through their so-called * * * system, representatives are elected in many different ways (the president, the House of Representatives, the Senate and state officials are elected separately), which makes it more difficult for the majority to control the government and infringe on the minority.
* * * and the political system are also the political system of People's Republic of China (PRC). Other examples include the British Revolution, France and Germany.
First, the meaning of "* * * and" in ancient Chinese
In 842 BC, the tyrant Hu was deported by the citizens of the capital Haojiang. The following year was called "* * * and the first year" by people in the Western Zhou Dynasty, which is the origin of the word "* * * and". Academic circles have always had two views on "* * * and administration". According to traditional historical records, Zhao Gong and the Duke of Zhou were two governments, and posthumous title was "* * * and". The bamboo annals unearthed in the Jin Dynasty and Lv Lianzi all think that Li was expelled, the prince was still young, and the princes elected Wei Wugong and He as the agent of the son of heaven, so they are called "* * * and politics". Modern scholars tend to the latter, and even middle school history textbooks have been changed accordingly.
When translating "Republic" with "* * * and", people in China generally believe in "* * * and", that is, "Zhao Gong and Zhou were governed by the public". According to this theory, "* * * and" should be understood as oligorgy: a government composed of a few people or families (especially the fact that a small number of people or families are composed).
If we believe that "* * * Bo and Gan Huang Di" in the bamboo annals, then this "* * * He" is the abbreviation of Wei Wugong's name and has nothing to do with the state power. According to Plato's theory of six countries, Zhou, temporarily entrusted by Wei Wugong, should belong to the tyrant system. Please note that the biggest difference between a tyrant and a monarchy is that the means by which a tyrant obtains power is illegal (for example, not through hereditary system). Monarchs don't have to be benevolent, and tyrants don't have to be tyrannical. The original meaning of "tyrant" in Greek is a high aristocratic title, which has nothing to do with "tyrant". It is only because most of the "tyrants" in the past dynasties practiced tyranny and were overthrown by nobles and people one after another that the reputation of this title was tarnished.
It is obviously blasphemy to equate "Republic" with oligarchy or tyranny. So, what is the essence of "republic"?
Second, the meaning of "Res publica" in Latin
"republic" in English is the abbreviation of Latin "res publica". According to Latin grammar, the noun "res" comes before the adjective "publica". "res" means "affairs, management, governance, property" and "publica" means "citizen, openness". "res publica" together means "by the people and civil affairs", which is completely opposite to the meaning of "* * * and" in ancient Chinese.
"Civilian rule"! Isn't this the same as the Greek word "γ ο κ ρ ι α" (demokratia)? Yes, "republica" is the Latin translation of "demokratia", which is why there is no such noun as "demokratia" in Latin. Because of this, there is no such noun as "republic" in Greek, and "republic" in English is called "η ορ ι α" in Greek.
For Greeks and Romans, "demokratia" (democracy) is "res publica" (republic), and the difference between them is equal to zero! Among the six national forms summarized by Plato and Aristotle, kingship (monarchy), aristocracy (aristocracy), tyranny (tyranny), oligarchy (oligarchy) and ochlocracy (mob) cannot be regarded as republics. A republic can only be and must be a democracy.
However, an extremely painful fact is before us: it is extremely wrong to call itself a "Republic" only by deposing the monarch and eradicating the nobles. Tyranny, oligarchy and mob are not "republics". A country can only be called a "republic" if all its political rights belong to all its citizens, and the minority is not allowed to oppress the majority, nor is the majority allowed to oppress the minority. A Republic that is not ruled by the public is like a kingdom that is not ruled by the king. All tyrannical, oligarchic and mob governments under the banner of "Republic" are wolves in sheep's clothing.
For various historical reasons, modern people are used to understanding "democracy" as a political ideal and "republic" as a political system. Considering this factor, there can only be one reasonable Chinese translation of these two nouns:
Democracy = rule by the people
"Republic" = Republic of China