Does linseed oil affect children?
1. Flaxseed oil is extracted from flaxseed. Flaxseed is a traditional oil crop in China, but it is unknown in the mountains. Now people know its value. Flaxseed is divided into oil flax, oil flax and fiber flax, and flax produced in the three northeastern provinces is used for textile, such as our common flax mat or linen clothing. Flax is mainly produced in central and western Inner Mongolia, northwestern Shanxi, Zhangjiakou, Hebei and Huining, Gansu. Linseed oil here is also called linseed oil locally, mainly because it was introduced to China from Zhang Qian in the Han Dynasty. Traditional Chinese medicine research shows that the flax seed produced by Phaeton Schiller in Inner Mongolia is the best. Flaxseed oil is rich in A- linolenic acid, which is a good way to supplement linolenic acid.
Second, the botanical description of flaxseed
The seeds of flax.
The plant morphology is panicum miliaceum, with a height of 40-70cm. The stem is erect and the upper part is multi-branched. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, length1-3cm, width1.5-2.5cm, apex acute, entire, sessile. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, with cilia at the edge; Petals are blue or white; Stamens 5, staminodes 5; Ovary 5-loculed, style separated, stigma rod-shaped. The capsule is spherical, with a diameter of about 7 mm and five valves at the top. Seed 10. The flowering period is from May to June, and the fruiting period is from June to September.
Harvest the plants when the autumn fruits are ripe, dry them, spread the seeds, remove impurities and then dry them.
Trait seeds are oblate, 4-7 mm long and 2-3 mm wide. The surface is reddish brown or grayish brown, smooth and shiny, with one end blunt and round and the other end sharp and slightly inclined. The hilum is located at the top depression, and the ridge is located at one side edge. The seed coat is thin and brittle, the endosperm is membranous and brown, and the cotyledons are yellow and white, rich in oil. It tastes like beans when chewed.
Ecological flax, like other small crops sown in spring, is suitable for planting in temperate zone or subtropical zone. The growth conditions of flax are generally unrestricted, while fiber flax is suitable for growing in cool and humid areas, but both flax and fiber flax need warm and dry weather when harvesting, especially in areas where flax is soaked in water. In some areas, dew can be used for retting hemp. At noon, the relative humidity should be kept between 60-70%. 2.5cm rainfall is needed before and after sowing, and 15-20cm rainfall is needed during growth. Flax has a long maturity from flowering to harvest. In the early stage of flax growth, the warm and dry climate is conducive to branching and fruiting. After the vegetative growth is completed, the dry climate will be conducive to seed maturity. The growth of flax needs sufficient water, and drought will lead to short plants and lignification. Waterlogging is harmful to flax growth, so areas with frequent rainstorms are not suitable for flax growth. Compared with other crops, flax is more sensitive to salt. The soil with pH5-7, good drainage, fertile surface and clay bottom is most suitable for flax growth, but too high soil fertility will lead to flax growth too fast, which is easy to cause plants to lodging, which is not conducive to its growth. It is reported that flax grows from northern wetlands to tropical forest areas. The soil pH in these areas is 4.8-8.2 (average 6.6), the annual rainfall is 30-130cm (average 7 1), and the temperature is 6-27℃ (average 12. 0).
Germplasm resources According to reports from Central Asia, Near East and Mediterranean, flax has the functions of disease resistance, drought resistance, antifungal, antiviral, herbicide resistance, hydrogen fluoride resistance, alkali resistance and pesticide resistance (Duke, 1970). There are at least 300 famous flax varieties. With the different regions, people choose different varieties for cultivation according to the characteristics of flax (oil, fiber and dual-purpose). If fiber is mainly harvested, varieties with tall plants and few branches should be selected; If you mainly harvest linseed oil, you should choose varieties with short plants and many branches; If both factors are used, you should choose a variety that uses both factors. Mesopotamia, Assyria and Egypt have been planting flax for more than 5000 years, and now flax has spread all over the world.
China has a cultivation history of more than 600 years. At present, it is mainly distributed in North China and Northwest China. Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Gansu and Xinjiang have the largest output, followed by Jilin, Hebei, Shaanxi and Qinghai. There are also sporadic planting in Tibet, Yunnan and Guizhou in the southwest. China's flax planting area exceeds 667,000 hectares, with an annual output of about 450,000 tons. It is an important cash crop and main oil crop in China. The average annual planting area in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is 65438+303,000 mu, and the output is 65,000 tons, accounting for 17.5% and 16.9% of the national flax area and output respectively. The autonomous region focuses on developing flax planting and variety cultivation in Wulanchabu League, Xilin Gol League, Hohhot, Baotou, Zhuozi County, fengzhen city, Huade County, Shangdu County, Xinghe County, Liangcheng County, Chayouqianqi, Chayouhouqi, Wuchuan County, Helin County and Guyang County.
