Taking the Southern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty as examples, this paper summarizes the characteristics of ethnic relations in this period.
: ① coexistence of state power. Such as the coexistence of Liao, Northern Song and Summer; The Southern Song Dynasty coexisted with the Jin Dynasty. (2) The Song regime's ethnic policy was dominated by weakness, and it repeatedly failed to use troops, and exchanged old coins with countries such as Liao, Xia and Jin for peace. (3) Ethnic conflicts are prominent, and the regimes of Song Dynasty, Liao Dynasty, Xia Dynasty and Jin Dynasty all perished under the attack of ethnic regimes. (4) Ethnic integration is the mainstream: Northern Song Dynasty, Liao Dynasty and Xia Dynasty set up markets in border areas respectively; During the Southern Song Dynasty, a large number of Khitan and Nuzhen entered the Central Plains to live and work with the Han people, and the difference gradually narrowed. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, many Mongolians entered the Central Plains. In short, the frequent ethnic wars in this period not only brought disasters to people of all ethnic groups, but also made people of all ethnic groups have more contacts and exchanges, which formed a new upsurge of ethnic integration and promoted the development of a unified multi-ethnic country.
Correctly understand the three "peace talks" between the Song government and the minority regime. During this period, there were three peace talks between the Song government and ethnic minorities, namely, the Liao-Song alliance, the Northern Song and Xixia peace talks, and the Southern Song and Jin 1 14 1 peace talks.
After Jurchen won the battle of Ningjiangzhou, a minister "persuaded" Aku to become the emperor and the founding of the country. They believe that the time is ripe for the establishment of the Jurchen Dynasty, and demand that Akuta Yan Hong be proclaimed emperor immediately. Agoudas thinks it's wrong. He said, "You won World War I, so you call it tuba. How can you show your shallowness? " He is in no hurry to weigh the size, but the objective situation does not allow him to delay for too long. Jurchen urgently demanded to get rid of the slavery of Liao Dynasty. They need to establish their own political power at once and produce their own emperor in order to unify their subordinates in the Liao War. So everyone "persuaded" again, and finally Akuta agreed with everyone. 1 1 15 On the first day of the first month, he declared himself emperor, and his title was Daikin, and his title was changed to Yuan. Its capital will be Huining (now Acheng). After ten years of hard struggle, the Daliao regime was finally overthrown in 1 125. Since then, Horqin grassland has entered a new historical period-the reign of Nuzhen in the Jin Dynasty.
After Jin destroyed Liao, the second generation of emperors Jin Taizong and Wu ascended the throne, taking the imperial edict of "unifying China and foreign countries" as their legacy, and conquered the Song Dynasty in the south, thus destroying the Northern Song Dynasty in 1 127. From then on, the confrontation between Jin and the Southern Song Dynasty was formed. At that time, the vast area north of the Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains was under the jurisdiction of Dajin State.
From the establishment of Akuta to the period of Emperor Xizong of Jin Dynasty, this is the stage of the establishment of the Jin Dynasty and the establishment of the system. At this time, there are still many old traditions of Jurchen clan society in Jin State, and the new system has not yet been established. When something went wrong, the old system didn't stipulate how to deal with military offenders, so we had to "take what is appropriate" and handle it as appropriate. This situation continued until Xizong ascended the throne. 1 139, the minister called for the establishment of a system, "to rectify the name and set an example for future generations." Xizong realized their wish and established the founding system for the Jin Dynasty. The main basis of its establishment system is not the inherent clan system of Jurchen, but the system of Tang and Song Dynasties. The so-called "Liao and Song Dynasties as the imperial system", in which the "Liao system" is actually a system inherited by the Liao Dynasty from the Tang Dynasty. While establishing the system, Xizong also weakened the power of some gentry and nobles, abolished the extremely fierce system in the early Jin Dynasty and replaced it with the system of three provinces and six departments. Establish the hereditary right of the throne; It also formulated a meticulous etiquette system and established the supreme dignity of the emperor. Before he successfully completed these tasks, 1 149 was killed by his cousin Wan Yanliang.
