Types of robes
cassock (five clothes, seven clothes, coats, dung-like clothes, witch-hazel clothes and robes)
"cassock" is Sanskrit, and it was not until Ge Hong wrote the word garden in Jin Dynasty. "Robe" is also called "Robe Wild" or "Garosha Drag", which means "turbid, bad color, abnormal color, red color" or "dyed".
"cassock" is the "vestment" of monks and nuns, which is named after the "color" of clothes. So it can also be called "dirty clothes" or "stained clothes" Because of the sewing method of "cassock", it is necessary to cut the cloth into pieces first and then sew it up; So it can be called "chop suey" or "cut clothes". According to the Fortieth Law of Quadruple and random karma, the "cassock" was sewed by the Ananda venerable Buddha to imitate the shape of the paddy field. Shitian grows grain to support his life. The field of vestments, long-term cultivation of dharma body and wisdom, is worthy of Futian in the world; So it is also called "Tian Xiangyi" and "Futian Yi".
The system of "cassock" also has some reasons and meanings. First: India is located in the tropics, and people wear white clothes. Buddhism requires clothes to be dyed in order to distinguish between monks and customs. Second: white vulgar clothes are brighter; The cassock is bad in color, not beautiful. Third: cutting and sewing can be sold as Du Fang Dian and cannot be used for other purposes. Fourth: Contamination and chop suey can remove the psychology of loving beauty. Fifth: cutting and dyeing can stop thieves from taking clothes.
Although "cassock" is named after "color", there are different opinions about its color.
the three colors are cyan, black (or "mud color and soap color") and magnolia (or "alizarin color, stack color, red color, ganduo color and uneven color"). These three colors are the colors of "cassock".
There is an explanation for the so-called "bad color": "cyan, black and magnolia" are all "bad colors". Any color of a bhikkhu is regarded as "like law and law". Another explanation is that "blue, black and magnolia" must be mixed together to be considered as "bad color". There is also an explanation that "green" and other five colors must be mixed together to be considered "bad color". -For example, the master of Buddhism and Tibet, the Brahma Sutra, said: "The cassock is a cloud that is not colored. It means that the five colors, such as green, are mixed with each other and dyed into an unhealthy color, which is called' bad color'. "
According to the eighth book of the Bodhi Mother, "The clothes of the monks are faded, and the Buddha's ears are dyed with ten colors: one is mud, the other is the bark of two Shiva, the third is the bark of three Shiva, the fourth is non-grass, the fifth is dry tuo, the sixth is walnut root, the seventh is amore fruit, the eighth is fat tuo bark, the ninth is the bark of Shiva, and the tenth is a mixed color".
There are still some explanations about the color of cassock, but I can't give any more introduction at the moment. To sum up, the main purpose of dyeing Buddhist cassock is to "ruin its shape and make monks and customs different". For example, under the Brahma Sutra, it is said: "No matter where the country is, the costumes of monks must be different from those of their countrymen."
The material used for making cassock is called "clothing body" or "clothing material". Regarding this item, the Buddhist system also has some regulations. According to the fourteenth of the good knowledge law, Piposha. There are six kinds of materials, such as "Qumo, Gubei, Kunaiye, Chimbora, Dina and Poxingjia". There are six kinds of materials, such as "robbing shells, cooking, eating, drinking, red hemp and white hemp", which are cited in article 16 of the theory of living in Piposha. The seventh material listed in Article 28 of the Maha Monk's Law is "Qinpo Luo, Jiebei, Chumo, Jiesheye, Shena, Hemp and Mouti". According to Article 39 of the Quadrant Law, there are ten kinds of materials.
Another 1-year-old living in Vipassa once mentioned the name of "dung-sweeping clothes". According to the Tibetan scriptures in the Ministry of Ahan, this kind of clothes is made by picking up pieces of cloth used by corpses in bags from the wilderness, or other worn-out pieces of cloth, washing them and sewing them.