Third, talk about food and health.
"Advocating a balanced diet and creating healthy wealth", with the development of society, people's requirements for life have risen from the initial food and clothing to the concept of comprehensive health, which includes physical health, mental health, life health, environmental health and social health. Physical health is the most fundamental requirement, and "food is the most important thing for the people" is the key. Now the living standard is getting better and better, which leads to overnutrition, unbalanced diet and too fine food. As the saying goes, "choosing the good is not necessarily the best choice."
Good health is the first wealth of individuals, families and society. Although health can't represent everything, if you lose health, you may lose everything. Throughout history, health and longevity have always been everyone's dream. Although it is impossible to live forever, it is possible to live a long and healthy life through a reasonable diet, balanced nutrition and a scientific and regular life from the aspects of life science, health preservation and nutrition.
British nutritionist and longevity scientist Sally? Bill personally investigated the five regions with the longest life span in the world, such as Bama in China, Simi in Greece and Okinawa in Japan, and made a comprehensive and scientific analysis on the lifestyle and eating habits of the people with long life span. He said in his masterpiece "Longevity Man in the World", "It's not that I don't want to eat correctly, it's not that I don't want to live a long life. But I don't know how to eat correctly and how to live long! " Diseases such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes and cancer can be well prevented and treated through a balanced diet and healthy exercise. Diet and living habits can help slow down aging, and diet can help you overcome the adverse effects of toxins in your daily life. Many common diseases are related to diet and can be improved through diet. Everyone is the guarantee of their own health, that is, "diet therapy."
The top of the "new food pyramid" includes fat intake. It is suggested that people eat healthy omega-3 fat in food. If the fat you eat is healthy, you don't have to worry too much about the total calories produced by this substance.
Omega-3 fatty acids include α -linolenic acid, DHA and EPA. The analysis of nutritional physiological function of oil by modern nutrition shows that α -linolenic acid is the core substance to maintain the evolution of human brain. It is an important component of human tissues and cells and an essential fatty acid to maintain human evolution and health. It participates in the synthesis and metabolism of phospholipids and converts them into essential life-active factors DHA and EPA. It is the most basic and primitive substance in the process of life evolution. α -linolenic acid has a strong function of increasing intelligence, protecting eyesight, reducing blood lipid and cholesterol, delaying aging, resisting allergy and inhibiting cancer occurrence and metastasis. But it can't be synthesized in human body and must be taken in vitro. Once the human body lacks α -linolenic acid for a long time, it will lead to the functional decline of brain organs and visual organs and the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease, and will lead to the increase of the incidence of modern diseases such as hypertension, hypertension and cancer.
A large number of basic research, epidemiological investigation, animal experiments, human experiments and clinical observations show that α -linolenic acid has many physiological functions and is recognized by the international medical and nutritional circles.
According to the latest international nutrition guidelines and many nutritionists, there is an urgent need to supplement omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in Japanese diet. Many countries in the world stipulate that omega-3 fatty acids must be added to many kinds of foods, otherwise they will not be sold; 1993, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Food Organization solemnly declared to the world that in view of the importance of omega-3 fatty acids and the general shortage of human intake, it is recommended to supplement omega-3 fatty acids specially.
Recently, nutritionists have proposed that in order to inhibit and offset the effects of excessive intake of omega-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid), omega-3 fats, namely α-linolenic acid, DHA and EPA, should be ingested accordingly. The ideal ratio is ω-3: ω-6 equals 3-5: 1.
But with such a high standard, the dietary composition of ordinary people is far from reaching, especially those who are remote and rarely eat fish. Studies have shown that EPA and DHA are both transformed from α -linolenic acid. α -linolenic acid exists in some plants, and the content of α -linolenic acid in linseed oil produced in Inner Mongolia is high, with a content of 5 1%-65%. Because it is produced in the cold Inner Mongolia Plateau, it does not need to apply chemical fertilizers and pesticides during the growth process, and it grows in a natural and pollution-free environment. Because it is rich in 565,438+0%-65% α -linolenic acid, which can be converted into DHA and EPA, it is also called "grassland fish oil", which is an economical and effective method for people to supplement ω-3 fatty acids in their daily diet.