Wan Yanliang took the throne for the king of Hailing. It also greatly promoted the unfinished creation and transformation of Xizong. 1 153, Wan Yanliang, the king of Hailing, has been fascinated by the prosperity of the Central Plains. /kloc-in 0/53, Wan Yanliang moved the capital from Huining Prefecture (now Acheng) to Yanjing (now Beijing), which was called Zhongdu, and completed the southward movement of the political center of the State of Jin. This is Wan Yanliang's most outstanding achievement, and the history of Beijing as the national capital began at this time. He wanted to move the capital to Bianjing next, but this wish didn't come true. 1 16 1 year, Imperial Clan Wan took advantage of the opportunity that Hailing Wang was busy fighting against the rebellion in the Southern Song Dynasty and Northern Qidan, and he ascended the throne in Liaoyang and proclaimed himself emperor, and changed his title. After he acceded to the throne, he put down the northern rebellion and made peace with the Southern Song Dynasty, which enabled the people of the Jin Dynasty to recuperate, and the so-called "Great Governance" appeared. After Jin Shizong's grandson Zhang Zong ascended the throne, the so-called "Ming Dynasty rule" appeared. Most of the literati in the late Jin Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty beautified Sejong and Zhang Zong. Even compared them to the Wenjing emperor of the Han Dynasty. However, the governance of Dading and Mingchang is not perfect, and there are also many problems. Learn to stop the word chapter, unknown classics; Quite extravagant, worshiping the palace, and many consorts and villains pre-treat it, which is also a phenomenon in "Dazhi" and "Mingzhang".
After Wei Wangshao ascended the throne, the Han people were excluded and the rulers began to decline. 12 13 years, Wei was killed by domineering Hu. Zhang Zong's younger brother Wan Yanxun acceded to the throne for Xuanzong's sake. With the help of the northern Mongolian army, he moved to the capital of Bianliang (now Kaifeng) in 12 14. This is a forced migration, which is completely different from the significance of Hailing Wang Yan Yanliang's initiative to move the capital to Beijing. At this time, the Kim government is even more decadent. Within the rulers, they fight for power and profit and kill each other. Bureaucracy is chaotic and has many disadvantages. Don't hesitate to spend money The extravagance of nuzhen nobles is very serious. The uprising of the people of all ethnic groups against the rule of the Jurchen aristocracy intensified, and the rulers of the Jin Dynasty were unable to take care of themselves. Local armed forces appeared everywhere to protect themselves, and Mongolian troops threatened the north. The rule of the Jin dynasty has been in turmoil. 1223, Jin Xuanzong died of illness, and Aizong acceded to the throne. At this time, the Horqin grassland has been occupied by the Mongolian army and has become the home of the Mongols. The Kim regime just lingers on. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/232, the Jin army and the Mongolian army joined forces in Yuxian County, Henan Province, and the Jin army was wiped out. Then Bianjing was besieged, and Aizong was forced to flee to Cai Zhou. /kloc-in the first month of 0/234, the Mongolian army captured Cai Zhou where Jin Aizong fled, and the rulers perished.
It took 1234 years for the Jin established by the Jurchen people to change from Akuta to1234, and nine emperors changed. With the deepening of feudalism, social economy has achieved certain development. In addition to the advantages of animal husbandry, its agriculture, handicrafts and commerce have also made progress. In terms of cultural construction, Jin Dynasty culture was deeply influenced by Han nationality and made corresponding achievements, among which drama was more prominent, resulting in famous writers such as Yuan Haowen. The Jin Dynasty created its own national script-Jurchen script by imitating Chinese characters and Qidan script. There are two kinds of Jurchen characters in history, namely, big characters and small characters. Jurchen characters were promulgated in Tianfu, Jin Taizu in the third year (1 1 19). Jurchen fine print was created in the reign of Emperor Xizong of Jin Dynasty and began to be used in five years (1 145). Jurchen, as an official language, is used together with Khitan and Chinese. The jurchen written documents handed down from ancient times are mainly some jurchen written inscriptions.
