Give several examples of information management.
I. Definition
MIS (Management Information System) is a management information system composed of people, computers and other peripheral devices, which can collect, transmit, store, process, maintain and use information. Its main task is to make full use of modern computer and network communication technology to strengthen enterprise information management. Through the investigation and understanding of the human, material, financial, equipment, technology and other resources owned by the enterprise, correct data are established, processed into various information materials and provided to managers in time, so as to make correct decisions and continuously improve the management level and economic benefits of the enterprise.
A complete MIS should include: decision support system (DSS), industrial control system (IPC), office automation system (OA), database, model base, method base, knowledge base and interface for exchanging information with superior departments and the outside world. Among them, especially the information exchange between office automation system (OA) and higher authorities and the outside world is inseparable from the application of Intranet. It can be said that modern enterprise MIS is inseparable from Intranet, but the establishment of Intranet must depend on the system structure and software and hardware environment of MIS.
Second, development.
The core of traditional m is system is client/server architecture, while the core of Internet-based MIS system is browser/server architecture. Compared with C/S architecture, B/S architecture has great advantages. The traditional MIS system depends on the special operating environment, which means that the operator's activity space is greatly limited. B/S architecture does not need a special operating environment.
Internet-based m is system is an extension of traditional MIS system, which can be used not only for high-level decision-making, but also for general business management. Through user's named login (or anonymous login) and corresponding authority control, the system can be browsed, queried, controlled and audited at the remote end. With the expansion of the Internet, existing companies and schools are no longer confined to physical, tangible and real fields, and the network itself has actually become a development space. Internet-based MIS system makes up for the shortcomings of traditional MIS system and fully embodies the characteristics of modern network era. With the rapid development of Internet technology, the Internet will surely become the technical cornerstone of the new human society. Internet-based MIS system will surely become a new generation of management information system in the network era, and its prospect is very optimistic.
MRP/MRPⅱ
I. Definition
MRP (Material Requirement Planning) is a theory put forward in 1960s. At that time, it was defined as the use of computer technology, which made it possible to perform complex operations on a large amount of data in a short time. With the further improvement and popularization of computer system, the theoretical category of MRP also developed in the 1970s. MRP is defined as a computer information management system to solve procurement, inventory, production and sales, including capacity demand planning, workshop operation planning and procurement operation planning.
MRP (Manufacturing Resource Planning) is a computer information management system integrating purchasing, inventory, production, sales, finance and engineering technology. MRP enables enterprises to establish planning models for their production systems and business activities, so as to manage and balance the requirements of manufacturing resources and business tasks. MRPⅱⅱ includes not only the internal resource elements of enterprise production system, such as production equipment and energy, but also some internal and external resources related to production system.
Second, development.
How can an enterprise obtain the materials it really needs at the specified time, location and quantity? In other words, how does inventory management meet the requirements of production plan? This is solved by the material requirement plan. MRP first appeared in the United States and was developed by the American Production and Inventory Management Association.
MRP is a computer-based system for compiling production and implementing control. It is not only a new planning management method, but also a new production organization mode. The emergence and development of MRP has brought about changes in the theory and practice of production management. MRP is based on the delivery date of the final product specified in the overall production plan, which specifies the time when all operations must be completed, prepares the production plan of all subordinate parts, externally plans the procurement time and quantity of various parts, and internally determines the time and quantity that the production department should process and produce. Once the work cannot be completed as planned, MRP system can adjust the time and quantity of procurement and production progress to make the priority of each work conform to the actual situation.
Third, the main objectives of MRP
The main goal of MRP system is to control the inventory level of enterprises, determine the production priority of products, meet the requirements of delivery time and realize the highest efficiency of production operation. Specifically, it can be summarized as follows:
1. Purchase spare parts of appropriate quantity and type. Choose the right time to order and keep the inventory level as low as possible.
2. Get all kinds of raw materials and spare parts needed for production in time to ensure the timely supply of products needed by users.
3. Maintain the balance of planning system load.
4, manufacturing activities, procurement activities and product delivery date.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
I. Definition
ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning) is an enterprise resource planning, which is a management platform based on information technology and provides decision-making operation means for enterprise decision makers and employees with systematic management ideas. ERP system integrates information technology and advanced management ideas, and becomes the operation mode of modern enterprises, which embodies the requirements of the times for enterprises to rationally allocate resources and create social wealth to the maximum, and becomes the cornerstone for enterprises to survive and develop in the information age.
We can define it from three aspects: management thought, software products and management system:
1 is a set of enterprise management system standards put forward by Garter Group Inc, a famous American computer technology consulting and evaluation group. Its essence is a supply chain-oriented management idea further developed on the basis of MRP II.
2. It is a software product that comprehensively applies the achievements of information industry such as client/server system, relational database structure, object-oriented technology, graphical user interface, the fourth generation language (4GL), network communication and so on. And take ERP management thought as the soul;
3. It is an enterprise resource management system integrating enterprise management concepts, business processes, basic data, human and material resources, computer software and hardware.
