What are the rhetorical techniques? What are their rhetorical effects?

Rhetorical techniques

Rhetorical techniques currently known: there are sixty-three major categories and seventy-eight sub-categories.

There are specific metaphors: they can be divided into: simile, simile, metonymy, metaphor (also known as compound metaphor), inverted metaphor (also known as reverse metaphor), counter-metaphor, mutual metaphor (also known as anaphora) ), comparative metaphor (also known as strong metaphor), simile, metaphor, quotation, metaphor;

There are white description, analogy (also known as analogy), avoidance of duplication, change of use, layering, underlining (also known as foil), set off (also known as contrast, foil), inverted text, inversion, overlapping sounds, overlapping words, top truth (also known as thimble, linked beads), contrast, confrontation (also known as duality, team) battle, parallelism), renovation, repetition, rhetorical question, irony, word imitation, imitation, whitewash, separate inheritance (also known as parallel mention, combined narration, combined statement);

There is overlap, intricacy, and compounding Partial meaning, indirect use, synthesis, appeal, mutuality, intertextuality, conversion, loop, palindrome, subtraction, metonymy, question, ambiguity, parallelism, connection, imitation (also divided into: Imitation of shape, imitation of sound, imitation of color), list of brocades, linkage, exaggeration, warning, presentation, pun, tautology, overlap, reference, allusion, quotation, transfer, Xu Zhen (also known as Lian Zhu), Homophony, rest, symbol, inlay, word analysis, euphemism (also divided into: circumlocution, humility, taboo language), euphemism, synaesthesia (also known as transference, transference), escape, transfer.

1 Commonly used rhetorical techniques

Common rhetorical techniques

Common rhetorical techniques include: metaphor, analogy, metonymy, hyperbole, antithesis, parallelism, question, rhetorical question wait. The purpose of learning rhetorical knowledge is to serve language practice. First of all, you can identify each rhetorical method in the language, and then understand its applicable effect; at the same time, you must be able to use these rhetorical methods to improve your ability to use language. Rhetorical method is also called figure of speech. According to expert research, there are as many as 70 types of figures of speech in Chinese, and there are more than 10 common ones.

(1) Metaphor. It is a rhetorical method that uses a specific, superficial, and familiar thing or situation to explain another abstract, profound, and unfamiliar thing or situation. Metaphor is divided into three forms: simile, metaphor and metonymy. The form of simile can be abbreviated as follows: A (noumenon) such as (metaphor: image, like, ruo, yu, like, as if) B (metaphor body). The form of metaphor can be shortened to: A is (metaphor: become, become, become, act as, transform into) B. Simile is a similarity relationship in form, while metaphor is a correspondence relationship. Metaphor: Only the metaphor appears, and neither the ontology nor the metaphorical words appear. Such as: The sparrow knows the ambition of the swan!

(2) Metaphorism. Instead of directly naming the person or thing you want to talk about, use a name that is closely related to the person or thing to replace it, such as using part instead of the whole; using concrete instead of abstract; using characteristics instead of ontology; using proper names instead of general names, etc. For example:

① Don’t take advantage of the masses. (One stitch at a time replaces all the property of the masses)

②Don’t eat from a big pot. ("Big pot rice" represents abstract "egalitarianism")

③A gray beard sits in the corner smoking a cigarette. (The gray beard represents the identity with characteristics)

④ Tens of millions of Lei Feng are active on the land of the motherland. ("Lei Feng" represents abstract communist thought with a concrete image)

(3) Comparison. A rhetorical method that treats people as objects or objects as people. The former is called objectification, and the latter is called personification. For example:

①You should neither stick your tail up nor tuck your tail between your legs. (Imitation)

②The wax torch turns to ashes and tears begin to dry. (Personification)

(4) Exaggeration. A rhetorical method that enlarges or reduces the description of the image, characteristics, functions, and extent of things. Such as:?

①The white hair is three thousand feet, and the fate is as long as the worry. ("Three thousand feet" is an exaggeration)

②Don't worry about things as big as sesame seeds. ("Sesame seeds" is an exaggeration)

③As soon as the sun came up, the ground seemed to be on fire. (The "coming out" of the former thing and the "fire" of the latter thing are exaggerated to the point that they appear almost at the same time. Some people call this exaggeration method advanced exaggeration)

(5) Contrast. It is a method of comparing two things or two aspects of the same thing side by side. For example:

① Worry about the world's worries first, and rejoice after the world's happiness.

② Zhumen smells of wine and meat, and there are frozen bones on the road.

(6) Duality. Use a pair of phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure and equal number of words to express relative or similar meanings. For example:

① If you are full, you will suffer losses, but if you are modest, you will benefit.

② With a cold eyebrow and a thousand fingers, he bows his head and is willing to be a Ruzi Niu.

③If you want to see a thousand miles away, reach a higher level. (Running water pair)

④ Looking inside and outside the Great Wall, there is nothing but vastness, and the river is flowing up and down, and suddenly it stops flowing. (Sector facing)

(7) Comparison. A method of combining several (usually three or more) phrases or sentences with related content, the same or similar structure, and a consistent tone. Such as:

But this time there were a few things that surprised me. One is that the authorities can be so cruel, one is that the gossips are so bad, and one is that Chinese women can be so calm in the face of difficulties.

