Gardens in human settlements?
Gardens are the best living environment. A city is a living environment where people gather together to survive and develop sustainably. Landscape designers should be involved in urban master planning. Both cities and gardens need to emphasize Chinese characteristics and comprehensiveness. Carrying on the past and opening up the future, keeping pace with the times and never departing from its origins.
1. Gardens are the best living environment
As long as humans have existed, there has been a living environment. It has gone through stages such as nest living, cave living, mountain living and house living. Until now, humans are still exploring suitable living environments. The modern trend lies not only in the residential buildings themselves, but also in the utilization and shaping of the environment. From residential areas to villas and mansions, they all pursue changes in landscape and terrain, forming a trend of integrating modern architecture and landscape. The "Beijing Declaration" announced by the International Association of Architects in Beijing at the end of the 20th century pointed out that in the new century "cities and buildings must be built in green", which shows the irreplaceable importance of urban greening and gardens in the human settlement environment. The future development direction will not only focus on the indoor environment of human settlements, but also focus on the outdoor environment of human settlements.
The human settlement environment can be defined as space in the broad sense, as cities and rural areas in the central sense, and as residential areas or even houses in the narrow sense, all of which are closely related to the environment. The concept of China's human settlement environment is one of the general principles of culture, "the unity of nature and man", which emphasizes the harmony between man and nature and the prosperity of nature and man. It also includes people's subjective initiative towards nature, such as "outstanding people, outstanding places" and "the scenery becomes more beautiful because of people". Even if artistic beauty is created, it is "man and nature are in harmony, and then the beauty of the world is born" ("Guanzi. Five Elements"). Therefore, in ancient China, there was a saying that "the world is a house". The main purpose is to reflect the suitability of the land, with dual content of compliance and partial transformation. Production is a means, and economic interests cannot be pursued one-sidedly. Our goal is sustainable development, prosperity of nature and human beings, and prosperity of the world and the people.
Gardens are not unique to humans. In the beginning, human beings lived in nature but did not break away from nature. With the progress of society, people were separated from nature by building towns and buildings, but when they needed nature, gardens gradually emerged. The ancient word "art" is a pictographic reflection of people kneeling down to lift seedlings and plant trees. People are not satisfied with the trees gifted by nature, but plant trees artificially on the land where they are needed. This is the prototype and epoch-making symbol of what Engels called "second nature." On the basis of gardens and other forms, gardens, gardens and gardens were developed, and the special term "garden" appeared in the Western Jin Dynasty. The modern Chinese garden concept is to meet the comprehensive material and spiritual requirements of human beings for the natural environment, integrate ecology, landscape, leisure tours and cultural connotations, and benefit the long-term and fundamental interests of the people. Garden science has expanded from urban gardens to garden cities, scenic spots and earth garden landscapes. Gardens are the best living environment. Gardens should not only create natural conditions and atmosphere for the living environment, but also permeate it with humanities; people not only get material enjoyment from the natural environment, but also cultivate their spirits and gain physical and mental health from the educational environment.
2. The leading role of comprehensive urban master planning in creating a living environment
There are currently about 660 cities in our country, and it is expected to double in less than 10 years, that is, 1,200 In many cities, in the process of urbanization, how to change "big construction, big destruction" to "big construction, little destruction" is the first practical issue that bears the brunt. We have only one earth, unique to other living and non-living things. Urban planning experts divide urban planning into six stages. The first stage is the environmental construction stage, and the sixth stage is the ecological environment construction stage. How to reflect this? It should be made clear that cities are environments where human beings gather to survive, live and develop sustainably. Therefore, while urbanizing, urban social production and the natural environment must also develop simultaneously and harmoniously. Compensate for the "great destruction" of natural resources in the 20th century and rebuild the urban artificial ecosystem on the original basis. Urban planning experts should take the lead and coordinate with experts in ecology, architecture, gardens, cultural relics and other relevant fields to plan a comprehensive master plan, and experts from various disciplines should be involved in the master plan from a special perspective. First of all, we must effectively protect urban natural resources and human resources.
In addition to the necessary development of stone materials, we must put an end to destructive construction that arouses the wrath of God, such as demolition of mountains and forests, reclamation of water and land reclamation.
Even when mining stone, we must avoid the central urban areas of the city and carry out the work in relatively hidden areas, and we must carefully study the useful experience of ancient China. For example, quarries such as Donghu in Shaoxing and Xiqiaoshan in Guangdong follow certain design principles and remove the stone in a planned manner, leaving a landscape space. Shaoxing East Lake also combined quarrying to open a peach blossom cave on the stone wall, and engraved a couplet on the natural rocks on both sides of the cave: The peach blooms once every three thousand years, and the bottom of the cave is five hundred feet deep. When planning streets on rolling hilly land, it is not appropriate for buildings to copy the grid system found on plains. The roads should follow the mountains and the houses should be built according to the mountains. Generally speaking, man-made things must obey nature. "Yuan Ye" said: "If the base is lacking, why should the neighbors try to get it together?" "For many years, trees have hindered the construction of eaves, so one step can help establish roots." Landscapes, ancient and valuable trees and all natural landscape resources are difficult to move, but people are alive and can generally plan streets according to local conditions.