After the rulers moved their capital to the Central Plains, they also founded a school called imperial academy. The government and prefectures also set up schools. The main content of school education is Confucianism, and students learn to write strategies, poems and songs. Jurchen colleges were set up in various roads to train officials for the Jin regime. The Jin Dynasty implemented the system of selecting scholars in imperial examinations to attract talents from all over the world.
Real women are good at dancing, and their movements are imitations of fighting postures. After the Jin Dynasty ruled the Central Plains, it inherited and developed the music and dance of the Northern Song Dynasty. The main musical instruments for jurchen are drums and flutes. After entering the Central Plains, he inherited various musical instruments from the Central Plains. The Jin Dynasty Zaju was also developed from the Northern Song Dynasty Zaju.
If a jurchen is born without medicine and falls ill, please hire a witch and kill pigs and dogs. Or load patients into deep mountains and canyons to avoid disasters. After the occupation of the Central Plains, medicine began to appear, producing many famous doctors.
Jurchen had her own primitive religion, but after the Liao Dynasty invaded the Song Dynasty, she believed in Buddhism. Many jurchens become nuns. The highest-ranking monk is called a Buddhist monk, holding a robe, and the local monks with high morality are called Monk Lu and Monk Zheng, holding a purple robe.
Compared with the Khitan people who are descendants of Donghu people, the hairstyle of Jurchen is obviously different. They braid their hair instead of bearded hair of Donghu people, decorate their necks with wild boar teeth and insert pheasant feathers on their heads. At this time, Nuzhen was in the primary stage of agricultural society and lived a settled farming life. Hunting was still an important supplement to agricultural production. Pigs are their main livestock, and pheasants and other wild animals are their regular prey. Jurchens wear cloth regardless of grade, and their status is distinguished by the thickness of the cloth. Wear fur to keep out the cold in winter.
Born jurchen all live in villages and are named after tribal leaders, that is, "a village". Living in the valley, the bedroom is a simple wooden house with a fire kang built inside and a wooden fence around the yard. Today's northeast people still live on the kang. The staple food is grain. Eat barnyard grass rice and game, meat, etc. And use wooden tableware to dress up. Porcelain has been widely used.
When a jurchen is born, she usually refers to her belly for marriage. Although she is long, she can't break the original agreement. Engagement also has the custom of "collecting money". "Three Dynasties North Alliance Association" contains: "When getting married, the rich take cattle and horses as money, and the poor are women, singing on the way. His songs are also about self-narration, women's work and beauty to express the meaning of seeking a couple. If the listener wants to accept an unmarried person, he will take it home, and his wife will go home and tell her parents. " Paying money is a bride price. After marriage, the new husband will have to serve in his wife's house for three years before he can take the bride home. Before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the phenomenon of stealing and robbing marriage also appeared among Jurchen people. It is forbidden to marry a girl with the same surname. Mature women really have no restrictions on marriage with the same surname. Bohai people still kept the custom of robbing marriage in the middle of Jin Dynasty, which was forbidden by the state. In order to reduce the contradictions and estrangements between ethnic groups, the rulers also encouraged Nuzhen to marry the Khitan and Han people.
Jurchen's funeral customs are different from those of the Khitans. The Khitan people are "parents are dead, and those who cry think they are not strong", while the jurchen wants to cry without tears. The relatives and friends of the deceased cut their foreheads with knives to express their grief over the loss of their loved ones. When they cry, they bleed, which is called "sending blood and tears". Jurchen buried the dead without a coffin. The nobles burned their beloved handmaiden and the pommel horse they rode alive as martyrs. When offering sacrifices, the food and drinks offered are burned, which is called "cooking". Today, many traditional customs of Jurchen also have many reservations in Horqin area, which has become an important part of Horqin grassland culture.
