The largest city in the world: it is a secret of an empire for hundreds of years.

Chang 'an Map: Although the capital of Sui Dynasty could not be established according to the law of the former king, the boundary was divided into basic cloth and lanes, all of which were in the middle of rope and ink, so there was no room for doors. However, the official temple of the imperial court has nothing to do with residential areas, and it has also been refined for a generation. "This is Lu Dafang, a celebrity in the Northern Song Dynasty, who praised the essence of Chang 'an planning. In Lu Dafang's eyes, Chang 'an has three remarkable characteristics: the precision of the planning system, the clever use of nature, and the spirit of planning innovation to benefit the people. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Chang 'an, the capital, was the largest and most prosperous international metropolis in the world at that time, with a population of over one million. Little known is that Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty was established on the basis of Daxing City in Sui Dynasty. Daxing City was planned, designed and built by Yu Wenkai, a famous architect at that time, less than a year ago. So what kind of person is Yu Wenkai? How did he design such an exquisite Daxing City? What profound cultural connotations does Daxing City embody in China? Let's go through the Sui Dynasty and Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, end the dark period of "five wild flowers" and re-create the situation of great unity. In 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty was abdicated by Emperor Jing of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and renamed Emperor. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty usurped the world of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and inherited the capital of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, namely Chang 'an, which was built by the Western Han Dynasty. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty planned to build a large-scale capital in order to highlight his authority. Chang 'an City was built on the Longshou Garden on the south bank of Weihe River. Since the Western Han Dynasty, the New Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty, the former Zhao Dynasty, the former Qin Dynasty, the later Qin Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty all took it as their capital. It has a history of 800 years. What was Emperor Wendi dissatisfied with such an ancient city with a long history? There are three main reasons for Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty to build a new capital: First, Emperor Wendi slaughtered the Northern Zhou royal family in the process of usurping the throne. It can be said that he stepped on countless bodies of the Northern Zhou royal family and ascended the throne. In his view, the city is both weird and uncomfortable. Second, Chang 'an is near the Weihe River in the north, with low terrain and humid environment. After nearly 800 years of reclamation and development, water pollution is serious, which is no longer suitable for human habitation. Third, Chang 'an City is in a state of war and ruin, and the backward urban planning and supporting facilities can no longer meet the needs of the reunification of the new dynasty. Based on the above reasons, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty decided to choose another place to build a new capital, and even personally selected a treasure trove of geomantic omen, located in Longshou Mountain, southeast of Chang 'an City. Sui Shu Gaozu: The mountains and rivers in the dragon's head are beautiful, with abundant flowers and food. It is advisable to build a capital city, Dingding has a solid foundation and endless industries. "Feng shui treasure has been chosen, so who should be responsible for the planning and design? At that time, only 27 years old, Yu Wenkai, who was quite accomplished in architectural engineering, entered the vision of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty. Yuwenkai family is a branch of Guanlong Group. His father Yu Wengui was one of the twelve generals in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and his brother Yu Wenxin was a die-hard supporter of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty. Yu Wenkai was born in a family of military commanders. All his brothers are famous for martial arts, but he likes reading. Yu Wenkai has read widely since childhood, is familiar with the laws and regulations of past dynasties, and is good at various crafts, especially the study of architecture. He named himself "Father's Son". After Emperor Wendi usurped the throne, in order to stabilize the regime, he massacred the imperial clan in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. It turns out that Yu Wenkai is on the list of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty. However, because the Yuwen Kai family was not an imperial clan of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Yu Wenxin made great contributions to the succession of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty, and Emperor Wen of Sui also cherished his talents, so Yuwen Kai was able to escape. In the second year of Huang Kai (582), Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty officially appointed Gao Jiong, the left servant, as the director, and Yuwen Kai, the illegitimate son of Prince Zuo, as the deputy director, responsible for the construction of new capital and new city. In fact, Yu Wenkai personally planned and designed the whole scheme of Daxing City: "Everything planned comes from Kai". In order to build a prosperous city, Yu Wenkai has done a lot of preparatory work in the early stage. I personally visited Yecheng, the capital of Wei State, and Luoyang, the capital of Northern Wei State, and absorbed the advantages of these capitals in planning and design. In addition, Yu Wenkai visited Longshou Mountain many times and recorded the surrounding topography and water resources in detail. Finally, Yu Wenkai combined Feng Shui, Zhouyi and Zhou Li perfectly according to local conditions. In ancient times, the concept of geomantic omen was deeply rooted in people's hearts, especially in capital construction, which would affect the fate of the dynasty. Longshou Mountain, also known as Longshou Garden, is the general name of Gaogang Liangyuan, which extends from the northern foot of Zhong Nanshan to Weihe River, with an average elevation of about 400 meters. In the flat Guanzhong Plain, Longshou enjoys a superior geographical position: there are two rivers in the east, Zhong Nanshan Mountain in the south, the plain in the west and Weihe River in the north. Legend is the relic left by the ancient black dragon, the "foundation" of the real dragon emperor, and the most ideal "treasure land" for building a city from the perspective of geomantic omen. San Qin Ji: Longshou Mountain is