Note: Hemp seeds in Bama County, the hometown of longevity in China, contain 25% α -linolenic acid.
Fourthly, the important physiological activity of α -linolenic acid contained in linseed oil.
With the deepening of research, the relationship between α -linolenic acid and health and disease has attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad. Although α -linolenic acid resources are few, the quantity is small, and the food environment that can be ingested is few, but their physiological activity is indispensable to human body. China experts have collected research data at home and abroad and conducted a lot of basic research. The results show that the basic functions of α -linolenic acid are as follows:
1. Hypolipidemic: Many people think that the α -linolenic acid obtained in the experiment can reduce serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein, and increase serum high density lipoprotein.
204 patients with hyperlipidemia were treated with α -linolenic acid. The results showed that the serum TG value of patients with high triglyceride decreased significantly after taking it. At the 5th week, it was close to the normal value, and continued to decrease at the 10 week (P
The mechanism of α -linolenic acid lowering serum cholesterol is not only to increase cholesterol excretion, but also to inhibit endogenous cholesterol synthesis. HMG-GOA reductase and fatty acyl coenzyme A cholesterol lipase (ACAT) are the main rate-limiting enzymes for cholesterol synthesis. Tield et al. found that the intake of α -linolenic acid can reduce the activity of HMG-COA reductase in rabbit liver meat and increase the activity of ACAT.
Cholesterol in liver microparticles decreased; The activity of HMG-COA reductase in 2/3 gyrus also decreased. The mechanism of α -linolenic acid reducing serum triglyceride is mainly through reducing the biosynthesis of triglyceride and apolipoprotein B in very low density lipoprotein. In the mechanism of lowering serum low-density lipoprotein, α -linolenic acid mainly inhibits the synthesis of low-density lipoprotein, while DHA mainly increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Lipoproteinase and lecithin-cholesterol transferase (LCAT) play an important role in the production of high density lipoprotein. DHA can increase the activities of protease and LCAT, and promote the synthesis of high density lipoprotein. At the same time, α -linolenic acid can also inhibit the activity of esterase (HEL) in liver endothelial cells and the degradation of HDL. The study also showed that α -linolenic acid mainly increased HDL2 in blood, while HDL3 remained basically unchanged.
2. Reducing hypertension: Hypertensive rats and normotensive rats were given α -linolenic acid and ω-6 series safflower oil drinks respectively. Observe the changes of blood pressure. The results showed that α -linolenic acid inhibited the increase of blood pressure by about 65438 00%. Rats with normal blood pressure have little effect whether the fatty acids in food are the same or not.
Usually, the systolic blood pressure above 160mmHg is called hypertension, and the systolic blood pressure between 160- 140mmhg is called borderline hypertension.
This kind of borderline hypertension is on the rise at present. α -linolenic acid is very effective in treating borderline hypertension. Of course, even people with high blood pressure are prone to hemorrhagic stroke, and α -linolenic acid still has about 40% antihypertensive effect. The hypotensive mechanism is that α -linolenic acid can reduce neutral fat (cholesterol and triglyceride) in plasma, and both of them show hypotensive effect together.
3, inhibit thrombotic diseases, prevent myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction: due to thrombosis, blood vessels are blocked, oxygen and nutrients can not move forward from here, and cells are damaged, that is, infarction. The coronary arteries and cerebral vessels of the heart are prone to thrombosis, leading to myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction. It has always been thought that cholesterol in food is regarded as an enemy because cholesterol accumulates in blood vessels and forms blood clots. In fact, the more important factor contributing to thrombosis is the degree of platelet aggregation energy. The effects of α -linolenic acid feed, ω-6 series safflower oil feed and common feed on platelet aggregation were compared. The results showed that ω-3α- linolenic acid significantly inhibited platelet aggregation energy (P
Epidemiological investigation shows that Eskimos have fewer myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction than Danes, less than one tenth. Denmark is a dairy farming country and eats a lot of animal food. On the contrary, Eskimos live on fish and fish-eating marine animals. Because there is a lot of linoleic acid in animal food. However, there are a lot of α -linolenic acid in marine food. Japanese fishing villages and mountain villages also have the same survey results.