The Horqin Grassland under the Jin Dynasty basically followed the administrative divisions of Liao State, and was under the jurisdiction of Lin Fu Huang Road (Chifeng Baling Zuo Qi), with the establishment of county, animal husbandry department and detailed stability department. At that time, the main residents here were Khitans. At the beginning of the occupation of Horqin Grassland, Jurchen set fire to and looted everywhere in order to retaliate against the long-term oppression of the Khitan people by the Liao Dynasty. Almost all the counties and cities in Horqin Grassland in the Liao Dynasty were burned and abandoned, and Yongzhou, Wuzhou, Longhua and their counties and counties no longer existed. Wherever Jin Bing went, "Dig the grave and take the coffin as a manger."
Horqin area was once the ruling center of Liao Dynasty, where many tombs of Qidan dignitaries were buried. Whenever nomads came, they found the tombs left by the nobles, and they were all looted. Most of the Liao tombs we found today were stolen in the early Jin Dynasty. Archaeologists in our city discovered many Liao coin hoard, ranging from several hundred Jin to several thousand Jin, which was buried by the Khitan in the Liao Dynasty to avoid the Jurchen War. They buried these copper coins in the hope of returning to their hometown after the war subsided, but they died or dispersed and never came back. A lot of copper coins they buried in Horqin land have never been used again. From this example, we can see how much pain Nuzhen brought to the residents of Horqin grassland in the early Jin Dynasty, from which we can get a glimpse. Therefore, the Khitan people and people of other ethnic groups living here have suffered from the war, scattered everywhere, the population has dropped sharply, the land is devastated, the people are struggling, and the land is becoming increasingly barren. The oppressive conquest of Jin people also buried deep national hatred in the hearts of Qidan people. No matter how the rulers of the Jin Dynasty try to win over, it will be difficult to work after all.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Jin changed his policy of revenge against the Khitans and adopted a series of measures to win over them: for example, the Khitans and other tribes were organized into herding groups, and officials were still appointed according to the Liao system, and many Khitans were appointed as state and county officials, allowing the Khitans to manage themselves; Appoint some old ministers of Liao Dynasty and surrender generals of Qidan; The Khitans practiced the inherent Meng 'an and Mok system of Jurchen, and the powerful Khitans were appointed Meng 'an and Mok, so they could inherit this privilege. The Khitans were allowed to use the Khitan script together with the Jurchen script, and it was not until the second year of Jin Zhangzong Ming Chang (1 19 1) that the Khitan script was "banned". However, at that time, a series of reform measures of the Jin Dynasty were still beyond the reach of the Horqin grassland in northern Xinjiang, which had little impact on the Horqin area.
The policy of enslaving and appeasing the Khitans failed to eliminate ethnic grievances, and the intervention of the Southern Song Dynasty failed to achieve the expected results. Since the Jin people dominated the Central Plains, the Qidan Uprising has never stopped. For example, in the tenth year of Tianhui (1 122), Lu Ye in Qidan witnessed rebellion, and in the first year of Zhenyuan (1 153), there was a light rain rebellion in Qidan. Some people say that these two rebellions belonged to the upper rulers of Qidan, so the uprising in Zheng Long and Dading (163) period spread from the northwest border to the whole northeast, with a huge momentum. They destroyed the government and killed officials. The struggle lasted for a year and a half, which posed the most serious threat to the rule of the Jurchen nobles. Many Jin Dynasty official seals, such as "Northwest Lu Su Dian Mu put in order Hu Ji" seized during the uprising, were left in Yaolin Maodu, Kezuozhong Banner, Dongfeng Town, Kailu County, etc. It can be seen that Horqin Grassland was one of the central areas of the uprising at that time. Not only that, but also the struggle that followed. Yeluge Uprising broke out in the late Jin Dynasty. 12 13 years, Yeluge once established himself as the emperor, with its capital in Xianping (Kaiyuan County, Liaoning Province) and the title of Liao. In fact, the Horqin grassland at this time has been out of the rule of the Jin Dynasty.