sixty miles long, starting from Weishui and ending in Fan Chuan. The head is twenty feet high and the tail is getting smaller, five or six feet long, and the soil is red and barren. In the past, there was a black dragon coming out of the mountain and drinking Wei water, and its street became a dirt mountain. " The southeast of the faucet is the highest point, with complex terrain, many depressions and low-lying places, which are not suitable for people to live in. To this end, Yu Wenkai invested a lot of energy in the southeast of Daxing, and finally decided to "carve it into a pool to overcome everything." Build the southeast into a royal garden, Furong Garden, optimize the geomantic omen of Daxing City, and ensure that the emperor's qi is not threatened. After Emperor Wendi moved his capital to Daxing City, he was very satisfied with Furong Garden. In order to balance the geomantic omen between the east and the west of Daxing City, Yuwen Kai built a temple in the southwest lowland, and two towers were built in the temple, which is the so-called "geomantic omen tower". Feng Shui Pagoda is mainly used to control the water in the mountains, supplement the terrain, relieve floods and attract auspicious atmosphere. The construction of the tower is regarded as a major event of "prospering the earth and reviving the humanities" and is highly valued. Yu Wenkai's design concept has been widely used in modern urban planning. For example, pagodas are usually built next to artificial lakes. Besides geomantic omen, the application of Zhouyi in Daxing City is also commendable. There are six high slopes on the faucet, which is the image of divination. Yu Wenkai perfectly combined the words of Zhouyi in the planning of Daxing City. On the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, no buildings could be built on it, so Yu Wenkai surrounded a large area in the north of Daxing City as a royal forbidden garden. The "Ninth Five-Year Plan" high slope: "Seeing dragons in the fields is conducive to seeing adults" symbolizes the place where the real dragon emperor appeared, which is suitable for building Miyagi and "being the imperial residence". Yuwen Kai built the Taiji Palace here. "Jiu San" Gaopo: "A gentleman works all day long, and if he hesitates in the evening, he is blameless", which is suitable for building an imperial city. Yu Wenkai arranged * * * organs here. The Ninth Five-Year Plan High Slope: "Flying dragons are in the sky, which is beneficial to meet adults", and its status is particularly distinguished, so most people can't live in it. Yuwen Kai built Du Xuan Temple and Daxing Temple here to contain the dragon gods here. "The Book of Changes": "Nine Days: Hidden Dragon, no need. 92: See the dragon in the field, so you can meet adults. 93: A gentleman works all day long, and he is blameless when he is late. 94: It's not strange to jump deep. The ninth five-year plan: the flying dragon is in the sky. It's good to see adults. In fact, Yu Wenkai's design and planning of Daxing City in Sui Dynasty more embodies the Confucian core culture "Zhou Li". The whole Daxing City consists of Miyagi, Imperial City and Outer City. It is square with a circumference of 36 kilometers and an area of about 84 square kilometers. The core idea of Confucian culture is the distinction between nobility and inferiority, which has been fully reflected in the planning and design of the ancient capital. Miyagi and Imperial City are located in the middle of Daxing City, and Yujie Zhuque Street divides Daxing City into two parts. Miyagi is located at the top of the dragon head in the north of Daxing City, commanding and facing south, symbolizing the "supreme" status of the emperor. The emperor is in the center, the East Palace where the prince lives is in the east, and the Ye Ting Palace where the concubines live is in the west, just like two wings. Located in the south of Miyagi, the Imperial City is the seat of the * * * organ and ancestral temple. Compared with the former capital, the most prominent feature of Daxing City is that the streets and blocks are arranged neatly and symmetrically. There are 14 streets in the east-west direction and 12 streets in the north-south direction, which are straight and spacious and parallel. Ordinary people live in the square, and there are fences on the square, like chessboards. The great poet Bai Juyi once wrote a poem: "A hundred schools of thought are like a chess game, and Twelve Streets are like a vegetable garden. "The central axis Suzaku Street is more than one hundred meters wide, which divides Daxing City into two parts. Yuwenkai has two cities, East and West. The two cities "stand on all sides and are exotic in all directions, all of which are accumulated". It is the most developed place in Daxing, similar to the current commercial pedestrian street. The East City is called "Metropolis", which is located in the southeast of the Imperial City. The western market is called "Liren", which is located in the southwest of the imperial city and symmetrical. In order to meet the needs of a large population in the capital, Yu Wenkai has designed many supporting facilities. For example, three canals, Longshou Canal, Qingming Canal and Yong 'an Canal, are excavated to introduce swimming water, warm water and Bashui into cities to solve the drinking water problem in cities. For example, ditches are built on both sides of the street for drainage. For example, planting trees on both sides of the street can improve the greening rate of the city. The planning and design of Daxing City has a strong innovative spirit and the concept of benefiting the people. It not only inherits history, but also combines the changes of the times. It not only highlights the "supreme" authority of the emperor, but also takes care of the convenience needs of ordinary people. Later generations generally spoke highly of Daxing City: Annals of Chang 'an: Since the Han Dynasty, as for Song Qi Liang Chen, and there were people in the palace, Emperor Wendi of Sui thought it was inconvenient for the people. Therefore, within the imperial city, only the Fu Temple is listed, which does not hinder the people from living. It is convenient for public and private, and the customs are neat, which is the new meaning of Sui Wen! Yuwen Kai planned, designed and presided over the construction of Daxing City, which is not only famous for its large scale, exquisite design, majestic architecture and rigorous layout, but also an important milestone in the history of China city. It not only had a far-reaching impact on later generations, but also was imitated by neighboring countries at that time. For example, Pingchengjing and Anjing in Japan are all modeled after the planning of Chang 'an. After the Tang Dynasty replaced the Sui Dynasty, Daxing City was renamed Chang 'an City, and Chang 'an City continued to develop and change, eventually becoming the most prosperous metropolis in China and even the world.