But locally, the natural terrain must be transformed to meet the basic needs of streets and buildings. Urban planning should arrange streets and buildings according to the city's landscape and shape, and adapt to it, which is more difficult. But the Chinese philosophy is "difficult first, then gain." Whether it is mountains or water, the reason why it is pleasing to the eye is that it conforms to the natural terrain, taking the difficult steps first and then taking advantage of the mountain conditions, so as to achieve the best results. Each city's landscapes and scenery are different. Bashan Shushui, Chushui Hantian, Erqiao Pearl River and Jiangnan Water Town each have their own merits. Residential houses are also unique due to the beautiful landscape and shape of the land, and each has its own natural climate conditions and cultural context. If we are determined to create urban characteristics, how can we end up in the embarrassing situation of “a thousand cities look alike”? If each of them cleverly borrows local natural and cultural resources, and the plants are different from each other due to their distribution, why bother to install fake banyan trees and fake coconut trees in northern cities? Green space refers to land where living green plants are planted on natural land, and green space must also be cracked down on.
Cities and rural areas must emphasize Chinese characteristics from appearance to connotation. Our overall goal is to build a socialist society with Chinese characteristics. China's long historical and cultural traditions can advance with the times and develop creatively in carrying forward the past and opening up the future. Foreign culture must be learned, but it must be combined with Chinese practice. The pagoda, the Xumizuo, and the pipa are all examples and models of creating Chinese culture on the basis of learning foreign culture, and there is innovation in learning. The reserved foreign concession areas or some exhibition venues in some cities can create foreign scenery for visitors, but as an overall construction of cities and rural areas, it is not appropriate to put forward the slogan of "exotic scenery". "Beijing Evening News" on October 11, 2004, titled "Spanish Town Settled in Yanqing", proposed that Yanqing will successively build seven exotic towns including those from Japan and France. As for places like Vancouver Forest and Senawela, there are countless places with foreign names. "One side of Feng Shui nourishes one side of people", why does Yanqing's landscape produce exotic customs. This wind can stop, but it must not last. Who can bear the thought of having one face in a thousand cities and one ocean in a thousand towns? The human settlement environment must be localized. Today's villages all exhibit local styles, and counties and cities must strive to protect these differences rather than destroy them.
As a special urban green space system planning, it must be based on the premise of a comprehensive master plan and thoroughly implement the special requirements of the master plan. The guiding concept is the harmony between man and nature in terms of cosmology, and people-oriented in terms of social outlook. The urban green space system includes gardens, and gardens are comprehensive. The green space system should also include humanistic characteristics. The disadvantages of "a thousand cities look alike" can only be alleviated by creating the characteristics of the city. The integration of the city's natural landscape and cultural context forms the foundation of the city's characteristics. Corresponding green space indicators should be formulated based on the qualitative positioning of the city. The basic indicators are green space rate and per capita public green space area. Green space coverage is mainly used for forests and can also be used as a reference indicator for urban green space. However, we cannot only talk about coverage rate without talking about green space rate. Because urban planning is essentially land use planning, green lines and green area can only be implemented based on the green area rate.
It is necessary to implement green spaces from the current survey of green spaces, vacant lands, demolition, etc. Ancient trees vividly illustrate history and culture, and ancient and famous trees must be effectively protected. Our country has ginkgo, Zhou Bai, Tang Huai, and Song camphor trees that are more than 3,000 years old. Such resources cannot be created with money. The principle of green space layout is balance and reasonableness.
I saw brick walls covered with Chinese brocade in Shanghai. There has been no obvious damage to the walls in the past 50 years. Practice can prove the truth.