The mechanism of ω-3 series α -linolenic acid inhibiting thrombosis and preventing myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction is considered as follows:
A, ω-3 series α -linolenic acid and change the fluidity of platelet membrane, thus changing the reactivity of platelet to stimulation and the number of platelet surface receptors.
B, because ω-3 series α -linolenic acid and arachidonic acid compete for cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase in cell membrane phospholipids, the metabolites change. Inhibit the production of TXα2 which causes platelet aggregation and replace it with TXα3 which has no biological activity. Increasing PGI3 will make the tendency of inhibiting platelet aggregation exceed the tendency of promoting platelet aggregation.
4, highly protect vision: As mentioned above, there are a lot of DHA in the outer segment of visual cells in the retina. It has been reported that the recovery time of omentum reflection energy will be prolonged if vision is reduced. As soon as the omentum comes into contact with light, a chemical reaction will occur, resulting in a potential change, which will be transmitted to the brain through the optic nerve. Rats were fed ω-6 series safflower oil and α -linolenic acid for two generations, and then different intensities of light were given to produce potential changes. The magnitude (amplitude) of α -wave and B-wave of cell membrane potential diagram was compared to determine the reflection energy of omentum. The results show that the amplitude corresponds to the content of α -linolenic acid, that is, the contents of safflower oil, control group and α -linolenic acid increase in turn. Experiments with monkeys have also proved that lack of α -linolenic acid will reduce vision.
5, highly enhance intelligence: give safflower oil, soybean oil, α -linolenic acid refined feed during lactation. They mate about 1 1 week, and then two generations are fed the same feed. When young rats were 1 1 week old, males were taken for intelligence test. During this period, there was no abnormality in appearance and growth speed, but the positive reaction rate of α -linolenic acid food group was significantly higher than that of the other two groups in the lightness recognition learning ability experiment. The similar learning ability experiment was repeated seven times in hypertensive rats, normotensive rats, Donryu rats and SprAgue-Dawley rats, and very good repeatable results were obtained. In the learning energy elimination experiment, that is, after the above-mentioned 30-day experiment, the conditions of giving food light and dark light were reversed, and the days of original memory elimination were measured. The result is still that safflower oil, soybean oil and α -linolenic acid increase in turn. The water maze test and Y maze test also obtained the same results. Because docosahexaenoic acid from α -linolenic acid is rich in brain and retina, the development of brain from fetus to lactation is very important. By the time of weaning, most of the brain cell division has ended, and the number of nerve cells has not increased much since then. Therefore, from pregnancy to lactation, supplementation is very necessary. Therefore, two generations of feeding methods were used in the above experiments.
6. Inhibition of allergic reaction: In recent 30 years, pollen allergy, food allergy, specific eczema and asthma have increased exponentially. A survey of Japanese students shows that 1 in every three students is diagnosed with specific allergy. There are more than 40% children in kindergartens. In recent years, the number of young people has also shown a significant increase trend, which is attributed to two reasons: first, the increase of allergens; Second, the body is excited. When allergies occur, mast cells and neutrophils in the body play an important role. As soon as the allergen enters the human body, it will combine with [〔LT〕] mast cells, which will stimulate and release histamine and leukotrienes. In addition, neutrophils release platelet activating factor. All these have caused various symptoms of allergy, such as dyspnea, increased secretion, rhinitis and so on.
Experiments show that the high reactivity of constitution is caused by the change of the proportion of essential fatty acids in food. Because the LT produced by arachidonic acid produced by linoleic acid is a 4-series substance, and the LT produced by α -linolenic acid is a 5-series substance, the activity of the former is several times to hundreds of times that of the latter. Rats were fed two generations of high α -linolenic acid and high linoleic acid (safflower oil) feed. Inject glycogen into abdominal cavity, aggregate neutrophils, stimulate them to release LT substance, and then quantify it. Although the total amount of LTB discharged is very different, the ratio of B4 with strong activity to B5 with weak activity is also very different. Leukocyte migration α -linolenic acid is weak. In addition, it shows that bronchi can be measured. The result is high safflower oil. Regarding the release of platelet activating factor (PAF) in allergic inflammation, α -linolenic acid can be used as a stimulant. Epidemiological investigation also found that the bronchial asthma reaction of Eskimos was 1/25 of that of Danes.