There are three main types of cassock, namely "five clothes, seven clothes and coats", which are collectively called "three clothes". Now, they are introduced as follows:
1. "Five Clothes": "Five Clothes" in Sanskrit means "Antuohui", which literally translates as "wearing clothes". This dress is made of five pieces of cloth, one long and one short, with ten intervals.
second, "seven clothes": "seven clothes" is Sanskrit "Yuduoluo monk", which literally translates as "coat". This dress is made of seven pieces of cloth, each of which is two long pieces and one short piece, with 21 intervals.
coat: the Sanskrit word "Sinhalese" literally translates as "gathering clothes" or "coat". This dress is divided into nine categories. -Nine items of "inferior quality", eleven items of "inferior quality" and thirteen items of "inferior quality". These three kinds of clothes are all two long and one short each. Fifteen articles are "inferior in quality", seventeen articles are "intermediate in quality" and nineteen articles are "intermediate in quality". These three kinds of clothes are all three long and one short. Twenty-one "upper and lower products", twenty-three "upper middle products" and twenty-five "upper top products". These three kinds of clothes are all four long and one short each. These nine-grade coats: nine "inferior" coats, each with three intervals, counting twenty-seven intervals. And even "top grade" 25, each four long and one short, * * * meter one hundred and twenty-five intervals.
the use of "three clothes":-"five clothes" is usually used when lying up. It is also said to be used at work, so it is also called "work clothes". However, in our country, monks and nuns all wear Chinese trousers and jackets at work, and do not use "five clothes". "Seven clothes" are used for listening to the classics, reciting scriptures and rituals, or for mass gatherings, so it is also called "entering the clothes". The "coat" is used for saying, arguing, karma, or meeting the king's etiquette.
The sewing method of "Three Clothes" is described in detail according to Article 28 of the Maha Monk's Law and Article 7 of the Quadrant Law.
The original "cassock" was not equipped with a "clothes hook". Later, Sharifutsu, a Buddhist disciple, entered the White House for fear that the wind would blow the cassock to the ground. Because of this karma, the Buddha listened to the monks in Xu Zhu and tied the cassock on his left shoulder and chest. Wear nail hooks to fasten the cassock. Later, it evolved into such a "wishful" shape of "clothes hook, clothes ring".
"San Yi" must be worn three times. And you can wear one, two or three depending on the hot and cold weather. If it is too cold at night, you can also cover your body with an "overcoat".
in addition to the "three clothes", there is another kind called "golden cassock" or "witch hazel"; This "cassock" is actually a kind of "coat" However, its material is precious, and it is woven with golden thread. There are different opinions about the origin of this kind of "golden gowns". According to the Hanjing quoted from the statue inscription "Fuzhangmen" in the Zen forest, the "golden robe" is a "cassock" presented to the Buddha by the aunt of the Buddha, Mrs. Mohobo Amboti. According to the Bodhisattva Chanluo Sutra, the "golden gown" is a "cassock" made of 84, golden strands that are presented to the Buddha with the blessing of heaven and man.
All the cassocks mentioned above are the vestments used by monks and nuns. In addition to those, there is also a kind of "cassock" called "hooded clothes". This kind of "vestment" is made of a large piece of whole cloth, and it is used for giving "novice monks (nuns)" who have not yet been ordained at home and for men and women who have been ordained at home. Because they have not yet received the "big precept" of becoming a monk, they are unbearable to be "blessed for the world." Therefore, the "clothes" they use can't tailor "Tian Xiang". Also, the Sami generation is not familiar with the method of cutting and making clothes, so they wear "pulling clothes".
Furthermore, there are certain patterns for putting on clothes, pulling out clothes (putting on and taking off the cassock), holding and folding, and at the same time, you have to recite "ket, mantra". These rituals are explained in detail in Chapter 3 (Dressing Ceremony) of Buddhist Ritual Instructions. Here, not much narrative.