3. The human settlement environment is the comprehensive construction of material and spiritual civilization
When talking about the human settlement environment, we first mention ecology, propose ecological cities, ecological gardens, etc., and mainly emphasize the physical environment. construction. In fact, a very important content of Chinese characteristics is to emphasize the comprehensiveness of things. Relatively speaking, Western culture emphasizes rationality and scientific analysis, so much so that it once believed that all beauty conforms to mathematical laws, and the study of landscapes focuses on visual analysis. Chinese characteristics, with "harmony between man and nature" as the general cultural outline, emphasize comprehensiveness. Historically speaking, Chinese garden art developed from poetry and painting to gardens. Su Dongpo's evaluation of Wang Wei's (also known as Mojie) poems and paintings emphasized: "When you look at Mojie's paintings, there are poems in the paintings; when you taste Mojie's poems, there are paintings in the poems." From this, we can imagine that Mojie’s garden must be a work of poetry and painting. Therefore, when Ji Cheng in the Ming Dynasty summarized the realm and evaluation standards of Chinese gardens, he mentioned eight words: "Although it is made by humans, it is as if it was created by heaven." Mr. Li Zehou, a modern Chinese esthetician, believes that Chinese gardens are "the naturalization of people and the humanization of nature." This is all in line with the comprehensive cosmology of "unity of man and nature". Among them, "the opening of heaven" and "the naturalization of man" reflect the scientific nature and mainly belong to the construction of material civilization; while "the opening of heaven" and "the humanization of nature" reflect the artistic nature and mainly belong to the construction of spiritual civilization. Chinese literature pays attention to the "fusion of things and myself"; painting pursues "the relationship between similarity and dissimilarity"; and "although gardens are made by people, they are created from the sky", which fully demonstrates that gardening is a comprehensive subject that integrates arts and sciences. Such as the "poetry expresses ambition" in literature, and the "education in the scenery" of gardens, etc. Chinese people's appreciation of landscapes is not purely based on visual considerations, but requires "pleasing to the eyes" and "meaningful gardens". Hang a pair of couplets in an environment with flowers and birds, "See who the flowers are laughing at" and "Listen to what the birds are saying". The bamboo path not only leads to tranquility, but if you think of the ancient meaning: "It is better to eat without meat than live without bamboo. Without meat, you will be thin, and without bamboo, you will be vulgar." The ancient meaning makes you even more nostalgic. Therefore, both urban environment and landscape, garden environment and landscape must emphasize comprehensive functions. Ecology is the foundation of environmental benefits and is closely related to human health, but it is not appropriate to put a single function above the comprehensive function. Ecological gardening refers to a school of thought in history that focuses on protecting natural features. In fact, ecologists interpret ecology as the relationship between organisms and the environment, which is a term that has neither positive nor derogatory connotations.
Since there are no non-ecological cities and gardens in the world, there are no ecological cities and gardens either. We must build cities with good ecology and beautiful environment and new gardens with good ecology, closely integrated with modern social life, convenient for leisure tours, beautiful landscapes and rich cultural connotations. As a human settlement environment, especially residential areas, the main requirements are safety, good ecology, tranquility and beauty, convenience and comfort, privacy protection, and satisfaction. It is necessary to borrow scenery from the residential culture, rather than seeking fame and reputation. The axes are vertical and horizontal, and every node must have a grand scene. "The skill lies in the borrowing of causes, and the essence lies in the suitability of the body." It refers to the suitability of the place and the people. The landscaping must be based on the qualitative and positioning of the land, and combined with natural and humanistic factors to achieve the artistic effect of "boring the scenery without any reason, but touching the emotions". Gardening is a subject that combines science and artistry. Is it an art of science or a science of art? I think it's the former. Mr. Qian Xuesen’s suggestion that gardens be owned by the Ministry of Culture has profound implications. Of course, it is different from literature and painting in that it is a three-dimensional space environment construction, and plant planting design must have a biological basis.
4. Relying on plant landscaping
When emphasizing ecology, we must also emphasize biodiversity. Gardening and urban construction emphasize the diversity of plants. Very little has been said about how this will be implemented. Plant landscaping must rely on the topography of the human settlement environment. The term "one leveling" in the "three connections and one leveling" of urban construction is inappropriate. Because plant communities are mainly formed by zonal and microclimatic conditions. The mountains, rivers and plains of the large terrain constitute the macroclimatic conditions, that is, the zonal climate, and the micro-terrain fluctuations can form the microclimate environment. Various plants have diverse requirements, mainly the combined effects of light, moisture, soil and wind. Various plants and varieties have their own ecological habits. Creating different ecological environments based on topography can support the growth of different plants, which includes the harmony between plants to form community relationships.
The natural environment of the open-air macroclimate zone cannot be violated, but certain microclimate conditions can be created under macroclimatic conditions for the growth and development of a variety of plants. Judging from the current situation, the urban environment, which is the main part of the human settlement environment, is too artificial and commercialized and not enough naturalized.
Generally speaking, green spaces should use trees as the skeleton. Even if the number of shrubs exceeds the number of trees, they cannot form the skeleton of vegetation. Shrubs can be distributed in the forest, on the edge of the forest or arranged independently as shrubs. The grassland should be adapted to local conditions and relatively concentrated. Herbs and flowers should always be sparse but fine, and the garden should be surrounded by forest gardens. It is not necessary to mention trees, shrubs, flowers and plants everywhere to form a three-dimensional plant community, and it must be adapted to local conditions. Herbaceous flowers must first change from potted plants to ground plants. Develop perennial flowers, hygrophytes, aquatic flowers and rock flowers. Landscape design is carried out comprehensively with plants, terrain, buildings, roads, sites and sketches. Seek change in unity, seek unity in change. We first create a good ecological environment for plants, and then the plants will create a good living environment for us. Our country's human settlement environment is facing a situation where new challenges and opportunities coexist. By consolidating existing achievements, correcting mistakes, and overcoming difficulties, the future is bright.
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