(8) Repeatedly. A method of making the same word or sentence appear again and again according to the needs of expression.

Repetitions can be continuous or occur at intervals. For example:

① Brave the enemy’s artillery fire and move forward! Move forward! Move forward!

② Wherever the enemy attacks, we will destroy it. Wherever the enemy attacks, we will destroy it. Want it to perish somewhere.

(9)Irony. That is what is commonly called "telling irony" - the actual meaning to be expressed is the opposite of the literal meaning. For example: "Friends" no longer need to be "surprised and inexplicable", just please feel free to share it.

(10) rhetorical question. It expresses a definite meaning in the form of a question, so no answer is required. For example: Is it still appropriate for middle school teachers and girls to ride bicycles? ("The Man in the Condom")

(11) Question. In order to highlight what is being said, express it in the form of a question. For example: Who are these seven people holding? It is none other than Chao Gai, Wu Yong, Gongsun Sheng, Liu Tang, and San Ruan. Assume that the question is self-asking and self-answering.

In addition, rhetorical methods that appear more frequently in textbooks include: quotations, puns, thimbles (or "linked beads"), calls, duplications, warnings, synaesthesia, euphemisms, taboos, etc. .

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Chinese common sense

Part 1

Two language types: spoken language and written language.

Two ways of argumentation: argumentation and refutation.

Two explanation languages: plain and vivid.

Two types of expository essays: expository essays on affairs and expository essays on things.

Two types of environment description: natural environment description--to highlight the character's mood and exaggerate the atmosphere.

2 Commonly used rhetorical techniques

Description of social environment-explaining the background of the times.

Two types of arguments: factual arguments and rational arguments.

Part 2

Three emotional colors: complimentary, derogatory, and neutral.

Three elements of the novel: characters (determine the main characters based on whether they can express the theme and idea of ​​the novel) plot (beginning/development/climax/ending) environment (natural environment/social environment.)

Three elements of an argumentative essay: argument, argument, and demonstration.

The argumentative essay has three parts: raising the question (introduction), analyzing the problem (thesis), and solving the problem (conclusion).

Three explanation orders: temporal order, spatial order, and logical order.

Three principles of language use: conciseness, coherence, and tact.

Part Three

Four literary genres: novels, poetry, drama, and prose.

Four types of argumentation methods: example argumentation, rational argumentation, metaphorical argumentation, and comparative argumentation.

The four uses of sentences: declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory.

The plot of the novel is divided into four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending.

The four orders of narration: forward narration, flashback, interlude and supplementary narration.

Four ways of using quotation marks: ①To express a quotation ②To express sarcasm or negation

③To express a specific title ④To express emphasis or emphasis

Part 4

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Five ways of expression: narrative, description, explanation, lyricism, and discussion.

Five uses of dashes: ① indicates comments ② indicates interruption ③ indicates interruption or continuation of sound ④ indicates topic change ⑤ indicates progression of meaning

Part 5

< p>Six explanation methods: giving examples, making comparisons, making comparisons, listing numbers, classifying, and defining.

Six logical sequences: ①Total ←→Divide ②Phenomena ←→Essence ③Cause ←→ Result ④ General ←→Specific ⑤Part ←→Whole ⑥Main ←→Secondary

Six elements of narrative: time, place, characters, cause, process and result of the event.

Six ways of describing characters: portrait description, language description, action description, psychological description, detail description, and expression description.

Six types of incorrect sentences: ① Incomplete components ② Improper collocation ③ Improper use of related words ④ Inconsistency ⑤ Improper word order ⑥ Misuse and abuse of function words (prepositions)

Six uses of ellipses : ① Indicates the omission of content ② Indicates intermittent language ③ Indicates that the spoken words are not finished due to grabbing the vernacular ④ Indicates conflicting emotions ⑤ Indicates jumping thoughts ⑥ Indicates ongoing thinking

Six commonly used writing techniques: symbolism, contrast, foil ( Foreshadowing), echoing (echoing), direct (indirect) description, and suppression.

Part Six

Seven phrase types: parallel phrases, partial phrases, subject-predicate phrases, verb-object phrases, complement phrases, word phrases, and prepositional-object phrases.

Seven types of complex sentences: ① Parallel complex sentences ② Turning complex sentences ③ Conditional complex sentences ④ Progressive complex sentences ⑤ Choice complex sentences ⑥ Cause and effect complex sentences ⑦ Hypothetical complex sentences

Part 7

Eight commonly used rhetorical methods:

①Metaphor - make the language image vivid and add color to the language.

②Personification--write things as if they were people, making the language vivid.

③Exaggeration--to highlight a certain thing or emphasize a certain feeling.

④ Parallelism--enhance the momentum of language and enhance the effect of expression.

⑤ Duality - Make the language concise and neat.

⑥Quote--enhance the persuasiveness of language.

⑦Ask questions--to attract readers' attention and thinking.

⑧Rhetorical question - plays the role of emphasis and enhances the affirmative (negative) tone.