Everything mentioned above is related to the Fu Tong rule of "cassock". After Buddhism came to the East, the original image of "cassock" has been somewhat damaged due to the shift of space and the change of time! The current "cassock": the format has been reduced, and the material is becoming more and more flashy; When it is used, it is just a turn around and draped over the shoulders.
finally, I need to remind you of the merits of the cassock. -According to the precept of the altar, "Five clothes show greed, and clean the body.". Seven clothes are broken, and the net mouth is also clean. Coat field phase, more long and less short, the table saint increases and decreases. And the table is broken, and the net meaning is also. " According to the Sad China Sutra, "When a Buddha is in front of a treasure Buddha and wishes to become a Buddha, there are five kinds of merits in the cassock. One: entering our law and committing serious crimes such as Jaken; In one thought, respect for the heart and respect will be remembered in the three times. Both: Celestial Dragons ghost, if you can respect this cassock and score less points, you will get three times and never return. Three: "If there are ghosts and gods, you will get a cassock or even four inches, and you will have enough food. Four: If all beings * * * go against each other, they should be mindful of their strength and seek for compassion. Five: if you hold this (cassock) less points, respect and respect, and always win him. " (Excerpted from Shi's Summary)
According to the great sutra, "A dragon gets a robe, and each wears less points, which means that the golden-winged bird is spared". The ten rounds of scriptures in Tibet said, "There was a prisoner who was sentenced to be tied up and abandoned in the wilderness. The cassock on the top of your head refers to Xu, so you can avoid the difficulty of ghosts. " Another cloud said, "There is a macaque playing with a cassock while the monk is away; Jumping for joy, falling into the valley, life will eventually be born in heaven. After the 9 th robbery, the world is drawn. " Agama said: "The worn-out robes are unbearable and more useful, hanging in the wilderness and mountains; People, animals, birds and beasts, if you see them, you will be blessed. "
"cassock" is the symbol of Buddhism and the form of a saint. Is it unusual to compare its merits and benefits? I don't blame the emperor shunzhi, the Lord of the Qing Dynasty, for praising it, saying, "Gold and white jade are not expensive, but it is the most difficult to put on a robe"!
bedding
"bedding" is also one of the clothes made by the Buddha. Shi's main view says: its Vatican name is "the altar of Nishi". Fundamentally, Peneyer said: Its Vatican name is "Nishidana". In the relevant ancient books, some translated it as "seat" or "bedding", and some translated it as "dressing" or "clothes with the seat". There are also "tools" for short.
according to the measurement of "furniture", according to the statue of Zen forest, it is also allowed to enlarge and cut it to the four sides as appropriate when encountering a tall person.
The color of "ju" needs to be dyed as bad as the cassock. The so-called "bad color" means "stained color". The material of "furniture" should use old cloth to destroy its beauty.
The sewing method of "ju" is made by overlapping two pieces of cloth, and sticking cloth strips on four sides. According to Japan's master Dojo (the writer of Zen forest elephant notes), sticking cloth on all sides may be to destroy its beauty.
what is the purpose of furniture? Daoxuan lawyers in the Tang Dynasty believed that "utensils" were used by worshippers. Master Yijing said: "ju" is used for sitting and lying, and it is not suitable to worship Buddha. -the two goodes, they have their own evidence.
According to the law, "furniture" is also an appliance that monks must carry with them. When using, you should spread it yourself and put it away by yourself, and you should not fake your hand on others. When carrying, it is folded and placed under the left arm cassock, or placed in the garment bag. As for the posture of "holding, exhibiting and lifting" in etiquette, it is not easy to express it in words, so it is best for someone to do "demonstration action".
The sutra of the Buddhist altar written by Daoxuan once said, "The Buddhist altar is like a tower with a foundation, and the monk is ordained, that is, he is a tower of five dharma bodies.". If we realize from here, "ju" still has a sacred meaning!
haiqing
"haiqing" is one of the main costumes of Chinese monks. Its style: wide waist and sleeves, round neck and square front, which is much fatter than other clothes. Therefore, it is usually called "big robe".