7. Anti-inflammatory effect: α -linolenic acid ingested by human body can be incorporated into white blood cells, and when white blood cells are stimulated, they are released again, which changes the fluidity of white blood cells and inhibits their chemotaxis and adhesion to endothelial cells. In vitro induction and stimulation experiments showed that arachidonic acid (AA) and EPA produced LTB4 and LTB5 respectively, while the activity of LTB5 in promoting leukocyte aggregation was only 65,438+00% of that of LTB4. The stereoisomerism of LTB5 is inactive. Metabolites produced by lipoxygenase and EPA with the same molar concentration as AA can reduce the price of LTB by 68%, and its inhibition mechanism may be to inhibit the activity of LTB hydrolase. In vivo experiments have also reached a similar conclusion. Payan et al. found that α -linolenic acid can increase T lymphocyte reaction, and Ziboh et al. thought that DHA might be a special cycloaddition inhibitor, which could inhibit the formation of LT4 from arachidonic acid. Epidemiological investigation found that psoriasis and bronchial asthma in Eskimos were significantly less than those in Denmark, only 1/25 and 1/9. Clinical studies also show that the pathogenesis of psoriasis is mainly caused by the metabolic disorder of arachidonic acid, and the symptoms can be alleviated after ingesting a certain amount of α -linolenic acid.
8, inhibit the occurrence and metastasis of cancer:
α. Inhibit the generation of cancer:
If cancer is classified as a chronic disease, some people may object. However, the high incidence and mortality of cancer may be recognized. It is true that lung cancer is related to smoking, but squamous cell carcinoma in lung cancer is different from adenocarcinoma and has nothing to do with smoking. At present, more and more lung cancers are mainly adenocarcinoma. Recently, it has been made clear that if a large amount of corn oil with high linoleic acid content is given to chemically carcinogenic animals, the incidence of lung cancer will increase. Similarly, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer and so on. It is also increased by excessive linoleic acid. When safflower oil and α -linolenic acid were given to naturally carcinogenic mice, the incidence decreased in turn. In addition, the young rats were given chemical carcinogens (DMBA, DMA). Three weeks later, they were fed safflower oil feed, soybean oil feed and α -linolenic acid respectively, and the incidence of breast cancer was measured at the 36th week. As a result, although all mice have breast cancer, each mouse has the least number of breast cancer. When rats were given safflower oil, corn oil, evening primrose oil and α -linolenic acid oil, the incidence of linseed oil was still the least.
B, inhibit the metastasis of cancer:
The most terrible thing about cancer is its metastasis. Although it is difficult for cancer to return to its original state at once, it is also a great victory if it can inhibit its metastasis. At present, only early resection or local use of anticancer drugs can be done, but the effect is not obvious. However, experiments on rats with α -linolenic acid, safflower oil feed and common feed showed that ω-3 series α -linolenic acid inhibited cancer metastasis by 40% higher than the other group. α -linolenic acid can inhibit the occurrence and metastasis of cancer. Through continuous animal experiments, it is proved that the occurrence and metastasis of lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, renal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, esophageal cancer and skin cancer are all related to the intake of linoleic acid series.
To sum up, it can be concluded that ω-6 series fatty acids promote the occurrence and metastasis of cancer, while α -linolenic acid inhibits the occurrence and metastasis of cancer.
9. Restrain aging: Human beings have ushered in aging, but it is difficult to give an exact definition of aging. Most researchers believe that aging can be divided into pathological aging and physiological aging. In fact, it is difficult to strictly separate the two. In the cognitive learning ability experiment of aged rats, the positive reaction rate and α -linolenic acid are higher than safflower oil. Repeated memory retention experiments showed that α -linolenic acid still maintained a high positive reaction rate. Alzheimer's disease can be divided into thrombotic type and senile dementia with unknown causes. According to epidemiological investigation, the former is the majority. α -linolenic acid can improve the intelligence of aged rats, which may be related to its inhibition of thrombotic diseases.
As mentioned in Example 4, α -linolenic acid can not only prolong the life span of stroke rats, but also prolong the life span of ordinary rats, which is longer than safflower oil 12%.
With the increase of age, EPA and DHA in human platelet and erythrocyte lipids decreased, while arachidonic acid (AA) increased, MDA production increased and SOD activity increased, suggesting that it has anti-aging effect. There are probably not one reason why α -linolenic acid can prolong life. As mentioned above, inhibiting thrombotic diseases, inhibiting the occurrence and metastasis of cancer, maintaining normal blood pressure and inhibiting the onset of cerebral hemorrhage can all be regarded as the function of prolonging life.
10, promoting insulin secretion, prolonging hypoglycemic effect and inhibiting complications.