Second, the development stage.
A.MIS system stage
Enterprise information management system mainly records a large number of original data, and supports query and summary.
B.MRP stage
The information management system of an enterprise manages the product composition, and with the help of the computing power of the computer and the management ability of the system to customer orders, inventory materials and product composition, the material demand plan is formulated and calculated according to the customer orders and product structure list. Achieve the management objectives of reducing inventory and optimizing inventory.
C.MRP stage
On the basis of MRP management system, the system adds the management of enterprise production center, processing hours and production capacity, thus realizing the function of computer in production engineering, and also including financial function, forming a closed-loop management system with computer as the core in the enterprise, which has been able to dynamically monitor the whole production process of production, supply and sales.
D.ERP stage
After entering the ERP stage, the enterprise-level management system with computer as the core is more mature, and the system has added functions including financial forecasting, production capacity, resource scheduling adjustment and so on. Cooperate with enterprises to realize JIT management comprehensive, quality management, production resource scheduling management and decision-making assistance. Become a platform tool for enterprises to carry out production management and decision-making.
E. ERP in the era of e-commerce
The maturity of internet technology has increased the ability of information sharing and direct data exchange with customers or suppliers for enterprise information management systems, thus strengthening the connection between enterprises, forming a survival chain of common development, and embodying the supply chain management idea of enterprises in order to achieve survival competition. ERP system realizes this function accordingly, which enables decision-makers and business departments to realize joint operations across enterprises.
It can be seen that the application of ERP can effectively promote the modernization and scientificity of existing enterprise management and adapt to the increasingly competitive market requirements, which has become the general trend.
Third, management thought.
The core management idea of ERP is to realize the effective management of the whole supply chain, which is mainly reflected in the following three aspects:
1, which embodies the idea of managing the whole supply chain resources.
In the era of knowledge economy, it is impossible to effectively participate in market competition only by relying on the resources of its own enterprises, and all parties involved in the operation process, such as suppliers, manufacturers, distribution networks, customers and so on. , must be incorporated into a close supply chain, so as to effectively arrange the production, supply and sales activities of enterprises, meet the needs of enterprises to use all market resources of the whole society for production and operation quickly and efficiently, so as to further improve efficiency and gain market competitive advantage. In other words, modern enterprise competition is not the competition between individual enterprises, but the competition between one enterprise supply chain and another. ERP system realizes the management of the whole enterprise supply chain and meets the needs of market competition in the era of knowledge economy.
2. Reflect the ideas of lean production, synchronous engineering and agile manufacturing.
ERP system supports the management of mixed production mode, and its management ideas are manifested in two aspects: one is the idea of "lean production", which is the business strategy system put forward by MIT. That is, when an enterprise organizes production by mass production, it brings customers, sales agents, suppliers and cooperative units into the production system. The relationship between enterprises and their sales agents, customers and suppliers is no longer a simple business relationship, but a benefit-sharing partnership, which constitutes the supply chain of enterprises, which is the core idea of lean production. The second is the idea of "agile manufacturing". When the market changes and enterprises meet specific market and product requirements, the basic partners of enterprises may not be able to meet the requirements of new product development and production. At this time, the enterprise will organize a short-term or one-off supply chain composed of specific suppliers and sales channels to form a virtual factory, regard suppliers and cooperative units as part of the enterprise, and adopt "synchronous engineering" to organize production, so as to bring new products to the market in the shortest time and always maintain the high quality and quality of products.
3. Reflect the idea of planning in advance and controlling in the process.
The planning system in ERP system mainly includes master production plan, material demand plan, capacity plan, purchase plan, sales execution plan, profit plan, financial budget and human resource plan, and these planning functions and value control functions have been completely integrated into the whole supply chain system.
On the other hand, the ERP system defines the accounting subjects and accounting methods related to the transaction, so as to automatically generate accounting entries when the transaction occurs, and ensure the synchronous record and data consistency of capital flow and logistics. Therefore, according to the present situation of financial funds, we can trace the ins and outs of funds, further trace related business activities, change the situation that funds information lags behind material information, and facilitate the control and real-time decision-making in the process.
In addition, the functions of planning, transaction processing, control and decision-making are all realized in the business process of the whole supply chain. It is required to give full play to everyone's work potential and sense of responsibility in the business process of each process, and emphasize the spirit of cooperation between processes, so as to give full play to everyone's subjective initiative and potential in an organic organization. Realize the transformation of enterprise management from "towering" organizational structure to "flat" organizational structure, and improve the response speed of enterprises to dynamic changes in the market.
In a word, with the rapid development and application of IT technology, ERP system can transform many advanced management ideas into practical computer software systems.
Fourth, characteristics
Gartner Group proposed that the functional standards of ERP should include four aspects:
1, integration function beyond MRP scope
Including quality management, laboratory management, process operation management, formula management, product data management, maintenance management, control report and warehouse management.