Repeated battles and defeats have made the wounds left at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic more difficult to heal. It fundamentally destroyed the social foundation of economic and cultural development and the peaceful and stable social environment. This is one of the main reasons for the gradual decline of Horqin grassland economy and culture. Another important reason is the serious damage to the ecological environment. Since Liao Dynasty, grassland has been over-cultivated and grazed, and the desertification of Horqin grassland is very serious. At that time, it was recorded: "Ding, someone sent Yizhou (the ancient city of Tayingzi, Fuxin County), and it was so dusty and dark that it was indisputable that the post office lost its way." This sandstorm environment also forced the rulers of the Jin Dynasty to shift the focus of agriculture in the northeast to Taizhou in the north (Tazi City, Tailai County, Heilongjiang Province) and the birthplace of Nuzhen, which is also known as Baishan Blackwater. There is no record of farming and animal husbandry production in Horqin grassland in Historical Records of Jin Dynasty. Today, there are really few Jin Dynasty relics and relics found in Horqin area, except Jinjie River.
This also shows that by the Jin Dynasty, it had degenerated into a primitive natural state with few people and vast sand. The minority residents living here have returned to the primitive nomadic hunting life of chasing aquatic plants. In the fourth year of Dading (1 164), Zhou Ang traveled from Yanjing to Longzhou (Nong 'an County, Jilin Province), passing through the southern edge of Horqin Grassland, and recorded what he saw along the way. He wrote: "What was outside the house?" You can only see the white sand piled up on the hill, and the sand in the car is dragging backwards. The wind scared the quicksand out of its original position, stopped whipping for three steps and rested for five steps. The chickens have no neighbors, and the wind is rustling, fearing to kill people at night. "This is a true portrayal of the natural environment and residents of the Horqin grassland in the Jin Dynasty. What's more, it was once an exile place for court prisoners. After the disaster of Jingkang, Song Huizong and Song Qinzong were captured and returned to the north, where they were imprisoned in Hanzhou area of Horqin grassland.
The Horqin grassland in Jin Dynasty, apart from its vast territory and poor population, was also a headache for the Horqin people. They worked hard for the people of all ethnic groups such as Qidan on the Horqin grassland and built Jinjiehuo.
In order to prevent Mongolian fighters from invading the south, the rulers built a side ditch as long as Wan Li on the northern border and built many frontier fortress passes, commonly known as Jinjie River. . In today's Holingol City and Zhalute Banner, there are still two trenches, namely, more than 300 Li Long and more than 20 frontier fortress gates. 198 1 summer, when cleaning the No.1 side fort in Huolinhe mining area, it was found that the layout in the fort was in good order, with streets, wells, houses, tents, etc., and a large number of military weapons such as iron shovel and iron thistle were unearthed. This shows that at that time, the Jinjie River area and its deep south area were all military camps of the Jin Dynasty. The boundary river of Jin Dynasty, which stretches for hundreds of miles, will be rebuilt and built many times before long because of sand and sand deposition. Now, standing on this winding boundary ditch of the Jin Dynasty, we seem to have heard the narration of the remote residents of Horqin in the Jin Dynasty.
Jinjie River is a huge military project on the northern grassland. It has been built for 75 years, wasting people and money. Moreover, due to the serious sandstorm, it is often blocked by sandstorms, and its defense effect is very small. How can it stop brave Mongolian soldiers from going south? In the late Jin Dynasty, Mongolian fighters living in the north easily broke through the "natural barrier" and quickly went south, with a population of 65,438. After that, Horqin Grassland became the home of Mongols. Therefore, Jinjie River left only endless sighs for Horqin grassland. Let it be. It's a witness that Jurchen enslaved the residents of Horqin grassland.
In the last Jin Dynasty, the jurchen who made a fortune in Baishan Heishui won the country by riding a bow, and her rule was only a little more than a hundred years. Due to years of war and the deterioration of natural conditions, the great Liao civilization, which Khitan people worked hard for more than 200 years, was cut off. It can be seen that civilization itself is fragile, and the development of culture needs a peaceful and stable social environment and a good natural environment to support it.
General history of Jin state. . .