The term "Hai Qing" is explained in the etymology: "Wuzhong calls the person with wide sleeves" Hai Qing ". According to Li Bai's poem:' Dancing with wide sleeves is like a bird coming to the east'. Gaiyan's dance with wide sleeves is like Haidong Qingye. Today, it is also called' Hai Qing'. According to the silent singing written by Master Xingyun, "Hai Qing is the name of a carved bird. She is handsome and elegant, and often flies in the seaside of Liaodong, which looks like a big sleeve of a shirt. Therefore, the name of the sea bluebird is borrowed as the name of the robe. "
The clothing style of "Hai Qing" was originally derived from the clothing style in the Han and Tang Dynasties in China. In the past, both monks and nuns wore it. However, due to the evolution of the world trend and the change of lifestyle, the secular masses have already changed to "full clothes" and "suits", and even dressed in colorful "fashion".
Buddhism respects the ancient system, and the life of a monk is conservative. At the same time, in order to clean up appearance and solemn morality, "Hai Qing" is not a "cassock", but it can still be worn today.
Although "Hai Qing" was born out of Hanfu, it still has some special features. The collar of "Hai Qing" is made of three layers of cloth. This is called "three treasures collar". There are fifty-three blue lines in the front middle section of the collar; This is called "fifty-three ginseng for the good fortune boy". These words, in fact, are all talk of wearing a mirror. In fact, it is nothing more than to strengthen the durability of the collar. In addition, the cuffs of vulgar robes are open, while the cuffs of "Hai Qing" are stitched up. This is also the difference between monk robes and vulgar robes.
"haiqing" stitched cuffs also have a Fu Shuo. It is said: "Liang Wudi's empresses, Xi's, don't believe in Buddhism, and often try to make false accusations against monks and nuns. On one occasion, she ordered imperial secretary to make some pork buns, and invited Master Bao Zhi and his disciples to use it for fasting. In order to cause monks to break the precepts and humiliate Buddhism. If the monks didn't eat it at that time, it would constitute a crime against the queen's will. Master Bao Zhi, a monk who has attained enlightenment, has already predicted his intention. So he ordered his disciples in advance to sew up the cuffs of' Haiqing' and hide the steamed bread in the sleeves first. When you enter the palace for a luncheon, you put the steamed buns in an empty sleeve with one hand and take out the steamed buns with the other. In this way, I escaped the trick of Xi's. " -Whether this kind of Fu Shuo is true or not needs to be verified.
The color like "sea blue" has always been mainly cyan and black. Only a few noble elders, such as "abbots, first priests, mages ...", wear tan "Hai Qing".
apart from the cassock, haiqing is the most respected monk's costume in China. Wearing "Hai Qing" is mostly on important occasions such as "reciting, listening to scriptures, meeting guests, discussing business" and meeting elders.
Because "Hai Qing" is huge, it uses too much cloth. Moreover, it is loose and swaying, and it is inconvenient to move. At the same time, it is not a "Buddhist system"; Therefore, since modern times, some people have proposed reforms. Master Taixu and others in the Republic of China once advocated the new monk costume. But at the same time, there are some people who hold the opposite opinion. It is considered that Fu Tong's service style is solemn and solemn, and it is not appropriate to talk lightly about reform. Therefore, in the case of "different opinions", there is still no conclusion.
Long gown, two shirts and three shirts
"Long gown" is also one of the garments of monks and nuns in China. Its style is made by matching the waist and sleeves of "Sambo collar" and "Cheongsam". The button is on the right side of the armpit. The colors of "gown" are black, gray and brown. Length of "gown": It is called "gown" if it reaches the instep. Those that are only above the knee are called "two shirts". Those below the knee are called "three shirts".
"Long gown" is the outing clothing of monks and nuns, which used to be the most popular in Central China and South China. "Ershan" is usually worn in temples. The "three shirts" are worn at work. In the past 4 years, the "gown" has been the most popular among the Buddhist circles in Taiwan Province. As for the "two shirts" and "three shirts", they have already disappeared.
Lohan jacket
Since the Republic of China, the folk clothes in China have gradually become simple and applicable. Only the clothes of monks and nuns are still so loose and inconvenient to move. Therefore, some monks intend to reform it. Master Taixu also designed a new type of long coat and blouse.