α -linolenic acid can promote insulin secretion by islet β cells and protect the stability of insulin in blood. It can reduce the insulin resistance of target cells.
When suffering from diabetes, the decomposition of fat in the body is accelerated, and the disorder of lipid metabolism rate causes the increase of blood lipid, which leads to complications such as arteriosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver and hypertension. In addition, excessive decomposition of fat will produce ketone bodies. If it exceeds the utilization limit of the body and accumulates in large quantities, ketoacidosis will occur.
α -linolenic acid can regulate lipid metabolism, inhibit complications and reduce the probability of acid and ketone poisoning. At the same time, the protective effect of α -linolenic acid on human organs and nervous system is of great benefit to diabetic patients.
To sum up, it can be concluded that α -linolenic acid has a high protective effect on brain nerve function and retinal function, and also plays a vital role in human lipid metabolism. It can highly enhance intelligence, highly inhibit allergic reaction, inhibit cerebral hemorrhage, reduce blood lipid and blood pressure, and inhibit aging. At the same time, it is also found that these diseases can increase the incidence or aggravate the condition due to excessive intake of ω-6 fatty acids. α -linolenic acid is necessary to protect the normal growth of animals and maintain the normal state of skin.
Therefore, in order to prevent diseases and chronic diseases, the new fat nutrition guidelines should be:
A, control the intake of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids;
B, reduce the intake of linoleic acid; Increase the intake of α -linolenic acid;
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Summary of fatty acids of six nutrients in human body
The role of fatty acids
Fatty acids participate in many physiological activities of human body. The most common function is to store energy for human body to use when it is in urgent need. It also affects the taste and texture of food and promotes the absorption of vitamins A, D, E and K by human body.
Somatic cells have cell membranes, which keep the substances in the cells as a whole, so that the cells keep their shape and have certain softness. Cell membrane also controls the exchange of substances inside and outside the cell, and its physical and chemical properties can be strongly influenced by related fatty acids. For example, epidermal cells and cells in nerve sheath, special fatty acids can provide them with water protective film and isolation layer.
The production of some chemical messengers requires certain fatty acids, and these chemical messengers start or control countless biochemical processes in the body. These processes include cell growth and differentiation, blood pressure regulation, blood coagulation, immune response and inflammatory response.
Unsaturated fatty acid
Fatty acids have a chain structure. The marks that distinguish them are the length of carbon chain, the number and position of "rigid" connections. When all connections are elastic, fatty acids are "saturated"; Only one rigid fatty acid is monounsaturated, and more than one rigid fatty acid is polyunsaturated.
According to the position of the first rigid carbon chain, unsaturated fatty acids can be further divided into special "families". The first of the three most important families for human health is rigidly connected to the third, sixth and ninth carbon atoms, namely ω-3, ω-6 and ω-9.
Fatty acids that cannot be synthesized in human body but must be obtained from outside like most vitamins are called "essential fatty acids" (EFA).
α -linolenic acid and linoleic acid
Linoleic acid is the parent of ω-6pufa, which is metabolized into γ -linolenic acid and arachidonic acid (AA) in vivo. AA produces thromboxane TXA2, prostacyclin PGI2, leukotriene LTB4, prostaglandin PGE2 and other bioactive substances under the action of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase.
α -linolenic acid is the parent of ω-3 PUFA, which can produce eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in vivo. EPA produces bioactive substances such as LTB5, TXA3 and PGI3 under the action of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase.
α -linolenic acid and linoleic acid compete for the same enzyme in metabolism, which is a competitive inhibition relationship. Maintaining a balanced ratio between them is the basis of keeping healthy.
All energy sources of the body must maintain a proper proportion, not only among energy substances such as protein, fat and carbohydrate, but also among saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids provided by fat. In the current nutritional structure, there are three aspects of energy intake imbalance:
Energy intake is far greater than consumption;
The energy supply of protein, fat and carbohydrate is unbalanced, and the energy supply ratio of protein, fat and refined carbohydrate is high.
The ratio of ω-6 and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is out of balance, which is ideally 4 ~ 6: 1, but in the current nutritional structure, the ratio is 20 ~ 30: 1.
The imbalance of energy intake directly leads to metabolic diseases, such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, fatty liver, coronary heart disease and arteriosclerosis. The imbalance between omega-6 fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids further increases the body's inflammatory reaction, allergic constitution and cancer.
Seeking adoption is a satisfactory answer.