Why did Kangxi rebuild the Fu and Zhao Tombs?

The rulers of the Qing Dynasty valued Shengjing not only because of the Forbidden City, but more importantly because of their ancestral mausoleums. Therefore, starting from Kangxi, four generations of emperors came to Shengjing ten times to worship their ancestors. During the Qing Dynasty, Fuling and Zhaoling were constantly repaired and rebuilt to make them perfect. Among them, the most important thing is Kangxi's reconstruction of the two mausoleums.

The most important mausoleum of ancient emperors, as the saying goes, "death is like life." Before the emperor's death, he began to select an auspicious place and build a mausoleum. Nurhachi and Huang Taiji were both heroes on horseback. They did not choose their own graveyards during their lifetimes. On August 11, the eleventh year of Tianming (1626), Nurhaci died, and his body was temporarily "buried" in the northwest corner of Shenyang City. In the second year of Tiancong (1628), Huang Taiji sent a Feng Shui master to choose a mausoleum for Taizu, and chose Shizuitou Mountain, twenty miles east of the city. Here, "the mountains are surrounded by rivers and the mountains are graceful and lush." ​​It is a treasure of Feng Shui. Construction started. On the Qingming Festival, February 13th of the following year, Nurhaci, the concubine Uranala, and the concubines Daiinza and Ajigen were moved and buried here. In the future, there may be some construction of the cemetery. However, before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, there are not many documentary records about the shape and scale of Fuling. Only the Prince of Korea who was a hostage in Shenyang wrote in the "Qi Zhuan" to the King of Joseon, describing when he followed Huang Taiji to Fuling to worship. , the appearance of the Fuling Mausoleum seen: Nurhachi's tomb "is surrounded by the city, with a three-story gatehouse in front. The so-called tomb consists of three tiled houses, with a small door in front, like a warehouse, and the bones are hidden in it." . It can be seen from this that Fuling at that time had been surrounded by a brick wall and had a three-story gatehouse in front. The main building in the cemetery only has a three-room Xiangdian. The ashes (treasure palace) of Taizu and his concubines were not buried but were enshrined in the Xiangdian. In addition, Manchu archives also record that during the sacrifice, incense lamps were lit in the Xiangtang, paper money and paper axes were hung, and four dining tables were provided in front of the palace of Taizu, Empress Xiaoci and others. In addition, there is a cross-courtyard on one side of the Xiangtang, and there is a kitchen door in the courtyard.

Fuling Minglou

Looking now, Fuling at that time was indeed "shabby". This was not only limited by the situation and conditions at the time, but perhaps more importantly, it was related to the Manchu funeral customs and concepts at that time. After the Qing Dynasty entered the Pass, in the seventh year of Shunzhi (1650), "a pair of lying camels, standing horses, a pair of sitting lions, a pair of sitting tigers, four Optimus Primes, and two Wangzhu pillars" were added, but the appearance did not change significantly. It was not until the Kangxi period that relatively large renovations and construction were carried out on Fuling, and the layout and scale of Fuling were generally determined. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the influence of Han culture became more and more profound. Therefore, the transformation of Fuling was first to imitate the basic shape of the Ming Tomb of "front dynasty and back sleeping", and build an underground palace in the back to separate the dynasty and sleeping rooms. In the second year of Kangxi (1663), construction of the underground palace began in September and was completed in December of the same year. Then the treasure palaces of Taizu and his concubines were buried in the underground palace, and sacred tablets and thrones were placed in the Xiang Hall for worship. Then the "Holy Name Monument" was erected, Baoding, Baocheng, Crescent City, Fangcheng, Daming Tower were built, and Long'en Hall was rebuilt. In the 27th year of Kangxi's reign, a monument to divine merits and virtues was erected, and in the 54th year of Kangxi's reign, the Long'en Gate was built. At this point, the transformation of Fuling Mausoleum was basically completed. Although the transformation of Fuling Tomb is based on the structure of Ming Tomb, it also has its own characteristics. For example, the square city is in the shape of a castle, the Longen Gate Tower is three stories high, and there are turrets around it. They are all unique shapes of Fuling Tomb and Zhao Tomb. ; In addition, the shape of the Crescent City was used by the Qing Tombs in Guan Nei. After Yongzheng and Qianlong, Fuling was continuously repaired or rebuilt, but the overall layout and main buildings of Fuling did not change significantly.

Zhaoling Longen Hall

On the ninth day of August in the eighth year of Chongde (1643), Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty Huang Taiji "died while sitting upright without any illness" (actually He died of illness) and was buried in the Chongzheng Hall the next day. At the same time, ten miles north of Shengjing City were selected as the mausoleum. On September 21, the Zi Palace was moved to the Zhaoling Hall. Eighth, the first year of Shunzhi (1644) Cremated and buried on the ninth day of the lunar month. Zhaoling and Fuling are both located on the "Longgang" that rises from east to west in the north of Shenyang City. From the perspective of Feng Shui, they are indeed treasured places. However, Zhaoling does not have mountains like Fuling. Its "Longye Mountain" is built artificially. For a long time, Qing history experts have generally believed that Taizong's Zi Palace was buried in the underground palace. They even said that after the death of Empress Xiaoduanwen in the sixth year of Shunzhi (1649), the underground palace was opened and buried together. In fact, a careful analysis of "Records of the Qing Dynasty" and related records shows that, like Taizu's, Taizong's Zi Palace was also enshrined in the Xiang Hall and was not placed in the underground palace. After Empress Xiaoduanwen's Zi Palace was brought to Shengjing, she also "located the Zi Palace on the right side of the Zhaoling Hall." The construction of the Zhaoling Underground Palace and the renovation of the entire mausoleum were completed at the same time as Fuling during the Kangxi period.