It is a new generation of integrated management information system developed from MRP, which expands the functions of MRP, and its core idea is supply chain management. It jumps out of the traditional enterprise boundary and optimizes enterprise resources from the scope of supply chain. It is a customer-driven, network-based enterprise resource planning, which is used for the whole supply chain management. It plays an obvious role in improving business processes and enhancing the core competitiveness of enterprises.
2. Support mixed manufacturing environment
Including a manufacturing environment capable of supporting discreteness and process; The ability to combine business processes with international applications according to an object-oriented business model.
3. Support dynamic monitoring capability and improve business performance.
Including the adoption of control and engineering methods throughout the enterprise; Analog function; Decision support and graphic ability for production and analysis.
4. Support an open client/server computing environment.
Including client/server architecture, graphical user interface (GUI), computer aided design engineering (CASE), object-oriented technology, querying relational database using SQL, internal integration engineering system, business system, data acquisition and external integration (EDI).
Verb (short for verb) realizes the process.
The implementation process of ERP basically goes through five stages and six steps, five stages:
1. Infrastructure construction
Step 2 introduce ideas
3. Business restructuring
4. System application
5. Continuous improvement
Six steps:
1. Scheme planning
2. Design institutions
3. Comprehensive training
4. Prototype definition
5. Data preparation
6. Line switching
These five stages and six steps are intertwined and constantly circulated to ensure the success of ERP projects.
customer relationship management
I. Definition
CRM (Customer Relationship Management), that is, customer relationship management, is a means to improve customer satisfaction through in-depth analysis of customer details, thus enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises. Mainly includes the following main aspects (7P for short):
Customer profile, including customer level, risks, hobbies, habits, etc. Customer loyalty analysis refers to the degree, persistence and change of customer loyalty to a product or business organization; Customer profitability analysis refers to the marginal profit, total profit and net profit of products consumed by different customers; Customer performance analysis refers to analyzing the product sales of different customers according to categories, channels, sales locations and other indicators; Potential customers, including the future development trend of customer number and category, and the means to win customers. Customer Product analysis, including product design, correlation, supply chain, etc. Customer promotion analysis, including the management of advertising, publicity and other promotion activities.
The implementation of CRM project can be divided into three steps, namely, application business integration, business data analysis and decision execution:
1, application business integration
Integrate independent market management, sales management and after-sales service to provide a unified operating platform. Integrate data from multiple sources to realize the integration and sharing of business data. The realization of this link enables system users to get a faithful record of all kinds of data in the system, representing the current real business situation.
2. Business data analysis
Processing, processing and analyzing the data in CRM system will benefit enterprises greatly. OLAP can analyze these data and generate various reports. You can also use the processing means of commercial information warehouse to further process and mine the data, analyze the correlation between data indicators, and establish a relational data model for simulation and prediction. The result of this step will be very important, which not only reflects the current business situation, but also plays a guiding role in the adjustment of future business plans.
3, decision execution
According to the predictable analysis report provided by data analysis, enterprises can summarize and use the knowledge learned in business processes to adjust business processes and business plans. Through adjustment, we can strengthen contact with customers and make our business operation more suitable for market requirements.
After the introduction of e-commerce in traditional enterprises, the focus of enterprises has shifted from improving internal efficiency to respecting external customers. The concept of CRM is based on respect for customers, which requires enterprises to fully understand the whole customer life cycle, provide a unified platform for communication with customers, and improve the efficiency of employees' contact with customers and customer feedback rate. A successful customer relationship management system should at least include the following functions: maintaining communication with customers through telephone, fax, network, mobile communication tools, email and other channels; Make employees fully understand the customer relationship, conduct transactions according to customer needs, record the obtained customer information, and share customer information within the enterprise; Overall planning and evaluation of market plan; Track all kinds of sales activities; Through a large number of accumulated dynamic data, the market and sales are comprehensively analyzed. One thing to pay attention to when implementing CRM is to establish an information collection mechanism, collect useful customer data and information, and discard useless information.
Second, the characteristics
CRM improves and enhances the performance of the whole customer relationship life cycle to the greatest extent. CRM integrates customers, companies, employees and other resources, effectively and structurally allocates and reorganizes resources, so as to facilitate the timely understanding and use of relevant resources and knowledge in the whole customer relationship life cycle; Simplify and optimize various business processes, so that the company and employees can focus on the important aspects and core business of improving customer relationship and performance in sales, service and marketing activities, and improve employees' quick response and feedback ability to customers; It also brings convenience to customers, who can quickly obtain personalized products, solutions and services according to their own needs.
CRM is a means, whose fundamental purpose is to reduce operating costs and improve sales revenue, customer satisfaction and employee productivity by continuously improving customer relationship, interaction mode, resource allocation, business process and automation. The ultimate goal of an enterprise is to maximize profits, and good customer relationship management is the means to achieve the above goals. From this point of view, it can be said that ——CRM application is based on the interests of enterprises, and at the same time it is convenient for customers and makes them satisfied.
In marketing and enterprise management, CRM will be first applied to sales organizations and service organizations of various enterprises, bringing you long-term value-added and competitiveness.
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I hope it works for you!